Guest guest Posted December 5, 2004 Report Share Posted December 5, 2004 (Note; The List below is a comprehensive list of the hundreds of Leaders that have ruled over the Greater India region. The authors of this website are innaccurate in some of their statements, esp regarding the Aryan Invasion Theory etc. But the list allows one to get a sample of the great continuity of Indian history. From a Vedic Understanding, its obvious that all of this did not arise out of a vacuum. What is sampled here is actually a representation of the decline of Vedic Indian Civilization. Vrndavan) Greater India The Indian subcontinent has been occupied by humans for an extremely long time, and its history is exceedingly complex. Never in all history has absolutely all of what might be considered Indian territory been unified under a single authority; the British Raj (1878-1948) has perhaps come closer than any other in this regard. Modern India, while not covering all the territory of its predecessor, is nevertheless a powerful and influential state, not only in Asia but in the world at large. --- ----------- GREATER INDIAA general survey of empires spanning much, if not all, of the subcontinent of southern Asia. Local states will be found below, in their own section. Between about 1400 BCE and around 800 BCE, the Indian subcontinent saw a succession of invasive waves of Aryan peoples, migrating southeast out of Central Asia. No single, all-encompassing empire took shape immediately, but as the earlier inhabitants of the region (the Dravidians) were pushed ever southward, numerous states emerged from the Indus Valley to the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems, and extending south into the Deccan Plateau. Among these states were Gandhara, Kurut, Kosala, Magadha, Avanti, Bhoja, and Andhra, among many others. One of the smaller states, located north of the Ganges and approaching the Himalayas (the modern India/Nepal frontier) was Sakya, the homeland of Gautama Buddha. Eventually, large empires did emerge, the first to do so was the Mauryan Empire... MAURYA Chandragupta Maurya.........................c. 320-c. 300 Bindusara...................................c. 300-c. 273 Asoka Vardhana..............................c. 273-c. 232 Kunala (in the West)........................c. 232-c. 225 with... Dasaratha (in the East).....................c. 232-c. 225 Samprati....................................c. 225- ? Saliska........................................fl. late 3rd c. Devadharma.....................................fl. late 3rd c. Satamdhanu.....................................fl. early 2nd c. Brihadratha.................................c. 194-187 The Mauryan state swiftly lost cohesion, and was replaced by lesser territories. Two of the largest and most stable were the core of the Mauryan Empire, Magadha, located in the central Ganges plain, and Satavahana, in the central Deccan and the south. But by the 1st century BCE, the Indian subcontinent was a mass of lesser states with no pretensions to Imperial status. Not until the 3rd century CE did another large state emerge - like the Mauryans, from Magadha. At its greatest extent, the Gupta Empire covered all of Northern India, from the Indus to the Bengal Delta, but it could not subdue the Deccan or lands farther south... GUPTA Gupta.......................................c. 275-c. 300 Ghatotkacha.................................c. 300-c. 320 Chandragupta I..............................c. 320-c. 350 Samudragupta................................c. 350-c. 370 Ramagupta...................................c. 370-c. 376 Chandragupta II.............................c. 376-c. 415 Kumaragupta I...............................c. 415-c. 455 Skandagupta.................................c. 455-c. 467 Kumaragupta II..............................c. 467-c. 477 Budhagupta..................................c. 477-c. 495 Chandragupta III............................c. 495-c. 500 Vainyagupta.................................c. 500-c. 510 Narasimhagupta..............................c. 510-c. 540 Kumaragupta III.............................c. 540-c. 550 Vishnugupta.................................c. 550- ? PUSHPABHUTI Naravardhana................................c. 500- ? Rajyavardhana I Adityavardhana Prabhakaravardhana..........................c. 580-c. 605 Rajyavardhana II............................c. 605-c. 606 Harshavardhana..............................c. 606-647 Once more, the Empire crumbled, and was replaced by lesser states. The era between about 500 CE and about 1200 CE is dominated by three contending powers, the Pratiharas (west), the Rastrakutas (east), and the Palas (south). Around these, a host of minor states arose, endured for a time, and faded... PRATIHARA The Pratiharas came to power in western India and, from their capital at Kannauj, dominated western and northern India for centuries, before being overwhelmed in turn by the Ghurids of central Asia. Nagabhata I.................................c. 750- ? Devaraja Vatsaraja...................................c. 783-c. 815 Nagabhata II................................c. 815-c. 833 Ramabhadra..................................c. 833-c. 836 Bhoja I.....................................c. 836-c. 893 Mahendrapala I..............................c. 893-c. 914 Mahipala....................................c. 914- ? Bhoja II Vinayakapala Mahendrapala II.............................c. 946-c. 948 Devapala....................................c. 948-c. 960 Vijayapala..................................c. 960- ? Rajyapala Trilochanapala.............................c. 1018-1030 This era saw the emergence of Muslim influence in India, extending into the region from beyond the Indus River. The next large state to hold sway was, in fact, a Muslim one: the Sultanate of Delhi has its own entry on this page. Eventually, Delhi and almost all the rest of India fell under a dynasty arising out of the far northwest, the Mughals ("Mongols", from the fact that Babur was a great-great-great grandson of Timur (Tamburlane))... MUGHAL Babur.........................................1526-1530 Humayun.......................................1530-1539 d. 1556 SURI Sher Shah.....................................1539-1545 Islam Shah....................................1545-1553 Firuz..............................................1553 Mohammed Adil.................................1553-1555 opposed by... Sikandar......................................1554-1555 and... Ibrahim.......................................1554-1555 MUGHAL Humayun (restored)............................1555-1556 Akbar I.......................................1556-1605 Jahangir......................................1605-1627 Dawar Bakhsh..................................1627-1628 Shah Jahan I..................................1628-1658 d. 1666 opposed by Murad Bakhsh (in Gujarat).....................1657-1658 and... Shah Shuja (in Bengal)........................1657-1660 opposing... Aurangzeb.....................................1658-1707 A'zam Shah.........................................1707 Bahadur Shah I................................1707-1712 'Azim-ush-Sha'n....................................1712 Jahandar Shah.................................1712-1713 Farrukh-Siyar.................................1713-1719 Rafi-ud-Darajat....................................1719 Shah Jahan II......................................1719 Nikusiyar..........................................1719 Mohammed Shah.................................1719-1748 Ahmed Shah....................................1748-1754 'Alamgir II...................................1754-1759 Shah Jahan III................................1759-1760 Shah Alam II..................................1760-1788 d. 1806 Bidar Bakht........................................1788 Shah Alam II (restored).......................1788-1806 Mohammed Akbar II.............................1806-1837 Bahadur Shah II...............................1837-1858 d. 1862 To Great Britain..............................1858-1948 VICEROYS OF INDIA (position established 1858) Charles John Canning, Earl Canning.......1856-1862 James Bruce, Earl of Elgin...............1862-1863 Sir Robert Cornelis Napier (acting), 1863 d. 1890 Sir William Thomas Denison (acting), 1863-1864 d. 1871 Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence.............1864-1869 d. 1879 Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo...1869-1872 Sir John Strachey (acting), 1872 Francis Napier, Baron of Ettrick (acting), 1872 Thomas George Baring, Vct Baring of Lee..1872-1876 d.1904 Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton.......1876-1880 d. 1891 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, M Ripon...1880-1884 d. 1909 Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, E of Dufferin...1884-1888 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, M of Lansdowne..1888-1894 d.1927 Victor Alexander Bruce, E of Elgin.......1894-1899 d. 1917 George Nathaniel Curzon, L Curzon........1899-1905 d. 1925 Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, E of Minto...1905-1910 d. 1914 Charles Hardinge, B Hardinge of Penshurst...1910-1916 d. 1944 Frederick John Napier Thesiger, B Chelmsford...1916-1921 d. 1933 Rufus Daniel Isaacs, B Reading of Erleigh...1921-1925 d. 1935 Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-Lytton, E of Lytton (acting) 1925-1926 d.1947 Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, B Irwin...1926-1929 d. 1959 George Joachim Goschen, V Goschen of Hawkhurst...1929-1931 d. 1952 George Freeman Freeman-Thomas, L Willingdon...1931-1936 d. 1941 Victor Alexander John Hope, M Linlithgow.1936-1943 d. 1952 Archibald Percival Wavell, V Wavell......1943-1947 Louis Franc. Alb. Vict. Nich. Mountbatten, E Mountbatten of Burma...1947 m. 1979 WELF Victoria......................................1878-1901 WETTIN (Windsor after 1917) Edward VII....................................1901-1910 George V......................................1910-1936 Edward VIII........................................1936 d. 1972 George VI.....................................1936-1948 d. 1952 Independent member of the Commonwealth........1947-1950 Republic......................................1950- --- ----------- LOCAL STATES A small sampling of some of the vast number of local polities to have dotted the landscape of southern Asia. The area covered here includes the modern nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. Ceylon and the Maldive Islands are located on a separate page. AHMADNAGAR A successor state to the Deccan Sultanate. NIZAM Ahmad Shah I..................................1490-1509 Burhan Shah I.................................1509-1553 Husain Shah I.................................1553-1565 Murtaza Shah..................................1565-1588 Miran Husain..................................1588-1589 Isma'il Shah..................................1589-1591 Burhan Shah II................................1591-1595 Ibrahim Shah..................................1595-1596 Ahmad Shah II......................................1596 Bahadur Shah..................................1596-1600 Murtaza Shah II...............................1600-1610 Burhan Shah III...............................1610-1631 Husain Shah II................................1631-1633 To the Mughal Empire..........................1633-1713 To Poona thereafter... ANJUVANNAM (Shingly) A "pocket principality" in Cranganore, on the Malabar Coast of southern India. Anjuvannam was created by a grant from Bhaskara Ravivarman II, the Chera Emperor of Kerala, to Joseph Rabban, the leader of the exceedingly ancient Malabari Jewish community. The grant was engraved on a set of copper plates, extant to this day, which forms a charter of royal privileges for Kerala's Jews. Some have postulated that Anjuvannam was not a traditional territorial principality, but rather an extraterritorial principality to which all the Jews of Kerala belonged (akin to the authority of the Resh Galuta in the Muslim world). Benei JOSEPH Joseph Rabban..................................fl. c. 1000 ?? Israel.......................................early 1300's Nissim, a 14th century rabbi who visited Malabar, reported seeing an "Israel King". He may have been referring to an actual personal name, or to a generic Jewish potentate. ? Joseph Azar....................................fl. 1341 d. c. 1370 Joseph Azar and his elder brother fought for control of Anjuvannam. Their civil war brought participation by other kings, including the rajahs of Cochin, and Anjuvannam and the Jewish privileges enjoyed in Kerala were ultimately eliminated. Joseph Azar and his brother both escaped to Cochin, where they established a new Jewish community. The Malabari Jewish community continues to exist to the present day, though most of India's Jews have emigrated to Israel and elsewhere. ARCOT A town strategically placed on the route between Madras and Bangalore, in southern India. The district was the scene of much fighting in the 17th and 18th centuries between local Moslems, Marathas, British, and French forces. Within French sphere of influence..........c. 1690-1763 Nawabs of Arcot Zulf'iqar 'Ali Khan...................c. 1690-1703 Da'ud Khan...............................1703-1710 Mohammed Sa'adat-Allah Khan I............1710-1732 Dost 'Ali Khan...........................1732-1740 Safdar 'Ali Khan.........................1740-1742 Sa'adat-Allah Khan II....................1742-1744 Anhwar ud-Din Mohammed...................1744-1749 Within British sphere of influence............1763-1825 Wala Jah Mohammed 'Ali...................1749-1795 'Umdut ul-Umara..........................1795-1801 'Azim ud-Dawlah..........................1801-1819 'Azim Jah................................1819-1825 To Great Britain directly.....................1825-1948 To India......................................1948- ASSAM Extreme northeastern India, a rough triangle bounded by Bangladesh, Bhutan / Tibet, and Burma. This region was the largest supplier of tea to the British Empire during the days of the Raj. KAMARUPA Pushyavarman................................c. 355-c. 380 Samudravarman...............................c. 380-c. 405 Balavarman I................................c. 405-c. 420 Kalyanavarman...............................c. 420-c. 440 Ganipativarman..............................c. 440-c. 450 Mahendravarman..............................c. 450-c. 485 Narayaravarman..............................c. 485-c. 510 Bhutivarman.................................c. 510-c. 555 Chandramukhavarman..........................c. 555-c. 565 Sthitivarman................................c. 565-c. 585 Susthitavarman..............................c. 585-c. 593 Supratisthitivarman.........................c. 593-c. 594 Bhaskaravarman..............................c. 594-c. 650 Avantivarman................................c. 650-c. 655 Salastambha.................................c. 655-c. 675 Vigrahastambha..............................c. 675-c. 685 Palaka......................................c. 685-c. 700 Kumara......................................c. 700-c. 715 Vajradeva...................................c. 715-c. 725 Harshadeva..................................c. 725-c. 750 Balavarman II...............................c. 750-c. 765 One or two Kings, name(s) unknown Salambha....................................c. 790-c. 810 Arathi......................................c. 810-c. 815 Hatjaravarman...............................c. 815-c. 835 Vanamalavarmadeva...........................c. 835-c. 865 Jayamala....................................c .865-c. 885 Balavarman III..............................c. 885-c. 910 Six Kings, names unknown Tyagasimha..................................c. 970-c. 990 Brahmapala..................................c. 990-c. 1010 Rativapala.................................c. 1010-c. 1040 Indrapala..................................c. 1040-c. 1065 Gopala.....................................c. 1065-c. 1080 Harshapala.................................c. 1080-c. 1095 Dharmapala.................................c. 1095-c. 1115 To Gauda...................................c. 1115-c. 1131 Timeyadeva............................c. 1125-c. 1126 Jayapala...................................c. 1131-c. 1138 Vaidyadeva.................................c. 1138-c. 1145 Rayarideva.................................c. 1145-c. ? Udayakarna..................................... ? -c. 1175 Vallabhadeva...............................c. 1175-c. 1195 Vishvasundaradeva..........................c. 1195-1228 AHOM Sukapha.......................................1228-1268 Suteupha......................................1268-1281 Subinpha......................................1281-1293 Sukhangpha....................................1293-1332 Sukhrangpha...................................1332-1364 Sutupha.......................................1364-1376 vacant Tyaokhamti....................................1380-1389 vacant Sudangpha.....................................1397-1407 Sujangpha.....................................1407-1422 Siphakpha.....................................1422-1439 Susenpha......................................1439-1488 Suhempha......................................1488-1493 Supimpha......................................1493-1497 Suhungmung Dihingia Raja......................1497-1539 Suklenmung Garghgaya Raja.....................1539-1552 Sukhampha Khora Raja..........................1552-1603 Sugengpha Pratap Singh........................1603-1641 Surampha Bhaga Singh..........................1641-1644 Sutyinpha Nariya Singh........................1644-1648 Sutyinpha Jayadhvaj Singh.....................1648-1663 Supungmung Chakradhvaj Singh..................1663-1669 Sunyatpha Udayaditya Singh....................1669-1673 Suklampha Ramdhvaj............................1673-1675 Suhung.............................................1675 Gobar..............................................1675 Sujinpha......................................1675-1677 Sudaipha......................................1677-1679 Sulikpha Lara Singh...........................1679-1681 Supatpha Gadadhar Singh.......................1681-1696 Sukhrungpha Rudra Singh.......................1696-1714 Sutanpha Shiva Singh..........................1714-1744 Sunenpha Pramatta Singh.......................1744-1751 Surampha Rajesvar Singh.......................1751-1769 Sunyeopha Lakshmi Singh.......................1769-1780 Suhitpangpha Gaurinath Singh..................1780-1794 Suklingpha Kamalesvar Singh...................1795-1810 Sudinpha Chandrakant Singh....................1810-1818 d. 1821 Brajnatha Singh...............................1818-1819 To Burma......................................1819-1824 Sudinpha Chandrakant Singh (restored)....1819-1821 Jogesvara Singh...............................1821 To the British East India Company.............1824-1857 To India thereafter... Note the presence of a militant separatist movement active in this region from c. 1979. AVUKU A minor state in the southern Deccan, south-central India, about equidistant between Hyderabad to the north and Bangalore to the south. Within Vijayanagar............................. ? -1473 Bukka.........................................1473-1481 Son of Bukka, name lost.......................1481-1508 Timma.........................................1508-1536 Nalla Timma...................................1536-1555 Ragunatha.....................................1555-1558 Pedda Krishnama...............................1558-1588 Shinna Krishnama..............................1588-1618 Olajapati I...................................1618-1646 Narasinha I...................................1646-1668 Raghava.......................................1668-1691 Pedda Kumara Raghava..........................1691-1735 Appa Naransinha...............................1735-1737 Shellama......................................1737-1739 Narasinha II..................................1739-1743 Kishama.......................................1743-1751 Olajapati II..................................1751-1759 Kumara Raghava................................1759-1767 Venkata Narasinha.............................1767-1771 Narayana......................................1771-1785 Krishna.......................................1785-1805 To Hyderabad thereafter... AWADH (Oudh) An extensive province in Northern India, between the Ganges and Nepal, and encompassing the cities of Benares, Cawnpore, and Lucknow. Just over the edge of Awadh's northeastern frontier with Nepal is the site of the ancient Sakya district, birthplace of Gautama Buddha. Kingdom of Benares GAHADAVALA Chandradeva................................c. 1080-c. 1100 Madanapala.................................c. 1100-c. 1114 Govindachandra.............................c. 1114-c. 1155 Vijayachandra..............................c. 1155-c. 1170 Jayachandra................................c. 1170-c. 1194 Harischandra...............................c. 1194-1200 To Delhi......................................1200-1526 To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1722 Kingdom of Awadh SA'ADATID Nawabs (Governors) until 1819, Kings thereafter. Burhan ul-Mulk Mohammed Sa'adat Khan..........1720-1739 Abu'l Mansur Khan Safdar Jang.................1739-1754 Shuja ud-Dawlah Haidar........................1754-1775 Asaf ud-Dawlah (Benares to BEI Co., 1775).....1775-1797 Wazir 'Ali....................................1797-1798 Sa'adat 'Ali Khan.............................1798-1814 Ghazi ud-Din Haidar...........................1814-1827 Nasr ud-Din Haidar............................1827-1837 Mohammed 'Ali Shah............................1837-1842 Amjad 'Ali Shah...............................1842-1847 Wajid 'Ali....................................1847-1856 d. 1887 To British East India Company.................1856-1857 Barjis Qadir the Mutineer..........................1857 To Great Britain thereafter... BAHAWALPUR A city in central Pakistan, about 75 miles from the Indian frontier; the Nawabs (Governors, were effectively independent from the middle of the 18th century. To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1802 DAUDPUTRA Sadiq Mohammed I..............................1739-1746 Mohammed Bahawal I............................1746-1749 Mubarrak......................................1749-1772 Mohammed Bahawal II...........................1772-1809 Sadiq Mohammed II.............................1809-1825 Mohammed Bahawal III..........................1825-1852 Sadiq Mohammed III............................1852-1853 Fateh Mohammed................................1853-1858 Mohammed Bahawal IV...........................1858-1866 Sadiq Mohammed IV.............................1866-1899 Mohammed Bahawal V............................1899-1906/7 Sadiq Mohammed V............................1906/7-1955 d. 1966 To Pakistan from 1948; Mediatized 1955. BALUCHISTANBounded by Iran, Afghanistan, India, and the Indian Ocean. To British India 1875-1948. To the Mughal Empire..........................1595-1638 KHANATE of KALAT Mir Hassan....................................1638-1666 Mir Ahmad.....................................1666-1695 Mir Mehrab I.......................................1695 Mir Samandar..................................1695-1714 Mir 'Abdullah.................................1714-1734 Mir Mohabar...................................1734-1749 Mir Nasir I...................................1749-1817 Mir Mahmud I..................................1817-1831 Mir Mehrab II.................................1831-1840 Mir Nasir II..................................1840-1857 Mir Khudadad..................................1857-1893 Under British influence.......................1875-1947 Mir Mahmud II............................1893-1931 Mir 'Azam................................1931-1933 Mir Ahmad Yar............................1933-1948 To Pakistan...................................1947- BARODA A city near the northern edge of the west coast, just east of the Bay of Cambay and the Kathiawar Peninsula. A Maratha stronghold in the 18th century. To Delhi......................................1297-1391 Sultanate of Gujarat: Muzaffarid dynasty Muzaffar Shah I...............................1391-1411 Ahmad Shah I..................................1411-1442 Mohammed Karim Shah...........................1442-1451 Qutb ud-Din Ahmad Shah II.....................1451-1458 Da'ud Shah.........................................1458 Mahmud Shah I Begara..........................1458-1511 Muzaffar Shah II..............................1511-1526 Sikandar Shah......................................1526 Nasr Khan Mahmud II................................1526 Bahadur Shah..................................1526-1537 Miran Mohammed.....................................1537 Mahmud Shah III...............................1537-1554 Ahmad Shah III................................1554-1561 Muzaffar Shah III.............................1561-1573 To the Mughal Empire..........................1573-1583 Muzaffar Shah III (restored).......................1583 To the Mughal Empire..........................1583-1734 GAEKWAR Maharajas of Baroda Pilaji Rao....................................1721-1732 Damaji Rao....................................1732-1768 Govind Rao....................................1768-1771 Sayaji Rao I..................................1771-1789 Manaji Rao....................................1789-1793 Govind Rao (restored).........................1793-1800 Anand Rao.....................................1800-1818 Sayaji Rao II.................................1818-1847 Ganpat Rao....................................1847-1856 Khande Rao....................................1856-1870 Malhar Rao....................................1870-1875 Sayaji Rao III................................1875-1939 Pratap Singh..................................1939-1948 To India......................................1948- BENGAL (Bangladesh) In the northeast corner of the subcontinent, along the coast, and involving the vast delta region associated with the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems. PALA Gopala I....................................c. 750-c. 770 Dharmapala..................................c. 770-c. 810 Devapala....................................c. 810-c. 850 Vigrahapala I...............................c. 850-c. 875 Narayanapala................................c. 875-c. 908 Rajyapala...................................c. 908-c. 935 Gopala II...................................c. 935-c. 952 Vigrahapala II..............................c. 952-c. 988 Mahipala I..................................c. 988-c. 1038 Nayapala...................................c. 1038-c. 1055 Vigrahapala III............................c. 1055-c. 1070 Mahipala II................................c. 1070-c. 1075 Shurapala..................................c. 1075-c. 1077 Ramapala...................................c. 1077-c. 1120 Kumarapala.................................c. 1120-c. 1125 Gopala III.................................c. 1125-c. 1144 Madanapala.................................c. 1144-c. 1161 SENA Ballalasena................................c. 1161-c. 1178 Lakhsmanasena..............................c. 1178-c. 1205 Vishvarupasena.............................c. 1205-c. 1220 Keshavarsena...............................c. 1220-c. 1250 vacant ILYAS Bughra Khan...................................1282-1291 Kai Ka'us.....................................1291-1298 Firuz Shah I..................................1298-1318 Bughra (in West Bengal).......................1318-1319 with... Bahadur (in East Bengal, West 1319-23)........1318-1330 with... Ibrahim (in West Bengal)......................1323-1325 and... Azam ul-Mulk (in Satgaon).....................1323-1339 and... Bahram Shah (in East Bengal)..................1324-1336 and... Qadr Khan (in West Bengal)....................1325-1339 and... Mubarrak Shah (in East Bengal)................1336-1349 and... Ali Shah (in West Bengal).....................1339-1345 and... Ilyas Shah (in West Bengal, all from 1352)....1345-1357 and... Ghazi Shah (in East Bengal)...................1349-1352 and... Sikandar I....................................1357-1390 opposed by... Azam..........................................1369-1410 Hamza.........................................1410-1412 Bayazid I.....................................1412-1414 Firuz II......................................1414-1415 GANESA Raja Ganesh...................................1415-1418 Mohammed......................................1418-1431 Ahmad.........................................1431-1436 ILYAS Mahmud I......................................1437-1459 Barbak I......................................1459-1474 Yusuf.........................................1474-1481 Sikandar II........................................1481 Fath Shah.....................................1481-1486 HABSHIS Barbak II.....................................1486-1487 Firuz III.....................................1487-1489 Mahmud II.....................................1489-1490 Muzaffar......................................1490-1494 HUSAINI Aladdin Husain................................1494-1518 Nusrat........................................1518-1533 Firuz IV...........................................1533 Mahmud III....................................1533-1538 To the Mughal Empire..........................1538-1539 SURI Sher Shah.....................................1539-1540 d. 1545 Khidr.........................................1540-1545 Mohammed Khan.................................1545-1555 Bahadur.......................................1555-1561 Jalal.........................................1561-1564 KARARANI Sulaiman......................................1564-1572 Bayazid II.........................................1572 Daoud.........................................1572-1576 To the Mughal Empire..........................1576-1757 NAWABS of BENGAL Murshid Quli Djafar Khan.................1703-1727 Shoja ud-Din.............................1727-1739 Safaraz Khan.............................1739-1740 Ali Vardi Khan...........................1740-1756 Siraj ud-Daula...........................1756-1757 To the British East India Company.............1757-1858 Mir Djafar...............................1757-1760 d. 1765 Mir Qasim................................1760-1763 Mir Djafar (restored)....................1763-1765 Najm ud-Dawlah...........................1765-1766 Saif ud-Dawlah...........................1766-1770 To Great Britain, directly....................1858-1947 To Pakistan...................................1947-1971 Republic of Bangladesh........................1971- BERAR A successor state to the Deccan Sultanate. 'IMAD Fath-Allah 'Imad ul-Mulk......................1490-1504 Aladdin 'Imad Shah............................1504-1529 Darya 'Imad Shah..............................1529-1562 Burhan 'Imad Shah.............................1562-1568 Tufal Khan Dakhni.............................1568-1572 To Ahmadnagar thereafter... BHATGAON In central Nepal, a separate Malla state during the centuries of fragmentation. To Nepal until c. 1482 MALLA Rayamalla..................................c. 1482-c. 1519 Pranamalla.................................c. 1519-c. 1547 Vishvamalla................................c. 1547-c. 1560 Trailokyamalla.............................c. 1560-c. 1613 Jagatjyotimalla............................c. 1613-c. 1637 Naresamalla................................c. 1637-c. 1644 Jagatprakasamalla..........................c. 1644-c. 1673 Jitamitramalla.............................c. 1673-c. 1696 Bhupatiindramalla..........................c. 1696-1722 Ranjitamalla..................................1722-1769 To Gurkha and thence Nepal;, 1769 BHUTANA Himalayan Kingdom east of Nepal, and northwest of Assam. Kingdom of Monyul, c. 500 BCE-c. 600 CE ?? Occupation by "Indian principalities" ?.....c. 600-c. 900 Fragmentation, each valley ruled locally....c. 600-1616 Partially occupied by Cooch ?......................16th/17th cent. Kingdom of Bhutan Spiritual rulers (Shabdrun Thuktrul, or Dharma Raja) This line commences with a Tibetan Lama (of the Drukpa subsect of the Kargyupa sect) who journeyed to Bhutan and established himself as chief over the region. Ngawang Namgyal...............................1616-1651 Shabdrung Ngwang Namgyel Rimpoche wielded both spiritual and temporal authority, but from the mid 17th century, power came to be divided between the Dharma Raja and the Deb Raja (see below). Each successive Dharma Raja assumed office more-or-less from birth, being regarded as the verifiable reincarnation of the previous incumbent. Pekar Jungney.................................1651-1680 Name not found................................1680-1698 Kunga Gyaltshen...............................1698-1712 d. 1713 Phyogla Namgyal...............................1712-1730 d. 1736 Jigme Norbu...................................1730-1735 Mipham Wangpo.................................1735-1738 Jigme Dragpa I................................1738-1761 Choeki Gyaltshen..............................1762-1788 vacant Jigme Dragpa II...............................1791-1830 Jigme Norbu...................................1831-1861 Jigme Chogyal.................................1862-1904 Jigme Dorji...................................1905-1931 Temporal regents (Druk Desi, or Deb Raja) Tenzin Drugyel................................1651-1655 Several, names not found. Gedun Chomphel................................1695-1701 Ngawang Tshering..............................1701-1704 Umdze Peljor..................................1704-1707 Druk Rabgye...................................1707-1719 d. c. 1729 Ngawang Gyamtsho..............................1719-1729 Mipham Wangpo.................................1729-1736 Khuwo Peljor..................................1736-1739 Ngawang Gyaltshen.............................1739-1744 Sherab Wangchuk...............................1744-1763 Druk Phuntsho.................................1763-1765 Druk Tendzin I................................1765-1768 Donam Lhundub.................................1768-1773 Kunga Rinchen.................................1773-1776 Jigme Singye..................................1776-1788 Druk Tendzin II...............................1788-1792 Tashi Namgyal.................................1792-1799 Druk Namgyal..................................1799-1803 Tashi Namgyal (restored)......................1803-1805 Sangye Tendzin................................1805-1806 Umdze Parpop..................................1806-1808 with... Bop Choda.....................................1807-1808 Tsulthrim Drayga..............................1809-1810 d. 1820 Jigme Dragpa II...............................1810-1811 Yeshey Gyaltshen..............................1811-1815 d. 1830 Tshaphu Dorji......................................1815 Sonam Drugyal.................................1815-1819 Tendzin Drugdra...............................1819-1823 Choki Gyaltshen...............................1823-1831 d. 1838 Dorji Namgyal.................................1831-1832 Adap Thrinley.................................1832-1835 Choki Gyaltshen (restored)....................1835-1838 Dorji Norbu...................................1838-1847 Tashi Dorji...................................1847-1850 Wangchuk Gyalpo....................................1850 Jigme Norbu (at Thimphu)......................1850-1852 opposed by... Chagpa Sangye (at Punakha)....................1851-1852 Damcho Lhundrup...............................1852-1856 Kunga Palden (at Punakha).....................1856-1861 opposed by... Sherab Tharchin (at Thimphu)..................1856-1861 Phuntsho Namgyal..............................1861-1864 Tshewang Sithub....................................1864 d. 1866 Tsulthrim Yonten...................................1864 Kagyu Wangchuk.....................................1864 Tshewang Sithub (restored)....................1864-1866 Tsondru Pekar.................................1866-1870 Jigme Namgyal.................................1870-1873 d. 1881 Kitsep Dorji Namgyal..........................1873-1877 d. 1879 Jigme Namgyal (restored)......................1877-1878 d. 1881 Kitsep Dorji Namgyal (restored)...............1878-1879 Chogyal Zangpo................................1879-1880 Jigme Namgyal (re-restored)...................1880-1881 Lam Tshewang..................................1881-1883 Gawa Zangpo...................................1883-1885 Sangye Dorji..................................1885-1901 vacant Choley Yeshe Ngodub...........................1903-1905 d. 1917 By the 19th century, the system had broken down completely, and the realm was fragmented into the hands of local governors (Penlops) and military officials (Jungpens). Upon the demise of Jigme Chogyal in the early 20th century, the emergence of a particularly strong Penlop in the district of Tongsa brought about reforms which succeeded in creating the modern state, with the Tongsa Penlops as Kings... TONGSA Ugyen Wangchuck...............................1907-1926 Jigme Wangchuck...............................1926-1952 Jigme Dorji Wangchuck.........................1952-1972 Jigme Singhi Wangchuck........................1972- BIDAR A successor state to the Deccan Sultanate. BARID Qasim Shah I..................................1492-1504 Amir Shah I...................................1504-1542 'Ali Shah I...................................1542-1579 Ibrahim Shah..................................1579-1586 Qasim Shah II.................................1586-1589 Amir Shah II..................................1589-1601 Mirza 'Ali Shah...............................1601-1609 'Ali Shah II..................................1609-1619 To Bijapur....................................1619-1724 To Hyderabad thereafter... BIJAPUR A successor state to the Deccan Sultanate. It was from here that the Marathas first established a revitalized Hindu state, in the 17th century. 'ADIL Yusuf 'Adil Shah..............................1490-1510 Isma'il Shah..................................1510-1534 Mallu 'Adil Shah...................................1534 Ibrahim 'Adil Shah I..........................1534-1558 'Ali 'Adil Shah I.............................1558-1580 Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II.........................1580-1627 Mohammed 'Adil Shah...........................1627-1657 'Ali 'Adil Shah II............................1657-1672 Sikandar 'Adil Shah...........................1672-1686 Mostly to Maharashtra, some remaining fragments to the Mughal Empire... BIKANER A city and district in western India, within the Great Thar Desert, roughly 220 miles (350 km.) west of Delhi and about 60 miles (95 km.) east of the Pakistani border. RATHOR Bika Rao......................................1465-1504 Naro..........................................1504-1505 Lunkaran......................................1505-1526 Jetsi.........................................1526-1542 Kalyan Singh..................................1542-1571 Raya Singh Raja...............................1571-1612 Dalpat Singh..................................1612-1613 Sur Singh.....................................1613-1631 Karan Singh...................................1631-1669 Anup Singh Maharaja...........................1669-1698 Sarup Singh...................................1698-1700 Sujan Singh...................................1700-1736 Zorawar Singh.................................1736-1745 Gaja Singh....................................1745-1787 Raja Singh.........................................1787 Pratap Singh.......................................1787 Surat Singh...................................1787-1828 Ratan Singh...................................1828-1851 Sardar Singh..................................1851-1872 Dungar Singh..................................1872-1887 Ganga Singh...................................1887-1943 Sadul Singh...................................1943-1949 To India......................................1948- The BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY Not a nation as such, but "merely" a corporate entity, the EIC nevertheless controlled during it's heyday more territory than some empires. Incorporated on December 31, 1600 as The Governor and Company of Merchants trading with the East Indies, it began as a private monopoly to take advantage of spice trading in southeast Asia after the weakening of Hispano-Portuguese monopolies following the defeat of the Armada in 1588. The company quickly became enmeshed in conflict with the Dutch East India Company, and were driven out of Indonesia by them, while gaining a strong foothold in India. Expanding it's power in India over the course of the 18th century, the peak of it's authority was reached between 1757-1773. In the late 18th century, the British government exerted more direct control over company affairs, and it's commercial monopoly was removed in 1813. From 1834 it was converted into the managerial authority through which the British government wielded power in India. After the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, Great Britain took full political authority in India unto itself, and the Company was formally dissolved in 1873. The following list details the Governors-General of the Company, a position of supreme authority over the three Indian Presidencies created in 1773 by the Regulating Act, the first movement by Britain to rope in "John Company". GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMAPANY Warren Hastings...............................1774-1785 d. 1818 Sir John MacPherson (acting), 1785-1786 d. 1821 Charles Mann Cornwallis.......................1786-1793 d. 1805 Sir John Shore, Baron Teignmouth..............1793-1798 Richard Colley Wellesley, Baron Wellesley.....1798-1805 d. 1842 Charles Mann Cornwallis (restored).................1805 Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting), 1805-1807 d. 1846 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Baron Minto...1807-1813 d. 1814 Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings...1813-1823 d. 1826 John Adam (acting) 1823 d. 1825 William Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst............1823-1828 d. 1857 William Butterworth Bayley (acting), 1828 d. 1860 William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, Lord Bentinck...1828-1835 d. 1839 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (acting), 1835-1836 George Eden, Earl of Auckland.................1836-1842 d. 1849 Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough................1842-1844 d. 1871 William Wilberforce Bird (acting), 1844 Henry Hardinge, Viscount Hardinge.............1844-1848 d. 1856 James Andrew Broun Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie..1848-1856 d. 1860 CANNANORE A port in southwestern India, a few miles north of Pondicherry. The region was inhabited by large numbers of Mopla Muslims, but is also a well-known temple site for Hindus. Economically, the district is famous for its sophisticated weaving industry. To Chola Empire.............................c. 846-1279 To Delhi......................................1279-1334 To Madurai....................................1334-1378 To Vijayanagar................................1378-1545 'ALI RAJA 'Ali Adi-Raja I...............................1545-1591 Abu Bakr Adi-Raja I...........................1591-1607 Abu Bakr Adi-Raja II..........................1607-1610 Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja I......................1610-1647 Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja II.....................1647-1655 Kamal Adi-Raja................................1655-1656 Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja III....................1656-1691 'Ali Adi-Raja II..............................1691-1704 Kunhi Amsa Adi-Raja I.........................1704-1720 Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja IV.....................1720-1728 Harrabichi Kadavube Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.).......1728-1732 Junumabe Adi-Raja Bibi I (fem.)................1732-1745 Kunhi Amsa Adi-Raja II........................1745-1777 To British East India Company.................1783-1858 Junumabe Adi-Raja Bibi II (fem.)..........1777-1819 Maraiambe Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)............1819-1838 Hayashabe Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)............1838-1852 To Great Britain..............................1858-1948 'Abdul Rahman 'Ali Adi-Raja I............1852-1870 Musa 'Ali Adi-Raja.......................1870-1899 Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja V.................1899-1907 Imbichi Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)..............1907-1911 Ahmad 'Ali Adi-Raja......................1911-1921 Ayesha Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)...............1921-1931 'Abdul Rahman 'Ali Adi-Raja II...........1931-1946 Mariyumma Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)............1946-1949 To India......................................1948- CHITTAGONG A port city and surrounding district, comprising the southeastern panhandle of Bangladesh extending away from the Ganges- Brahmaputra Delta. To Bengal.......................... < 14th century-1538 To Arakan.....................................1538-1666 Note: from c. 1577 to 1665, significant portions of Upper Chittagong province were in the hands of a company of Portuguese mercenaries based at Dianga, near Chittagong city. These troops were in the hire of successive Kings of Arakan, and provided security for that nation against encroaches by the Mughal Empire across the northwestern frontier. Typical of hired troops of that era, they exerted extensive authority over their district, and constantly strayed over both sides of the line between security forces on the one hand and private slavers/marauders on the other. For example: Sandwip Island A large island in the southeastern corner of the Delta. Normally following Chittagong sequence, except... Gonsalves Tibao, A renegade Portuguese pirate, c. 1610-c. 1620 To the Mughal Empire..........................1666-1760 To Great Britain..............................1760-1948 To Pakistan...................................1948-1971 To Bangladesh.................................1971- COCHIN A coastal district in far southwestern India, about 150 miles (240 km.) northwest of Cape Comorin. Portuguese sphere of influence................1502-1669 COCHIN Unni Rama Koil I...........................c. 1500-1503 Unni Rama Koil II.............................1503-1537 Vira Kerala Varma I...........................1537-1565 Kesara Rama Varma II..........................1565-1601 Vira Kerala Varma II..........................1601-1615 Ravi Varma I..................................1615-1624 Vira Kerala Varma III.........................1624-1637 Goda Varma I..................................1637-1645 Vira Rayira Varma.............................1645-1646 Vira Kerala Varma IV..........................1646-1650 Rama Varma I..................................1650-1656 Gangadhara Lakshmi (fem.)......................1656-1658 Rama Varma II.................................1658-1662 Goda Varma II.................................1662-1663 Within the Netherlands sphere of influence....1669-1795 Vira Kerala Varma V...........................1663-1687 Rama Varma III................................1687-1693 Ravi Varma II.................................1693-1697 Rama Varma IV.................................1697-1701 Rama Varma V..................................1701-1721 Ravi Varma III................................1721-1731 Rama Varma VI.................................1731-1746 Kerala Varma I................................1746-1749 Rama Varma VII................................1749-1760 Kerala Varma II...............................1760-1775 Rama Varma VIII...............................1775-1790 Within the British sphere of influence........1795-1948 Rama Varma Saktan Tampuran...............1790-1805 Rama Varma IX............................1805-1809 Kerala Varma III.........................1809-1828 Rama Varma X.............................1828-1837 Rama Varma XI............................1837-1844 Rama Varma XII...........................1844-1851 Kerala Varma IV..........................1851-1853 Ravi Varma IV............................1853-1864 Rama Varma XIII..........................1864-1888 Kerala Varma V...........................1888-1895 Rama Varma XIV...........................1895-1914 Rama Varma XV............................1914-1932 Rama Varma XVI...........................1932-1941 Kerala Varma VI..........................1941-1943 Ravi Varma V.............................1943-1946 Kerala Varma VII.........................1946-1948 Rama Varma XVII..........................1948-1949 To India......................................1948- DELHI An important Sultanate in north-central India; significant as (at times) a large imperial state acting as a buffer between Mongol and Timurid aggression toward the rest of India. MU'IZZ Qutb Al-Din Aibeg.............................1206-1210 Aram Shah.....................................1210-1210/1 Shams Al-DinAl-Qutbi........................1210/1-1236 Rukn Al-Din........................................1236 Radiyya Begum.................................1235-1240 Mu'izz Al-Din Bahram Shah.....................1240-1242 Aladdin Masud Shah............................1242-1246 Nasr Al-Din...................................1246-1266 Balban........................................1266-1287/8 Mu'izz Al-Din...............................1287/8-1290 Kaiumarth..........................................1290 KHALJI Djalal Al-Din.................................1290-1296 Rukn Al-Din (II)...................................1296 Aladdin.......................................1296-1316 Shihab Al-Din......................................1316 Qutb Al-Din...................................1316-1320 Nasr Al-Din Khusrau Shah the Usurper...............1320 TUGHLUQID Tughluq Shah I................................1320-1325 Mohammed Shah II..............................1325-1351 Mahmud Ibn Mohammed.............a few days in Mar. 1351 Firuz Shah....................................1351-1388 Tughluq Shah II...............................1388-1389 Abu Bakr Shah.................................1389-1389/90 Mohammed Shah III..........................1389/90-1393 Sikander Shah I..........................Mar.-Apr. 1393 Mahmud Shah II................................1393-1394/5 Nusrat Shah.................................1394/5-1398/9 (Sack of Delhi by Timur; interregnum..........1399-1413/4) LODI Daulat Khan.................................1413/4-1414/5 SAYYID Khidr Khan....................................1414-1421 Mubarrak Shah II..............................1421-1435 Mohammed Shah IV..............................1435-1445 Aladdin Alam Shah.............................1445-1451/2 LODI Bahlul........................................1452-1489 Saikander.....................................1489-1517 Ibrahim II....................................1517-1526 To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1540 SURI Sher Shah.....................................1540-1545 Islam Shah....................................1545-1553 Mohammed V....................................1553-1554 d. 1555 Firuz................................29 Apr.-2 May 1554 Ibrahim III...................................1554-1554/5 Sikander Shah...............................1554/5-1555 To Mughal Empire, and the Raj, thereafter GOA A port and district on the west coast of India, retaining an unusual blend of Indian and Portuguese culture. This was the center and capital of Portuguese Asia and during the hetday of the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century it was of great power and influence in southern Asia generally. To South Konkan................................970-c. 1000 Kadamba A local dynasty of 14 kings, c. 1000-1334; my information on them is fragmentary at this time. Guhulladeva I..................................fl. c. 1000 ? Shasthadeva II..........................fl. latter 11th cent. Guhalldeva III.................................fl. 12th cent. Jayakeshi II Shivachitta Vishnuchitta Jayakeshi III.................................... -1212 To Devagiri...................................1212-1224 More Kadamba monarch(s ?).....................1224-c. 1277 To Devagiri...................................... -1313 Kamdeva..................................... -1313 Final Kadamba monarch(s ?)....................1313-1334 Local vassals of Delhi........................1334-1347 To the Deccan (Bahamanis).....................1347-1380 To Vijayanagar................................1380-1454 To Bankapur...................................1454-1471 To Bijapore...................................1471-1489 Yusuf Adilshaha...............................1489-1510 To Portugal...................................1510-1961 Viceroy Francisco de Almeida.....................1505-1509 Governor-general Afonso de Albuquerque....................1509-1515 Lopo Soares de Albergaria................1515-1518 Diogo Lopes de Sequeira..................1518-1522 Duarte de Meneses........................1522-1524 Viceroy Vasco da Gama, conde de Vidigueira............1524 On his epic voyage in 1497-99, with four vessels, Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, passed the easternmost point reached by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, continued up the east coast of Africa to Malindi, and sailed across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. This voyage opened up a way for Europe to reach the wealth of the Indies, and out of it grew the Portuguese Empire. Immediately Portugal gained great riches from the spice trade. Gama dictated the instructions for Cabral's voyage (1500-1502) to India, and in 1502 he himself led a fleet of ships on his second India voyage. With this force he attempted to establish Portuguese power in Indian waters and sought to secure the submission of a number of chiefs on the African coast. He was harsh in his methods and was not as good an administrator as many of the Portuguese captains who later went to the East, but he was the first, and he was fittingly honored with many tributes and the title of count of Vidigueria. In 1524 he was sent back to India as viceroy, but he died soon after his arrival. Governor-general Henrique de Meneses......................1524-1526 Lopo Vaz de Sampaio......................1526-1529 Nunho da Cunha...........................1529-1538 Viceroy Garcia de Noronha........................1538-1540 Governor-general Estévão da Gama..........................1540-1542 Martim Afonso de Sousa...................1542-1545 Viceroy João de Castro...........................1545-1548 Governor-general Garcia de Sá.............................1548-1549 Jorge Cabral.............................1549-1550 Viceroy Afonso de Noronha........................1550-1554 Pedro Mascarenhas........................1554-1555 Governor-general Francisco Barreto........................1555-1558 Viceroy Constantino de Bragança..................1558-1561 Francisco Coutinho, conde do Redondo.....1561-1564 Governor-general João de Mendonça..............................1564 Viceroy Antão de Noronha.........................1564-1568 Luís de Ataíde, conde de Atouguia........1568-1571 António de Noronha.......................1571-1573 Governor-general António Moniz Barreto....................1573-1576 Diogo de Meneses.........................1576-1578 Viceroy Luís de Ataíde, conde de Atouguia ®....1578-1580 Governor-general Fernão Teles de Meneses, c. de Vilar Maior....1581 Viceroy Francisco Mascarenhas, conde de Orta.....1581-1584 Duarte de Meneses, conde de Tarouca......1584-1588 Governor-general Manuel de Sousa Coutinho.................1588-1591 Viceroy Matias de Albuquerque....................1591-1597 Francisco da Gama, conde de Vidiguiera...1597-1600 Aires de Saldanha........................1600-1605 Martim Afonso de Castro..................1605-1607 Governor-general Alexio de Meneses........................1607-1609 André Furtado de Mendonça.....................1609 Viceroy Rui Lourenço de Távora...................1609-1612 Jerónimo de Azevedo......................1612-1617 João Coutinho, conde de Redondo..........1617-1619 Fernão de Albuquerque....................1619-1622 Francisco da Gama, conde de Vidiguiera...1622-1628 Governor-general Luis de Brito............................1628-1629 Viceroy Miguel de Noronha, conde de Linhares.....1629-1635 Pedro da Silva...........................1635-1639 Governor-general António Teles de Meneses.................1639-1640 Viceroy João da Silva Telo de Meneses, c. de Aveiras...1640-1645 Filipe Mascarenhas.......................1645-1651 Vasco Mascarenhas, conde de Óbidos.......1652-1653 Governor-general Brás de Castro...........................1653-1655 Viceroy Rodrigo da Silveira, conde de Sarzedas...1655-1656 Governor-general Manuel Mascarenhas Homem......................1656 Junta....................................1656-1662 Viceroy António de Melo Castro...................1662-1666 João Nunes da Castro, c. de São Vicente..1666-1668 Junta....................................1668-1671 Luiz de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque, c. do Lavradio...1671-1677 Pedro de Almeida, conde de Assu..........1677-1678 Junta....................................1678-1681 Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor......1681-1686 Governor-general Rodrigo da Costa.........................1686-1690 Miguel de Almeida........................1690-1691 Junta....................................1691-1693 Viceroy Pedro António de Noronha de Albuquerque, c. de Vila Verde...1693- 1698 António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara Coutinho...1698-1701 Governing Commission.....................1701-1703 Fray Agostinho da Annunciao Vasco Luiz Coutinho Caetano de Mello e Castro................1703-1707 Rodrigo da Costa.........................1707-1712 Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses.........1712-1717 Governor-general Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha.................1717 Viceroy Luiz Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, c. de Ericeira...1717-1720 Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro.......1720-1723 Cristóvão de Melo........................1723-1725 with... Governing Commission.....................1723-1725 Fray Ignacio de Santa Theresa Cristóvão Luiz de Andrade João de Saldanha da Gama.................1725-1732 d. 1752 Governing Commission..........................1732 Cristóvão de Melo (restored) Fray Ignacio de Santa Theresa (restored) Pedro Mascarenhas, conde de Sandomil.....1732-1741 d. 1745 Luiz Carlos Inácio Xavier Meneses (r.)...1741-1742 Governing Commission.....................1742-1744 Francisco de Vasconcellos (to 1743) Luiz Caetano de Almeida Lourenço de Noronha (from 1743) Pedro Miguel de Almeida, m. de Alorna....1744-1750 Francisco de Assis da Távora, m. de Távora...1750-1754 Luiz Mascarenhas, conde de Alva..........1754-1756 Governing Commission.....................1756-1756 António Taveira da Neiva da Silveira João de Mesquita Matos Teixeira Filippe de Valladares Souto Maior Manuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque, c. da Ega...1756-1765 d. 1771 Governing Commission.....................1765-1768 António Taveira da Neiva da Silveira (restored) João Baptista Vaz Pereira João José de Mello Governor João José de Mello (continued)...........1768-1774 Filippe de Valladares Souto Maior.............1774 José Pedro da Câmara.....................1774-1779 Federico Guilherme de Sousa..............1779-1786 Francisco da Cunha e Meneses.............1786-1794 Francisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara Pimentel...1794-1807 Viceroy Bernardo José da Silveira e Lorena, c. de Sarzedas...1807-1816 Diogo de Sousa, conde de Rio Pardo.......1816-1821 Governing Commission.....................1821-1822 Manuel Godinho da Mira Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira Manuel Duarte Leitão Governing Commission.....................1822-1823 Manuel da Câmara Fray Paulo de San Thomé de Aquino António de Mello Souto Maior João Carlos Leal António José de Lima Leitão Manuel da Câmara.........................1823-1825 Governing Commission.....................1825-1827 Fray Manuel de San Galdino Candido José Mourão Garcez Palha António Ribeiro de Carvalho Manuel de Portugal e Castro..............1827-1835 Prefect Bernardo Peres da Silva.......................1835 Chairmen of the Provisional Government Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama........1835 João c. da Rocha Vasconcellos............1835-1836 with... Manuel José Ribeiro......................1835-1836 and... Fray Constantino de Santa Rita...........1835-1836 João Cabral de Estifique.................1836-1837 with... António Maria de Mello...................1836-1837 and... Joaquim António de Moraes Carneiro.......1836-1837 José António de Lemos.........................1837 with... António Mariano de Azevedo....................1837 Governor-general Simão Infante de Lacerda da Sousa Tavares, b. de Sabroso...1837-1838 Governing Council (acting)...............1838-1839 António Feliciano de Santa Rita José António Vieira da Fonseca José Cancio Freire de Lima Domingo José Mariano Luiz José António Vieira da Fonseca, acting 1839 Manuel José Mendes, barão de Candal......1839-1840 Governing Council (acting)....................1840 José António Vieira da Fonseca José Carneiro Freire de Lima António João de Athaíde Domingo José Mariano Luiz José da Costa Campos Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos José Joaquim Lopez de Lima, acting 1840-1842 Governing Council (acting)....................1842 António Ramalho da Sá José de Mello Souta Maior Telles António João de Athaíde (restored) José da Costa Campos (restored) Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos (restored) Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, c. das Antas...1842-1843 Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha..............1843-1844 José Ferreira Pestana....................1844-1851 José Joaquim Januario Lapa, b. de Villa Nova de Ourém...1851-1855 Governing Council (acting)....................1855 Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho Luiz da Costa Campos Francisco Xavier Peres Bernardo Hector da Silveira Victor Anastacio Mourão Garcez Palha António César de Vasconcellos Correia, v. de Torres Novas...1855-1864 José Ferreira Pestana (restored).........1864-1870 Januario Correia de Almeida, v. de São Januario...1870-1871 Joaquim José de Macedo e Couto...........1871-1875 João Tavares de Almeida..................1875-1877 António, visc. de Sérgio de Sousa........1877-1878 Governing Council (acting)....................1878 Ayres de Oruellas e Vasconcellos João Caetano da Silva Campos Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga Thomas Nunes da Serva e Moura António Sergio de Sousa Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque...1878-1881 Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva, v. de Paço de Arcos...1881-1885 Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral.....1885-1886 Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho........1886-1889 Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses.......1889-1891 Francisco Maria da Cunha.................1891-1892 Francisco Teixeira da Silva..............1892-1893 Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade..........1893-1894 Elesbão Betencourt Lapa, v. de Vila Nova de Ourém...1894-1895 Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade (rest.)..1895-1896 Afonso Henriques, duque de Pôrto..............1896 João António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira...1896-1897 Joaquim José Machado.....................1897-1900 Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo.......1900-1905 Arnoldo de Novais Guedes Róbelo..........1905-1907 José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa........1907-1910 Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa.......1910-1917 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira................1917 José de Freitas Ribeiro..................1917-1919 Augusto de Paiva Bobelo Mota..................1919 Jaime Alberto da Castro Morais...........1919-1925 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (restored).....1925 Mariano Martins..........................1925-1926 Tito Augusto de Morais, acting 1926 Acurcio Mendes da Rocha Diniz.................1926 Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim........1926-1929 Acurcio Mendes da Rocha Diniz (restored), acting 1929 João Carlos Craveiro Lopes...............1929-1936 Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes..........1936-1938 José Ricardo Pereira Cabral..............1938-1945 Paulo Bénard Guedes......................1945-1946 José Silvestre Ferreira Bossa............1946-1947 Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça e Dias, acting 1947-1948 José Alves Ferreira, acting 1948 Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça e Dias (restored), acting 1948-1952 Paulo Bénard Guedes (restored)............1953-1958 Manuel António Vasalo e Silva.............1958-1961 (nominal to 1962) To India.......................................1961- GOLKONDA A Deccan state within east-central India. QUTB Quli Qutb Shah................................1512-1543 Jamshid Qutb Shah.............................1543-1550 Subhan Quli Qutb Shah..............................1550 Ibrahim Qutb Shah.............................1550-1580 Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah.......................1580-1612 Mohammed Qutb Shah............................1612-1626 'Abdullah Qutb Shah...........................1626-1672 Abu'l-Hassan Qutb Shah........................1672-1687 To the Mughal Empire..........................1687-1724 To Hyderabad thereafter... GUJARAT A region in western India bounded by Kutch to the west and Malwa to the east, with the Arabian Sea around the Kathiawar Peninsula extending across its southwestern flank. It is largely an agricultural district, but well-known for distinctive architectural styles and important crafts. The Gujaratis have had an outward- looking sea-faring tradition for millennia, and even today natives of Gujarat or descendents of Gujaratis form a larger than average percentage of Indians living abroad. Ghandi came from Gujarat - he was born in Porbandar, a seacoast town on the southwest flank of the Kathiawar Peninsula. To the Mauryan Empire....................3rd cent.-180's Poorly documented era....................180's BCE-130 CE To Malwa.......................................130-382 To the Guptan Empire...........................382-c. 475 Kingdom of Vallabhi MAITRAKA Bhatarka....................................c. 475- ? Dharasena I Dronasimha..................................c. 500-c. 525 Dhruvasena I................................c. 525-c. 545 Dharapatta..................................c. 545-c. 556 Guhasena....................................c. 556-c. 570 Dharasena II................................c. 570-c. 606 Siladitya I.................................c. 606-c. 616 Kharagraha I................................c. 616-c. 623 Dharasena III...............................c. 623-c. 640 Dhruvasena II...............................c. 640-c. 644 Dharasena IV................................c. 644-c. 651 Dhruvasena III..............................c. 651-c. 656 Kharagraha II...............................c. 656-c. 662 Siladitya II................................c. 662- ? Siladitya III Siladitya IV Siladitya V Siladitya VI................................c. 766-c. 767 To Kabul....................................c. 767-c. 940 Ala Khan..................................fl. c. 900 Kingdom of Gujarat CHAULUKYA (Solanki) Mulraja I...................................c. 940-c. 995 Chamundaraja................................c. 995-c. 1010 Vallabharaja.......................................c. 1010 Occupied briefly by the Ghaznavid Empire (Afghanistan) in this era. Durlabharaja...............................c. 1010-c. 1022 Bhima I....................................c. 1022-c. 1064 Karnadeva I................................c. 1064-c. 1094 Jayasimha I................................c. 1094-c. 1125 Kumarapala.................................c. 1125-c. 1171 Ajayapala..................................c. 1171-c. 1176 Mulraja II.................................c. 1176-c. 1178 Bhima II...................................c. 1178-c. 1241 with... Jayasimha II.......................................c. 1223 Tribhuvanapala.............................c. 1241-c. 1244 VAGHELA Visala.....................................c. 1244-c. 1262 Arjuna.....................................c. 1262-c. 1275 Sarangadeva................................c. 1275-c. 1297 Karnadeva II...............................c. 1297-1304 To Delhi......................................1304-1391 ZAFARID Zafar Khan....................................1391-1403 Muhammad Shah I Tatar.........................1403-1407 Muzaffar Shah.................................1407-1411 Ahmad Shah I Shihab ad-Din....................1411-1442 Muhammad Shah II Karim........................1442-1451 Ahmad Shah II Qutb ad-Din.....................1451-1458 Dawud Khan.........................................1458 Mahmud Shah I Begra Saif ad-Din...............1458-1511 Muzaffar Shah II..............................1511-1526 Sikandar...........................................1526 Mahmud Shah II.....................................1526 Bahadur Shah..................................1526-1535 To the Mughal Empire..........................1535-1536 Bahadur Shah (restored).......................1536-1537 Mahmud Shah III...............................1537-1554 Ahmad Shah III................................1554-1561 Muzaffar Shah III.............................1561-1573 To the Mughal Empire..........................1573-1583 Muzaffar Shah III (restored).......................1583 To the Mughal Empire..........................1583-1728 To the Maratha Confederacy....................1728-1818 To Great Britain..............................1818-1948 To India thereafter... GURKHA A town in west-central Nepal, about 47 miles (75 km.) west- northwest of Katmandu. This district, noted for it's pugnacious warriors, produced the leaders who reunified Nepal after the era of Malla fragmentation, and is also the source of Great Britain's famed Gurkha mercenary corps. SAHA Prithvi Pati.................................1669-1716 Narabhpati...................................1716-1742 Prithvi Barayana (K. of Nepal from 1768).....1742-1774 Within Nepal thereafter... GWADAR (Gawadar) A port city in extreme southwestern Pakistan, on the Baluchistani coast about 45 miles (72 km.) from the Iranian frontier. An Omani possession during much of the 1800's and early 1900's. Within Baluchistan to 1783 ALBUSA'IDI Sultan ibn Ahmad (Sultan of Oman 1792-1806)...1783-1806 To Oman.......................................1792-mid 1800's SARBAZID Mir Dosten al-Sarbazi..............................mid 1800's To Oman.................................mid 1800's-1956 To Pakistan thereafter... GWALIORAn important fortress and city in central India, about 160 miles (250 km.) south-southeast of Delhi. During the latter 18th century, the rulers of Gwalior were perhaps the most powerful among native Indian Princes, controlling for a time Delhi itself. To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1751 SINDHIA Ranoji (at Ujjain)............................1726-1745 Jayappa.......................................1745-1755 Jankoji I.....................................1755-1761 Madhava Rao I.................................1761-1780 d. 1794 To Great Britain...................................1780 Madhava Rao I.................................1780-1794 Daulat Rao....................................1794-1827 Jankoji Rao II................................1827-1843 To Great Britain...................................1843 Jayaji Rao....................................1843-1858 d. 1886 To Great Britain..............................1858-1948 Madhava Rao II...........................1886-1925 Jivaji Rao...............................1925-1948 To India thereafter... HYDERABAD In south-central India, the largest of the raj principalities. By Indian standards, the capital is a very young city, having been established in 1590. To the Mughal Empire..........................1685-1724 QAMARID Asaf Jah......................................1724-1748 Mohammed Nasir Jung...........................1748-1750 Muzaffar Jang.................................1750-1751 Asaf ud-Dawlah Salabat Jang...................1751-1761 Nizam 'Ali....................................1761-1803 Sikandar Jah..................................1803-1829 Nasir ud-Dawlah...............................1829-1857 Afzal ud-Dawlah...............................1857-1869 Mahbub 'Ali Khan..............................1869-1911 Uthman 'Ali Khan Bahadur Jang.................1911-1948 To India thereafter... INDORE A city and district in central India, a Maratha stronghold. It is very young by Indian standards, having been established as a trade market and temple complex only in the early 18th century. To the Mughal Empire..........................1715-1728 HOLKAR Malhar Rao I..................................1728-1764 Malle Rao.....................................1764-1766 with... Ahalya Bai (fem.)..............................1765-1795 Tukoji........................................1795-1798 Jaswant Rao I.................................1798-1811 Malhar Rao II.................................1811-1834 Hari Rao......................................1834-1843 Tukoji Rao II.................................1843-1886 Sivaji Rao....................................1886-1903 Tukoji Rao III................................1903-1926 Jaswant Rao II................................1926-1948 To India......................................1948- JAIPUR A city in western India, 135 miles (215 km.) southwest of Delhi. KACHWAHA Dulha Rao..................................c. 1128-c. 1136 Kankal.....................................c. 1136- ? Maidal Hunadeva Kantal I Pujanadeva.....................................fl. c. 1185 Malesi Byala Rajadeva Kilhan Kantal II.....................................1276- ? Jansi Udayakarna Nara Singh Banbir Udha Rao Chandrasena Prithvi I.....................................1502-1534 Bhima.........................................1534- ? Ratan.......................................... ? -1547 Baharmalla....................................1547- ? Bhagwan Das.................................... ? -1589 Man Singh I...................................1589-1614 Jagat Singh I......................................1614 Bhao Singh....................................1614-1622 Jaya Singh I..................................1622-1667 Rama Singh I..................................1667-1688 Bishan Singh..................................1688-1700 Sawai Jaya Singh II...........................1700-1743 Ishwari Singh.................................1743-1750 Madhu Singh I.................................1750-1768 Prithvi Singh II..............................1768-1778 Pratap Singh..................................1778-1803 Jagat Singh II................................1803-1818 Jaya Singh III................................1818-1835 Rama Singh II.................................1835-1881 Sawai Madhu Singh II..........................1881-1922 Sawai Man Singh II............................1922-1949 To India......................................1948- JAISALMER A city in western India, within the Thar desert about 70 miles (110 km.) from the Pakistani frontier. Founded in the 12th century as a Rajput fort and caravanserai, it is noted for it's libraries and archives, and for the rich golden-coloured stone that its walls and towers are constructed of. BHATI Jaisal........................................1156-c. 1180 > Salivahan Baijal Kelan Chachigdeva I..............................c. 1219-c. 1250 Karan Singh I..............................c. 1250-c. 1278 Lakhasena..................................c. 1278-c. 1281 Punyapala..........................................c. 1281 Jait Singh I...............................c. 1281-c. 1300 Mulraja I..........................................c. 1300 To Delhi...................................c. 1300-1399 Duda Ghar Singh............................c. 1331-1361 Kehar....................................1361- ? Lakhmana To the Timurid Empire.........................1399-1413 To Delhi......................................1413-1526 Bairi Singh I............................1436-c. 1448 Chachigdeva II........................c. 1448-1467 Devidas..................................1467-1496 Jait Singh II............................1496-1528 To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1818 Karan Singh II................................1528 Lunkaran.................................1528-1550 Malladeva................................1550-1561 Har Raja.................................1561-1577 Bhima....................................1577-1613 Kalyandas................................1613-1650 Manohardas....................................1650 Sabal Singh..............................1650-1661 Amar Singh...............................1661-1702 Jaswant Singh............................1702-1707 Budh Singh...............................1707-1721 Tej Singh................................1721-1722 Sawai Singh...................................1722 Akhai Singh..............................1722-1762 Mulraja II...............................1762-1819 To Great Britain..............................1818-1948 Gaja Singh...............................1819-1846 Ranjit Singh.............................1846-1864 Bairi Singh II...........................1864-1891 Salivahan II.............................1891-1914 Jawahir Singh............................1914-1949 Girdhar Singh.................................1949 To India thereafter... JAUNPUR A large but ultimately ephemeral state in the Ganges watershed, based on the city of Jaunpur, north of Benares. The modern city was established as a frontier fort of Delhi in 1360, situated on the site of an earlier city that had been destroyed by floods. The eunuch Sarwar, who conquered Awadh on behalf of Delhi, persuaded his master, the last Tughluqid dynast, to permit him the title of King, and passed on his state as a fully sovereign territory to his adopted heir upon the disruption of Delhi by Timur. SHARQI Malik Sarwar Khwaja-yi Jahan..................1394-1399 Malik Qaranful Mubarrak Shah..................1399-1401 Ibrahim Shams-ud-Din..........................1401-1440 Mahmud Shah...................................1440-1458 Mohammed Shah Bhikan Khan..........................1458 Husayn Shah...................................1458-1483 d. 1505 To Delhi......................................1483-1526 To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1722 Mostly to Awadh...............................1722-1775 To Great Britain..............................1775-1948 To India thereafter... JODHPUR A city on the edge of the Great Thar desert, in western India, roughly 350 miles (560 km.) southwest of Delhi, and approximately 180 miles (290 km.) east of the Pakistani frontier. RATHOR Chunda Rao....................................1382- ? Kanha Sata Ranamalla Jodha.........................................1438-1488 Satal.........................................1488-1491 Suja..........................................1491-1515 Ganga.........................................1515-1532 Malladeva.....................................1532-1584 Udaya Singh Raja..............................1584-1595 Sura Singh....................................1595-1620 Gaja Singh....................................1620-1638 Jaswant Singh I...............................1638-1680 Ajit Singh....................................1680-1725 Abhaya Singh Maharaja.........................1725-1750 Rama Singh....................................1750-1751 d. 1773 Bakht Singh...................................1751-1752 Vijaya Singh.......................................1752 d. 1792 Rama Singh (restored).........................1752-1773 Vijaya Singh (restored).......................1773-1792 Bhim Singh....................................1792-1803 Man Singh.....................................1803-1843 Takht Singh...................................1843-1873 Jaswant Singh II..............................1873-1895 Sardar Singh..................................1895-1911 Sumer Singh...................................1911-1918 Umaid Singh...................................1918-1947 Hanwant Singh.................................1947-1949 To India......................................1948- KASHMIR This state is located HERE. KATMANDU In central Nepal, it's largest city and since 1768 the capital. During the centuries of fragmentation during Malla rule, Katmandu was a separate Kingdom. To Nepal until c. 1482 MALLA Ramamalla..................................c. 1482-c. 1520 Suryamalla.................................c. 1520-c. 1530 Amaramalla.................................c. 1530-c. 1538 Narendramalla..............................c. 1538-c. 1560 Mahendramalla..............................c. 1560-c. 1574 Sadashivamalla.............................c. 1574-c. 1583 with... Shivasimhamalla............................c. 1578-c. 1620 Lakshminarasimhamalla......................c. 1620-c. 1641 Pratapamalla...............................c. 1641-c. 1674 Jayanripendramalla.........................c. 1674-c. 1680 Parthivendramalla..........................c. 1680-c. 1687 Bhupendramalla.............................c. 1687-c. 1700 Bhaskaramalla..............................c. 1700-c. 1714 Mahendrasimhamalla.........................c. 1714-1722 Jagajjayamalla................................1722-1736 Jayaprakasamalla..............................1736-1768 To Gurkha and thence Nepal once more... KERALA An Indian state located along the southwestern coast of the subcontinent, from Mangalore in the north to Trivandrum in the south, and including such locales as Cannanore, Pondicherry, Calicut, and Cochin. The region is very ancient, and because of its geographic situation has seen a great many diverse influence not encountered elsewhere in India - it is here that St. Thomas is reputed to have travelled, a Jewish colony was established at Cranganore in the 1st century CE, and this is where Portuguese and later Dutch explorers first landed in India. Kingdom of KeralaputraA Dravidian Kingdom, known to have traded extensively with Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Chinese. No names of these Kings at this time, 3rd cent. BCE-5th cent. CE A poorly documented era..................5th cent.-9th cent. KULASEKHARA Kulasekhara Alwar...........................c. 800-c. 820 Rajasekharavarman...........................c. 820-844 Sthanu Ravivarman..............................844-885 Ramavarma......................................885-917 Goda Ravivarma.................................917-944 Indu Kothavarma................................944-962 Bhaskara Ravivarman I..........................962-1019 with... Bhaskara Ravivarman II.........................979-1021 Vira Kerala...................................1021-1028 Rajasimha.....................................1028-1043 Bhaskara Ravivarman III.......................1043-1082 Ravi Ramavarma................................1082-1090 Ramavarma Kulasekhara.........................1090-1102 In the 12th century Kulasekharan hegemony over the region disintegrated as a result of chronic warfare with the Chola Empire, and the area was partitioned into a number of smaller states. The Kulasekharans themselves retained control over... Rajas of Venad Kotha Varma...................................1102-1125 Kotha Kerala Varma............................1125-1155 Vira Ravi Varma...............................1155-1165 Aditya Varma I................................1165-1175 Udaya Marthanda Varma.........................1175-1195 Vira Rama Varma...............................1195-1205 Vira Rama Kerala Varma........................1205-1215 Ravi Kerala Varma I...........................1215-1240 Padmanabha Marthanda Varma....................1240-1253 To Delhi......................................1253-1299 Ravi Varma Kulasekhara........................1299-1314 Ravi Varma Kulasekhara managed to reunite Kerala, and indeed much of southern India, under his rule - but he died at a young age, and his empire was dispersed quickly thereafter. Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma....................1314-1344 Kunnumel Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvati...........1344-1350 Iravi Iravi Varma.............................1350-1376 Aditya Varma Sarvanyanatha....................1376-1383 Chera Udaya Varma.............................1383-1444 Ravi Varma I..................................1444-1458 Sri Vira Rama Marthanda Varma Kulasekhara.....1458-1469 Kotha Aditya Varma............................1469-1484 Ravi Ravi Varma...............................1484-1512 Ravi Kerala Varma II..........................1512-1514 Jayasimha Kerala Varma........................1514-1516 Bhutalavira Sri Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma....1516-1535 Bhutalavira Ravi Varma........................1535- ? Rama Kerala Varma Aditya Varma II................................ ? -1544 Sri Vira Kerala Varma.........................1544-1545 Rama Varma I..................................1545-1556 Unni Kerala Varma.............................1556- ? Sri Vira Udaya Varma........................... ? -1595 Sri Vira Ravi Varma...........................1595-1609 Aditya Varma III..............................1609-1610 Rama Varma II......................................1610 Rama Varma III................................1610-1611 Ravi Varma II.................................1611-1663 Ravi Varma III................................1663-1672 Aditya Varma IV...............................1672-1677 Ummayama Rani (fem.)...........................1677-1684 Ravi Varma IV.................................1684-1714 Aditya Varma V................................1714-1721 Rama Varma IV.................................1721-1729 Maharajas of Travancore Marthanda Varma...............................1729-1758 Marthanda Varma succeeded in establishing a powerful Keralan state once again, based at Travancore - capping his authority by crushing the Dutch in 1741. But chronic invasions from Mysore in the next generation fundamentally weakened Travancore, and it slipped under British rule by the end of the 18th century. Kartika Tirunal Rama Varma....................1758-1798 To Great Britain..............................1795-1948 Balarama Varma...........................1798-1810 Gouri Laksmi Bai (fem.)...................1810-1815 Gouri Parvati Bai (fem.)..................1815-1829 Swati Tirunal............................1829-1847 Utram Tirunal Marthanda Varma............1847-1860 Ayilam Tirunal...........................1860-1880 Rama Varma Tirunal Rama Varma............1880-1885 Sri Mulam Tirunal Rama Varma.............1885-1924 Setu Laksmi Bai (fem.)....................1924-1931 Sri Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma........1931-1949 To India thereafter... KOLHAPUR A Marathan state within central India. BHONSLE Sivaji I......................................1700-1712 Shambhuji.....................................1712-1760 Sivaji II.....................................1760-1812 Shambhu.......................................1812-1821 Shahaji I.....................................1821-1837 Sivaji III....................................1837-1866 Rajaram I.....................................1866-1870 Sivaji IV.....................................1870-1883 Shahu.........................................1883-1922 Rajaram II....................................1922-1940 To Great Britain..............................1940-1942 Sivaji V......................................1942-1947 Shahaji II....................................1947-1949 To India......................................1948- KUTCH A district on the coastal portion of the India/Pakistan frontier, to a large extent involving an extensive salt-flats (the Great Rann of Kutch) adjacent to the Gulf of Kutch, an arm of the Arabian Sea extending toward Gujarat. At the time of Alexander's invasion (4th century BCE) the Rann was a shallow but navigable lake, but subsequent centuries of silting have made a mud flat of it, and settlement within the Rann is limited to what hills are present. CHAVADA RAJPUT Jado (1st Jam) Lakho Jadani..................................1147-1175 Ratto Rayadhan................................1175-1215 Othoji........................................1215-1255 Gaoji.........................................1255-1285 Vahenji.......................................1285-1321 SAMMA RAJPUT Murvoji.......................................1321-1347 Kaiyaji.......................................1347-1386 Amarji........................................1386-1429 Bheemji.......................................1429-1472 Hamirji.......................................1472-1510 Khengarji I (1st Rao).........................1510-1586 Bharmalji I...................................1586-1632 Bhojrajji.....................................1632-1645 Khengarji II..................................1645-1654 Tamachiji.....................................1655-1666 Rayadhanji I..................................1666-1698 Pragmalji I (1st Maharao).....................1698-1715 Gohodaji I....................................1715-1719 Deshalji I....................................1719-1741 Lakhpatji.....................................1741-1761 Gohodaji II...................................1761-1779 Rayadhanji II.................................1779-1813 To Sind.......................................1813-1814 To Great Britain..............................1815-1948 Bharmalji II.............................1814-1819 Deshalji II..............................1819-1861 Pragmalji II.............................1861-1876 Khengarji III............................1876-1942 Vijayaraja...............................1942-1948 Madan Singh...................................1948 To Afghanistan................................1152-1215 To India thereafter; but there have been persistent border disputes with Pakistan in this region. From 1965 Pakistan has held about ten percent, while India retains the remainder. LADAKH This Tibetan state is located HERE. LAHORE In north-central Pakistan, about 20 miles from the Indian frontier. This place is the source for the fabled Koh-I-Noor diamond, once a possession of the Royal Family, and now one of the chief Crown Jewels of Great Britain. To Harappa.................................c. 2500-c. 1750 Aryan invasions from 1600/1400 BCE Kingdom of Purus ? Poros (Paurava ?)........................fl. < 330-321/15 "Poros" was the leader of a local state in the Lahore-Kashmir region who strongly resisted the onslaught of the Macedonian invasion. Though unsuccessful, his defense was so spirited that Alexander spared him and retain him as vassal within his lands. He is known only through Hellenic sources - Vedic sources do not refer to him or his state. The Purus were a tribe known to have been active in that general region about the same time. To the Mauryan Empire.......................c. 315-c. 200 ? To Bactria (Menandrid)......................c. 150-c. 130 To Sakae (local rule by Bactrian vassals)...c. 130-c. 80 To Suren, as a Parthian client...............c. 80-c. 60 To Suren, as a Kushanid client...........c. 60 BCE-c. 125 CE > The Kushan Empire withered from the 3rd century and began fragmenting as local provinces sought autonomy. One such region was the Kidara Confederacy, stretching across what is now northern Pakistan, from Jammu and Kashmir in the east, to Lahore and Peshawar in the west. Kidara Confederacy Kidara.........................................fl. c. 340 ? Hephtalite (White Hun) invasions, 5th and 6th centuries. To the Caliphate...............................652-867 To Persia......................................867-900 To Bokhara.....................................900-999 To the Ghaznavid Empire........................999-1090's To the Seljuqs..............................1090's-1152 To Ghurid Empire (Afghanistan)................1152-1215 To Khwarazm...................................1215-1221 Mongols and Il-Khanate successors.............1221-1398 City destroyed and district depopulated.......1398-1422 To Delhi......................................1422-1524 To the Mughal Empire..........................1524-1740 To Persia.....................................1740-1747 To Afghanistan................................1747-1799 SIKH For further commentary on the Sikhs, see below. Ranjit Singh..................................1799-1839 Kharak Singh..................................1839-1840 Nao Nehal Singh....................................1840 Chand Kaur (fem.)..............................1840-1841 Sher Singh....................................1841-1843 Duleep Singh..................................1843-1849 d. 1893 To Great Britain..............................1849-1947 Partitioned between India and Pakistan... MADURAI A city in the far south of India, roughly 130 miles (210 km.) north of the tip of Comorin Cape. To Chola Empire.............................c. 850-1279 To Delhi......................................1279-1334 Djalal ud-Din Ahsan Shah......................1334-1339 Aladdin Udauji Shah...........................1339-1341 Qutb ud-Din Firuz Shah.............................1341 Ghiyath ud-Din Mohammed Shah..................1341-1345 Nasr ud-Din Mahmud Ghazi Shah.................1345-1356 'Adil Shah....................................1356-1360 Fakr ud-Din Mubarak Shah......................1360-1372 Aladdin Sikaqnder Shah........................1372-1378 To Vijayanagar................................1378-1529 NAYYAK Vishvanatha...................................1529-1564 Krishnappa I..................................1564-1572 Virappa.......................................1572-1595 Krishnappa II.................................1595-1601 Muttu Krishnappa..............................1601-1609 Muttu Virappa I...............................1609-1623 Tirumala......................................1623-1659 Muttu Virappa II..............................1659-1682 with... Chokkanatha...................................1659-1678 and then... Muttu Linga...................................1678-1682 Muttu Virappa III.............................1682-1689 Mangammal (fem.)...............................1689-1706 Vijayaranga Chokkanatha.......................1706-1732 Minakshi (fem.)................................1732-1736 To France.....................................1736-1763 To Great Britain..............................1763-1948 To India......................................1948- MAGADHA An ancient kingdom in east-central India, in modern Bihar state. Comprising the vast Ganges plain to the west of Bengal, Magadha has been the core of several Indian Empires, and it's territory has been the scene of a great deal of Indian historical and cultural experience. The Brhadrathans are an early Magadhan dynasty referred to almost entirely within traditional texts; their historicity is therefore subject to much interpretation. The nominal dates are one example; they are based entirely on analyzed assumptions regarding average length of reign, tied to when it is thought the Haryanka dynasts assumed power - modern Indian historians generally assume longer reigns and a considerably earlier start date. BRHADRATHA Brhadratha....................................fl. c. 1360 BCE ? Kushagra Rsabha Puspavana.....................................fl. c. 1300 ? Suchi (Magadha) Sudhanva Jantu Nabha (Sambhava) Jarasandha (Magadha)..........................fl. c. 1200 ? Sahadeva Maghasandhi; Somapi Shrutashrava Ayutaya Niramitra.....................................fl. c. 1100 ? Suksatra Brhatkarman Senajit Shrutanjaya Vipra/Vibhu...................................fl. c. 1000 ? Shuci Ksemya Suvrata Dharmanetra Nirvrati, Sushrama............................fl. c. 900 ? Drdhasena Sumati Suvala Sunita Satyajit......................................fl. c. 800 ? Vishvajit Ripunjaya Sunika/Punika Pradyota Palaka........................................fl. c. 700 ? Vishakhayupa Janaka Nandivardhana Shishunaga Kakavarna.....................................fl. c. 600 ? Kshemadharman Kshatraujas HARYANKA Bimbisara..................................c. 543-c. 491 BCE Ajatashatru................................c. 491-c. 459 Udayin (Udayibhadra).......................c. 459-c. 443 Anuruddha..................................c. 443-c. 439 Munda......................................c. 439-c. 435 Nagadasaka.................................c. 435-410 SISUNAGA Sisunaga......................................410-392 Kalasoka......................................392-380 Ten sons of Kalasoka, Nandivardhana being the most prominent (22 years) Ksemadharman Ksemajit or Ksatraujas Bimbisara Mahanandin The Sisunaga dynasty was overthrown by an illegitimate son of its last king, who founded the short-lived Nanda dynasty. This was in turn overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, who made Magadha the center of his Indian empire. NANDA Mahapadma Nanda.............................c. 350- ? followed by... his eight sons, names unknown MAURYA Chandragupta Maurya.........................c. 320-c. 300 And so on to c. 187 BCE, see India... The Mauryan Empire, based in this region, quickly expanded to encompass all of northern India. Mauryan sovereigns are listed in the section on Greater India. By c. 187, the Empire could no longer retain control over the bulk of the subcontinent, and Magadha became once more a regional state. SUNGA Pushyamatra Sunga...........................c. 187-c. 151 Agnimitra...................................c. 151-c. 143 Vasujyeshtha................................c. 143-c. 133 Vasumitra...................................c. 133- ? Andhraka Pulindaka Ghosha Vajramitra Bhagavata Devabhumi....................................c. 85-c. 75 KANVA Vasudeva.....................................c. 75-c. 66 Bhumimitra...................................c. 66-c. 52 Narayana.....................................c. 52-c. 40 Susarman.....................................c. 40-c. 30 To Maharashtra...........................c. 30 BCE-c. 220 CE unknown.....................................c. 220-c. 275 GUPTA Gupta.......................................c. 275-c. 300 And so on to c. 550 CE, see India... Once more, Magadha became the core of a subcontinental empire with the advent of the Guptas. The Guptid list can be found within Greater India above. By 550 CE, the Empire had lost cohesion and Magadha once more sank into purely regional and local concerns. Unknown sequence.............................550's-1193 To the Ghurids................................1193-1213 To Delhi......................................1213-early 1500's To the Mughals........................early 1500's-1765 To Great Britain (incorporated into Bengal)...1765-1947 Largely to India; some eastern portions to Pakistan, and Bangladesh thereafter... MAHARASHTRA The bulk of the central Indian plateau, with a very long and complex history. Here is a general framework for recent states in the region. SATAVAHANA Note well; the dating of Satavahana reigns is not well understood, and there are a variety of schemes. The following dates are fairly late, but there are others who advocate sequences as much as 50 years earlier (see Tapsell, in the bibliography for an example). Simuka......................................c. 223-c. 205 Krishna.....................................c. 205-c. 187 Satakarni I.................................c. 187-c. 177 Purnotsanga.................................c. 177-c. 159 Skandastambhi...............................c. 159-c. 141 Satakarni II................................c. 141-c. 85 Lambodara....................................c. 85-c. 67 Apilaka......................................c. 67-c. 55 Meghasvati...................................c. 55-c. 37 Svati........................................c. 37-c. 19 Skandasvati..................................c. 19-c. 12 Mrigendra Svatikarna.........................c. 12-c. 9 Kuntala Svatikarna............................c. 9-c. 1 Svatikarna................................c. 1 BCE-c. 1 CE Pulumavi I....................................c. 1-c. 25 Gaurakrishna.................................c. 25-c. 50 Hala.........................................c. 50-c. 51 Mandulaka....................................c. 51-c. 56 Purindrasena.................................c. 56-c. 77 Sundara Svatikarni...........................c. 77-c. 78 Chakora Svatikarna.................................c. 78 Sivasvati....................................c. 78-c. 106 Gautamiputra Satakarni......................c. 106-c. 130 Pulumavi II Vasishthiputra..................c. 130-c. 159 Siva Sri Satakarni..........................c. 159-c. 166 Sivaskanda Satakarni........................c. 166-c. 174 Yajma Sri Satakarni.........................c. 174-c. 203 Vijaya......................................c. 203-c. 209 Chandra Sri Satakarni.......................c. 209-c. 212 Pulumavi III................................c. 212-c. 220 Satavahana Empire disintigrates into local states from the 3rd century. Vakataka dynasts recover much of the empire... VAKATAKA Vindhyasakti................................c. 250-c. 270 Pravarasena.................................c. 270-c. 330 Rudrasena I.................................c. 330-c. 355 Prithvishena I..............................c. 355-c. 380 Rudrasena II................................c. 380-c. 385 Divakarasena................................c. 385-c. 400 Prabhavatigupta (fem.), Regent c. 385-c. 405 Damodarasena................................c. 400-c. 440 Narendrasena................................c. 440-c. 460 Prithvishena II.............................c. 460-c. 480 Harishena...................................c. 480-c. 510 Further disorders, followed by the emergence of the Chalukyas. CHALUKYA - Badami Pulakesin I....................................543-566 Kirtivarman I..................................566-597 Mangalesa......................................597-609 Pulakesin II...................................609-642 vacant Vikramaditya I.................................655-680 Vinayaditya....................................680-696 Vijayaditya....................................696-733 Vikramaditya II................................733-746 Kirtivarman II.................................746-757 opposed by... RASHTRAKUTA Dantidurga.....................................754-768 Krishna I......................................768-783 Govinda I......................................768- ? Dhruva Govinda II.....................................793-814 Amoghavarsha I.................................814-877 Krishna II.....................................877-915 Indra I........................................915-917 Amoghavarsha II................................917-918 Govinda III....................................918-934 Amoghavarsha III...............................934-939 Krishna III....................................939-968 Khottiga.......................................968-972 Karka Amoghhavarsha IV.........................972-973 Indra II.......................................973-982 opposed by... CHALUKYA - Kalyana Taila Ahavamalla...............................973-997 Satyasraya Irivabedanga........................997-1008 Vikramaditya I................................1008-1014 Ayyana........................................1014-1015 Jayasimha.....................................1015-1042 Somesvara I...................................1042-1068 Somesvara II..................................1068-1076 Vikramaditya II...............................1076-1127 Somesvara III.................................1127-1138 Jagadekamalla.................................1138-1151 Tailapa.......................................1151-1156 KALACHURI Bijjala.......................................1156-1168 Somesvara.....................................1168-1177 Sankama.......................................1177-1180 Ahavamalla....................................1180-1183 Singhana......................................1183-1184 CHALUKYA Somesvara IV..................................1184-1200 YADAVA Singhana......................................1200-1247 Krishna.......................................1247-1261 Mahadeva......................................1261-1271 Amana..............................................1271 Ramachandra...................................1271-1311 Sankaradeva...................................1311-1313 Harapaladeva..................................1313-1317 To Delhi......................................1317-1347 Sultanate of the DECCAN BAHMANID Aladdin Hassan Bahman Shah....................1347-1358 Mohammed Shah I...............................1358-1375 Aladdin Mujahid Shah..........................1375-1378 Da'ud Shah.........................................1378 Mohammed Shah II..............................1378-1397 Ghiyath ud-Din.....................................1397 Shams ud-Din.......................................1397 Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah.........................1397-1422 Ahmad Shah I Wali.............................1422-1436 Aladdin Ahmad Shah II.........................1436-1458 Aladdin Humayun Zalim Shah....................1458-1461 Nizam Shah....................................1461-1463 Mohammed Shah III Lashkari....................1463-1482 Mahmud Shah...................................1482-1518 Ahmad Shah III................................1518-1521 Aladdin.......................................1521-1522 Wali-Allah Shah...............................1522-1525 Kalim-Allah Shah..............................1525-1527 By the end of the 15th century, the Deccan had fragmented into competing statelets; the five of primary significance were Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golkonda. To the Mughal Empire piecemeal, 1633/87 In the latter 17th century, a nationalist revolution erupted out of the Bijapur area, leading to a revival of Hinduism and native Indian strength in their own land. The instigator of this movement, Sivaji the Great, established a new Hindu kingdom within western Maharashtra at Satara, within the old Deccan successor state of Bijapur. See also the Peshwas at Poona for leaders of the Maratha Confederation. BHONSLE Sivaji I the Great....................(1655-) 1674-1680 Shambhuji I...................................1680-1689 Rajaram.......................................1689-1700 Tara Bai (fem.)................................1700-1708 Shahu I.......................................1708-1749 Ramaraja......................................1749-1777 Shahu II......................................1777-1808 Pratap Singh..................................1808-1839 Shahji Raja...................................1839-1848 To Great Britain thereafter... MALWA An Indo-Aryan kingdom in west-central India - the tableland to the north of the Vindhya Range. KSHATRAPA Castana........................................110- ? CE Rudradaman I Damajadasri I..................................170-175 Jivadaman..........................................175 d. 199 Rudrasimha I...................................175-188 d. 197 Isvaradatta....................................188-191 Rudrasimha I (restored)........................191-197 Jivadaman (restored)...........................197-199 Rudrasena I....................................200-222 Samghadaman....................................222-223 Damasena.......................................223-232 Damajadasri II.................................232-239 with... Viradaman......................................234-238 Yasodaman I........................................239 Vijayasena.....................................239-250 Damajadasri III................................251-255 Rudrasena II...................................255-277 Visvasimha.....................................277-282 Bhartridaman...................................282-295 with... Visvasena......................................293-304 Rudrasimha II..................................304-348 with... Yasodaman II...................................317-332 Rudradaman II..................................332-348 Rudrasena III..................................348-380 Simhasena......................................380- ? To the Gupta Empire 382 Rudrasena IV Rudrasimha III............................388-395 To the Gupta Empire directly...................395-c. 750 To the Pratiharas...........................c. 750-c. 800 PARAMARA Upendra.....................................c. 800-c. 818 Vairisimha I................................c. 818-c. 843 Siyaka I....................................c. 843-c. 893 Vakpati.....................................c. 893-c. 918 Vairisimha II...............................c. 918-c. 948 Siyaka II...................................c. 948-c. 974 Vakpatiraja.................................c. 974-c. 995 Sindhuraja..................................c. 995-c. 1010 Bhoja I....................................c. 1010-c. 1055 Jayasimha I................................c. 1055-c. 1060 Udayaditya.................................c. 1060-c. 1087 Lakshmanadeva..............................c. 1087-c. 1097 Naravarman.................................c. 1097-c. 1134 Yasovarman.................................c. 1134-c. 1142 Jayavarman I...............................c. 1142-c. 1160 Vindhyavarman..............................c. 1160-c. 1193 Subhatavarman..............................c. 1193-c. 1210 Arjunavarman I.............................c. 1210-c. 1218 Devapala...................................c. 1218-c. 1239 Jaitugideva................................c. 1239-c. 1256 Jayavarman II..............................c. 1256-c. 1269 Jayasimha II...............................c. 1269-c. 1274 Arjunavarman II............................c. 1274-c. 1283 Bhoja II...................................c. 1283- ? Mahlakadeva..................................c. ? -c. 1305 To Delhi...................................c. 1305-1390 GHURID Dilavar Khan Husain...........................1390-1405 Alp Khan Hushang..............................1405-1435 Ghazni Khan Muhamnmad.........................1435-1436 Mas'ud Khan........................................1436 KHALJI Mahmud Shah I.................................1436-1469 Ghiyath Shah..................................1469-1500 Nasr Shah.....................................1500-1511 Mahmud Shah II................................1511-1531 To Gujarat....................................1531-1535 Qadirid Qadir Shah....................................1535-1542 To the Mughal Empire..........................1542-1555 Shaja'atid Shaja'at Khan......................................1555 Miyan Bayezid Baz Bahadur.....................1555-1562 To the Mughal Empire..........................1562-1720's To the Maratha Confederacy..................1720's-1818 To Great Britain..............................1818-1948 To India thereafter... MANIPUR A region, now a State of India, located in the far northeast - it is bordered by Assam to the west, Nagaland to the north, and Burma to the east and south. It is a hilly country, and difficult to access - the dominant people here are the Meithei, a folk related to Tibetans and Burmese. The Meithei maintain a traditional listing of sovereigns reaching back to a remote past. As I have done with other chronologies, I include this material here, with the normal caveat about taking the dating too seriously... Taangja Leelaa Paakhangba.....................1445-1405 BCE Ningthou Kangba...............................1405-1359 Maria Fambaalchaa.............................1359-1329 Ningthou Kaksuba..............................1329-1297 Ningthou Tonkonba.............................1297-1276 Ningthou Pottingkoi...........................1276-1251 Ningthou Laanbicha............................1251-1229 Ningthou Sapaiba..............................1229-1209 Ningthou Puthiba..............................1209-1199 Khoiyum Ingouba Khing Khing Laangba Ngaangjeng Leitakpa Khing Khing Ngaangba Sana Manik Toukai Ngamba Tingkoi Ngamba Korou Nongdren Paakhangba Sentreng (and Kuptreng the Elder) Mechi Sanaa Khuman Lalheiba Ahong Ningthou Haanba Ninghthou Kaangba Lamyaingamba Samlunghphaa....................................44-34 Poireiton Khunthokpa............................34-18 Singtabung......................................18-8 Paangminnaba.....................................8-1 Luwaang Khunthiba............................1 BCE-5 CE Luwaang Punshiba.................................5-33 Nongda Lairen Pakhangba.........................33-153 sic... Khuiyoi Tompok.................................153-263 sic... Taothingmang...................................263-363 sic... Khui Ningomba..................................363-378 Pengsiba.......................................378-393 Kaokhangba.....................................393-410 Naokhamba......................................410-427 Naophangba.....................................427-517 Sameiraang.....................................517-567 Uraa Konthouba.................................567-657 ? Naothingkhong..................................662-762 Khongtekchaa...................................762-772 ? Keirencha......................................783-798 Yaaraba........................................798-820 Ayaangba.......................................820-909 Ningthou Cheng.................................909-948 Chenglei Ipaan Laangba.........................948-968 Yanglou Keiphaba...............................968-983 Kainou Irengba.................................983-1073 sic... Loiyumba......................................1073-1121 Loitongba.....................................1121-1149 Atom Yoiremba.................................1149-1162 Hemtou Iwaan Thaaba...........................1162-1194 Thawaan Thaba.................................1194-1230 Chingthaang Laanthaaba........................1230-1241 Thingbai Selhongba............................1241-1246 Puroon Thaaba.................................1246-1262 Khumomba......................................1262-1277 Moraamba......................................1277-1301 Thaangbi Laanthaaba...........................1301-1323 Kongyaamba....................................1323-1334 Telheiba......................................1334-1354 Tonaaba.......................................1354-1359 Tabungba......................................1359-1394 Lairemba......................................1394-1399 Pengshiba.....................................1399-1432 Ningthou Khomba...............................1432-1467 Senbi Kiyaamba................................1467-1507 Koiremba......................................1507-1511 Chingkhong Lamgai Ngamba......................1511-1522 Nongyin Phaaba................................1522-1523 Senbi Khomba..................................1523-1541 Taangjaamba...................................1541-1544 Chalaamba.....................................1544-1561 Mungyaamba....................................1561-1596 Khagemba......................................1596-1651 Khunjaoba.....................................1651-1665 Paikhomba.....................................1665-1696 Charairongba..................................1696-1708 Paamheiba.....................................1708-1747 Chit Sai......................................1747-1751 Bhorot Sai....................................1751-1752 Maraamba......................................1752-1758 Chingthang Khomba.............................1758-1761 Maramba.......................................1761-1763 Before 1762, Manipur was almost entirely unknown outside it's local region and consequently the sequence of rulers and dates is derived exclusively from traditional sources. In that year, the Raja called upon the British to assist in repeling a Burmese invasion. A further request to again expel Burmese invaders came in 1824, and after that Manipur begins to emerge. A series of disputed successions culminated in a serious uprising in 1891, leading the British to take a more active role in management. Chingthang Khomba.............................1763-1798 Labeinachandra................................1798-1801 Madhuchandra..................................1801-1804 Chourjit......................................1804-1814 Marjit........................................1814-1819 Herachandra... Seven anarchic years: opposed by... Yumjaotaba and... Gambhirsing and... Joysing and... Jadusing and... Raadhop and... Bhadra Gambhirsing...................................1826-1834 Chandrakirti..................................1834-1844 Narasingh.....................................1844-1850 Devendra...........................................1850 Chandrakirti..................................1850-1885 Surchandra....................................1886-1890 Kullachandra..................................1890-1891 Protectorate of Great Britain.................1891-1949 Churachand...............................1891-1941 Budhachandra.............................1941-1955 To India 1949- The MARATHA CONFEDERACY The Marathas (Mahratta) are a people of central India, primarily Maharashtra State. A vigourous and often turbulent folk, they are best known outside India today as the impetus behind the Hindu revival which occured in the latter 17th century under Sivaji the Great, who carved a state out of Mughal territory in western Maharashtra. The movement extended itself to many parts of India in the ensuing generation, but real political unity was proved impossible to create. As a response, Sivaji's grandson Shahu I granted considerable authority to the Bhat family as hereditary Prime Ministers (Peshwas) and proceeded with Peshwa control of Marathan armies to expand his power base and that of other maratha associate states. After Shahus death in 1749, the Peshwas were the effective rulers of the confederation. PESHWA - located at Poona Balaji Vishvanath.............................1713-1720 Baji Rao I....................................1720-1740 Balaji Baji Rao...............................1740-1761 Madhava Rao Ballal............................1761-1772 Narayan Rao...................................1772-1773 Raghunath Rao.................................1773-1774 Madhava Rao Narayan...........................1774-1796 Chimnaji Appa......................................1796 Baji Rao II...................................1796-1818 To Great Britain thereafter... MATHURA A Saka (Scythian) successor state of remote Dahae descent, located slightly to the south of Delhi. Karaostha ......................................? -c. 35 BCE Rajuvula....................................35 BCE-22 CE with... Sodasa..........................................10-45 Shivadatta......................................45-52 Hagamasha.......................................52-62 MULTAN An exceedingly ancient city in the Punjab. In ancient times Multan was known as "The House of Gold" and was the main religious center for a popular Indian solar cult centered around the god Aditya. Jibawin ? Jibawin is listed in Arab sources as the builder of Multan's main temple. He is described as having ruled in "ancient times". Nothing else about him is recorded ?? To the Mauryan Empire..........................316-c. 250 To Bactria..................................c. 250-c. 100 To Suren (within Parthian hegemony)............100-60 To the Kushanids and the Kushanshahs.....c. 60 BCE-c. 300 CE To the Guptas..................................300-mid 400's To the Hephethalites.........................400's-565 To Sind........................................550-712 To the Caliphate...............................712-892 Banu SAMA Asad al-Qurayshi...............................892-early 900's opposed by... A Qarmatian army under Abdullah al-Qarmati......c. 900 ?? In 985 a coup led by an Ismai'ili agitator aligned with the Fatimids toppled the last Sama emir of Multan. The new dynasty was fanatically Shi'ite and allied with the Assasins of Alamut. SUMRA/SHAIBANID (see also later Sind) Jalam ibn Shaiban..............................985- ? Hamid ibn Jalam................................ ? -997 Nasr ibn Hamid.................................997- ? Abu'l Fath Daud ibn Nasr....................... ? -1008 To the Ghaznavids and Afghanistan.............1008-1215 Ai'i al-Karmani...................late 1100's-early 1200's To Delhi......................................1215-1397 To the Timurids...............................1397-1413 To Dehli......................................1397-1438 LANGAH Shaykh Yusuf al-Qurayshi......................1438-1440 Qutb ud-Din Shah Sahra Langah.................1440-1456 Husseyn Langah I..............................1456-1502 Mahmud Langah.................................1502-1527 Husseyn Langah II.............................1527-1528 To the Mughals................................1528-1730's Abdul Samad Khan...............................fl. 1730's To the Mughals..............................1730's-1752 To Kabul, but under constant attack by the Sikh Khalsa...1752-1816 Ali Muhammad Khakwani Muzzafar Khan Saddozai........................1779-1818 To Lahore.....................................1818-1848 Diwan Mul Raj Singh................................1840's To Great Britain...................................1848 Sardar Khan Singh..................................1848 opposed by... Diwan Mul Raj Singh (restored), in rebellion against Britain...1848- 1849 To Great Britain..............................1849-1947 To Pakistan...................................1947- MUSTANG An isolated vale athwart the edge of the Himalayas, astride the modern frontier between Nepal and Tibet. It has been for a very long while a sub-Kingdom under the nominal tutelege of more powerful states in the area. Within the influence of Jumla and/or Tibet.c. 1380-1795 Ame Pal...............................c. 1380-c. 1450 Tsetin Trandul...........................fl. late 15th c. ? ?? Je Ang....................................fl. c. 1700 Krathis Namgyal...........................fl. c. 1720 Tenzing Anjia.............................fl. c. 1740 Anjia Dorje...............................fl. c. 1760/80 Within Nepal..................................1795-1912 Krathis Ningpo............................fl. c. 1800 Jampel Traldus............................fl. c. 1825 Kunga Norbu...............................fl. c. 1845 Jamian Angdu.............................. ? -1860 Jambian Pelbar...........................1860-1905 Within Tibet..................................1912-1950 Angun Tenzing Trandul....................1905-1950 d. 1964 Within Nepal..................................1950- Angdu Ningpo.............................1950-1961 Angun Tenzing Trandul (restored).........1961-1964 Jigme Dorje Trandul......................1964-19.. Jigme Pelbar Bista.......................19..- MYSORE A large and important city and district in the extreme south of India, about 90 miles (145 km.) east of the Malabar Coast. WESTERN GANGA Kongunivarman Madhava I........................fl. c. 350 CE Madhava II.....................................fl. c. 400 Harivarman.....................................fl. c. 450 Vishnugopa Madhava III....................................fl. c. 460 Avinita........................................fl. c. 500 Durvinita......................................fl. c. 540 Mushkara Sri Vikrama Bhuvikrama Sivamara I.....................................fl. c. 670 name unknown Sri Purusha....................................725-788 Sivamara II....................................788-817 Rajamalla I....................................817-853 Nitimarga I....................................853-870 Rajamalla II...................................870-907 Nitimarga II...................................907-935 Narasimha......................................935-936 Rajamalla III..................................936-937 Butuga.........................................937-960 Maruladeva.........................................960 Marasimha......................................960-974 Rajamalla IV...................................974-985 Rakkasa Ganga..................................985-1024 HOYSALA Nripakama.....................................1022-1047 Vinayadita....................................1047-1098 with... Ereyanga......................................1063-1100 Ballala I.....................................1100-1110 Vishnuvardhana................................1110-1152 Narasimha I...................................1152-1173 Ballala II....................................1173-1220 Narasimha II..................................1220-1238 with... Somesvara.....................................1233-1267 with... Narasimha III.................................1254-1292 with... Ballala III...................................1291-1342 Virupaksha Ballala IV.........................1342-1346 Vacant WADIYAR Yadu Raya.....................................1399-1423 Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja I....................1423-1459 Timmaraja I...................................1459-1478 Hiriya Chamaraja II...........................1478-1513 Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja III..................1513-1553 Timmaraja II..................................1553-1572 Bola Chamaraja IV.............................1572-1576 Bettada Devaraja..............................1576-1578 Raja Wadiyar..................................1578-1617 Chamaraja V...................................1617-1637 Immadi Raja...................................1637-1638 Kanthirava Narasaraja I.......................1638-1659 Kempa Devaraja................................1659-1673 Chikkadevaraja................................1673-1704 Kanthirava Narasaraja II......................1704-1714 Krishnaraja I.................................1714-1732 Chamaraja VI..................................1732-1734 Krishnaraja II................................1734-1766 Nanjaraja................................1766-1770 Bettada Chamaraja VII....................1770-1776 Khasa Chamaraja VIII.....................1776-1796 HAIDARID Haidar 'Ali Khan..............................1762-1782 Tipu Sultan...................................1782-1799 WADIYAR Krishnaraja III...............................1799-1831 To Great Britain..............................1831-1881 Chamaraja IX..................................1881-1894 Krishnaraja IV................................1894-1940 Jayachamarajendra Bahadur.....................1940-1949 To India......................................1948- NAGPUR A Marathan state within central India. BHONSLE Raghuji I.....................................1738-1755 Janoji........................................1755-1772 Mudhoji I.....................................1772-1788 Raghuji II....................................1788-1816 Mudhoji II....................................1816-1818 Raghuji III...................................1818-1853 To Great Britain thereafter... NEPAL A landlocked state athwart the southern Himalayas, the last remaining Hindu Kingdom. RAGHAVADEVA Raghavadeva....................................fl. c. 879 Jayadeva Vikramadeva Narendradeva I Gunakamadeva I Udayadeva Nirbhayadeva...................................fl. c. 1008 Rudradeva I................................c. 1008-c. 1015 Bhoja..............................................c. 1015 Lakshmikamadeva I..........................c. 1015-c. 1039 Jayakamadeva...............................c. 1039-1046 THAKURI Bhaskaradeva..................................1046-1059 Baladeva......................................1059-1064 Pradyumnakamadeva.............................1064- ? Nagfarjunadeva................................. ? -1068 Shankaradeva..................................1068-1080 Vamadeva......................................1080-1090 Harshadeva....................................1090-1118 Shivadeva.....................................1118-1128 Indradeva.....................................1128- ? Manadeva.......................................... c. 1130's ? Narendradeva II.................................. -1146 Anandadeva....................................1146- ? Rudradeva II................................... ? -1176 Amritadeva....................................1176- ? Ratnadeva......................................... c. 1180's ? Somesvaradeva.................................. ? -1187 Gunakamadeva II...............................1187-1193 Lakshmikamadeva II............................1193-1196 Vijayakamadeva................................1196-1201 MALLA Arimalladeva..................................1201-c. 1216 Ranasura...........................................c. 1216 Abhayamalla................................c. 1216-c. 1235 Jayadevamalla..............................c. 1235-c. 1258 Jayabhimadeva..............................c. 1258-c. 1271 Jayasimhamalla.............................c. 1271-c. 1274 Anantamalla................................c. 1274-c. 1310 Jayanandadeva..............................c. 1310-c. 1347 with... Jayarudramalla.............................c. 1320-c. 1326 and... Jayarimalla................................c. 1320-c. 1344 Jayarajadeva...............................c. 1347-c. 1361 Jayarjunamalla.............................c. 1361-c. 1382 Jayasthitimalla............................c. 1382-c. 1395 Jayadharmamalla............................c. 1395-c. 1408 with... Jayakitimalla..............................c. 1395-c. 1403 and... Jayajyotimalla.............................c. 1395-c. 1428 Jayayakshamalla............................c. 1428-c. 1482 At this point the state was partitioned. See Bhatgaon, Gurkha, Katmandu, and Patan. In 1768/9, the state was reunited under Gurkha hegemony. GURKHA Prithvi Narayana..............................1768-1774 Pratapa Simha.................................1774-1777 Rana Bahadur..................................1777-1799 Girvan Yuddha Bikram..........................1799-1816 Rajendra Bikram...............................1816-1847 Surendra Bikram...............................1847-1881 Prithvi Bir Bikram............................1881-1911 Tribhuvana Bir Bikram.........................1911-1950 d. 1955 Gyanendra Bir Bikram..........................1950-1951 d. Tribhuvana Bir Bikram (restored)..............1951-1955 Mahendra Bir Bikram...........................1955-1972 Birendra Bir Bikram...........................1972-2001 Dipendra Bir Bikram.......................(3 days) 2001 Gyanendra Bir Bikram (restored)...............2001- ORISSA A province in eastern India, located on the Bay of Bengal between the delta of the Ganges and Bramhaputra floodplain to the northeast, and the Hyderabad region to the southwest. The area has for a very long time been a primary center of Hindu art and culture. SOMAVAMSI1 Sivagupta...................................c. 915-c. 935 Janamejaya Mahabhavagupta I.................c. 935-c. 970 Yayati Mahasivagupta I......................c. 970-c. 1000 Bhimaratha Mahabhavagupta II...............c. 1000-c. 1015 Dharmaratha Mahasivgagupta II..............c. 1015-c. 1020 Nahusa Mahabhavagupta III.................c. 1020-c. 1025 Chandihara Yayati Mahasivagupta III........c. 1025-c. 1055 Uddyotakesari Mahabhavagupta IV............c. 1055-c. 1090 Karnakesari................................c. 1080-c. 1118 GANGA Anantavarman Chodaganga....................c. 1118-c. 1148 Kamarnava..................................c. 1148-c. 1157 Raghava....................................c. 1157-c. 1171 Rajaraja I.................................c. 1171-c. 1192 Aniyankabhima I............................c. 1192-c. 1205 Rajaraja II................................c. 1205-c. 1216 Aniyankabhima II...........................c. 1216-c. 1238 Narasimha I................................c. 1238-c. 1264 Bhanudeva I................................c. 1264-c. 1279 Narasimha II...............................c. 1279-c. 1306 Bhanudeva II...............................c. 1306-c. 1328 Narasimha III..............................c. 1328-c. 1352 Bhanudeva III..............................c. 1352-c. 1378 Narasimha IV...............................c. 1378-c. 1414 Bhanudeva IV...............................c. 1414-1434 GAJAPATI Kapilendra....................................1434-1467 Purushottama..................................1467-1497 Prataparudra..................................1497-1540 Kaluadeva.....................................1540-1541 Kakharuadeva.......................................1541 A final Orrisan dynasty Govindaraja Vidyadhara........................1541-1549 Chakrapatapa..................................1549-1557 Narasimha Jana................................1557-1558 Raghurama Chhotra.............................1558-1560 Mukundadeva Harichandana......................1560-1568 To Bengal.....................................1568-1576 To the Mughal Empire..........................1576-1703 Most to Maratha states, especially Nagpur after 1738. All to Great Britain by the mid 19th century. PATAN A town in central Nepal, nowadays Lalitapur, just south of Katmandu. During the centuries of Malla fragmentation, it became a separate state. To Nepal to c. 1482 To Katmandu................................c. 1482-c. 1620 MALLA Jayasiddhinarasimhamalla...................c. 1620-c. 1661 Jayasrinivasamalla.........................c. 1661-1684 Jayayoganarendramalla.........................1684-1705 Jayalokaprakasamalla..........................1705-1706 Jayendramalla.................................1706-1709 Jayamahendramalla..................................1709 d. 1714 Jayaviranarasimhamalla.............................1709 Jayamahendramalla (restored)..................1709-1714 Jayariddhinarasimhamalla......................1715-1717 Jayabhaskaramalla.............................1717-1722 Jayayogaprakasamalla..........................1722-1729 Sri Jayavishnumalla...........................1729-1745 Jayarajyaprakasamalla.........................1745-1758 Jayavisvajitmalla.............................1758-1760 Jayaprakasamalla..............................1760-1762 d. 1763 Jayaranajitmalla..............................1762-1763 Jayaprakasamalla (restored)........................1763 SAHA Dalamardana...................................1764-1765 MALLA Jayatejanarayanasimhamalla....................1765-1768 To Gurkha, and Nepal thereafter... PATIALA A young city (founded 1762) about 140 miles (175 km.) north- northwest of New Delhi and roughly 100 miles (160 km.) southeast of the Pakistani frontier. SIKH For further commentary on the Sikhs, see below. Ala Singh.....................................1762-1765 Amar Singh....................................1765-1781 Sahib Singh...................................1781-1813 Karam Singh...................................1813-1845 Narindar Singh................................1845-1862 Mohindar Singh................................1862-1876 Rajindar Singh................................1876-1900 Bhupindar Singh...............................1900-1938 Yadavindar Singh..............................1938-1948 To India thereafter... PHATLAN A state in Maharashtra region of India. NAIK NIMBRALKAR Nimbraj I.....................................1284-1291 Padakhala Jagdevrao Dharpatrao................1291-1327 Nimbraj II....................................1327-1349 Vanang Bhupal.................................1349-1374 ? Vanangpal.....................................1390-1394 Vangoji I.....................................1394-1409 Maloji I......................................1409-1420 Baji I........................................1420-1445 Powarrao......................................1445-1470 Baji II.......................................1470-1512 Mudhoji II....................................1512-1527 Baji Dharrao..................................1527-1560 Maloji II.....................................1560-1570 Vangoji II Jagpalrao..........................1570-1630 Mudhoji II....................................1630-1644 Bajaji I......................................1644-1676 Vangoji III...................................1676-1693 Janoji........................................1693-1748 Mudhoji III...................................1748-1765 ? Sayaji........................................1767-1774 Maloji III....................................1774-1777 Janoji II.....................................1777-1825 ? Bajaji II.....................................1827-1828 ? Client to Great Britain.....................1830's-1916 Mudhoji IV...............................1860-1916 To Great Britain directly.....................1916-1948 To India thereafter... PONDICHERRY A city and enclave on the Carnatic coast of southeastern India, the chief French stronghold on the subcontinent. To Chola Empire (A Chola capital 9th-11th c.)..846-1279 To Delhi......................................1279-1334 To Madurai....................................1334-1378 To Vijayanagar................................1378-1565 To the Mughal Empire..........................1565-1674 To France.....................................1674-1954 To India......................................1954- PUNJAB Region in the NW of the Indian subcontinent. Since 1947 it has been separated into an Indian state and a Pakistani province bearing the same name. The Indus River bounds the region in part of the west and the Yamuna River in part of the east. Punjab was one of the early centers of Indian civilization; more recently it has become the heartland of the Sikh community. See also Sind, for a closely related district. The Indus Valley civilization..............c. 2300-1700 BCE A blank time, no knowlege of people living here remains... To Persia...................................c. 520-late 400s ? Local polities..........................late 400's-329 Ambhi (Omphis) (in Taxila).....................fl. 330's opposed by... Puru (Porus) (in Katha)........................fl. 330's and... Numerous petty kingdoms and tribal republics, including Aspasia, Assakeonois, Siboi, Kushudrakas, Maliavas, and Ambashta and then all under... To Macedon.....................................329-316 Macedonian Satraps Philippus.................................329-325 Eudemenes.................................325-316 ? To the Mauryan Empire..........................316-c. 250 To Bactria..................................c. 250-c. 100 To Suren (within Parthian hegemony)............100-60 To the Kushanids and the Kushanshahs.....c. 60 BCE-c. 300 CE Gondopharnes (in Taxila)..................fl. c. 50 CE To the Guptas..................................300-mid 400's To the Hephethalites.........................400's-565 Local polities.................................565-712 To the Caliphate...............................712-c. 850 Largely to Multan..............................850-1008 To the Ghaznavids, and Afghanistan............1008-1215 To Khwarazm...................................1215-1221 and... To Delhi (in the south and east)..............1215-1524 opposed by... Mongols and Il-Khanate successors (in north)..1221-1398 To the Mughal Empire..........................1524-1740 To Persia.....................................1740-1747 To Afghanistan................................1747-1799 Largely to the Khalsa (see Sikhs), and to Lahore..1799-1849 But see also local polities, including Patiala, Multan, Bikaner, and Bahawalpur. To Great Britain..............................1849-1947 To India (east)...............................1947- and... To Pakistan (west)............................1947- SAKYA An ancient tribal kingdom in the Himalayan foothills, along the Indian-Nepalese border. Its capital was Kapilavatthu (located about 5 miles (8 km.) inside Nepal, in the southeast corner of modern Lumbini Province). It is best known as the birthplace of the Buddha. GOTAMAGOTTA Okkaka.........................................fl. c. 800 BCE ? Okkamukha Nipuna Candima Candamukha Sivisanjaya Vessantara Jali Sihavahana Sihassara Sihassara is credited in Buddhist mythology with having over 82,000 sons and grandsons - an impressive, if mythical, achievement. Jayasena Hastikarisrsa Sihahanu Suddhodana Shakyasimha the Lion....................mid 500's BCE Suddhodana was the father of Siddhartha Gotama, the Buddha. ?? To the Mauryan Empire.......................c. 320-c. 187 To Maghada..............................c. 187 BCE-c. 275 CE To the Gupta Empire.........................c. 275-c. 550 To Tibet (Tu-Fan)...........................c. 550-c. 850 To Magadha..................................c. 850-1230 To Delhi......................................1230-1394 To Jaunpur....................................1394-1483 To Delhi......................................1483-1526 To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1722 To Awadh......................................1722-1856 To British East India Company.................1856-1857 To Great Britain (northern dist. to Nepal)....1857-1948 To India (northern districts remain Nepalese).1948- SATAVAHANA A Dravidian kingdom in the Deccan plain of central India, centered mostly around the Andhra Pradesh region. At its height in the first century CE it dominated most of southern India. It's dynasts were noted as patrons of advanced literature and architecture, but the state suffered and ultimately collapsed from almost continuous internecine warfare with it's neighbours. Note that the dates of these rulers, and in some instances even the order in which they appear, is in some disarray - in researching this dynasty, I seldom found two lists that agreed at any particular instance. The Satavahana dynasts emerged out of the chaos following the disruption of the Mauryan Empire... Probably vassals of Maghadha/Sunga.............235-75 BCE SATAKARNI Simukha........................................235-212 Another source has Simukha's dates as 271-248. Kanha..........................................212-195 Satakarni I....................................195-193 Vedistri.......................................193- ? Satisiri....................................... ? -c. 166 Satakarni II................................c. 166-111 BCE Eight rulers, names unknown... Probably vassals of Kanva.......................75-35 Hala............................................19-24 CE Hala is the author of the Gathasaptasati, one of the classics of Indian literature. Pulumavi I......................................24- ? ? Gautamiputra Satakarni..........................62-95 Pulumavi II.....................................96-119 Siri Satakarni.................................119-149 Shiva Siri Pulumavi............................149-156 Siri-Sivakhada Satakarni.......................157-159 Sri Yajna......................................160-189 Madhariputra Svami Sakasena........................190's By the end of the 2nd century CE, the rule of the Satavahanas had come to an end. The empire was disrupted, and divided among several successor states, including Chutu, Pallava, Ikshvaku, and Abhira. SAURASHTRA A district within south-central Gujarat, comprising the greater part of the Kathiawar Peninsula, with the city of Rajkot as its center. To the Mauryan Empire....................3rd cent.-180's Poorly documented era....................180's BCE-130 CE To Malwa.......................................130-382 To the Guptan Empire...........................382-c. 475 To Vallabhi.................................c. 475-c. 767 To the Pratiharan Empire....................c. 767-c. 845 CHUDSAMA Chandrachud.................................c. 845-907 Mulraja........................................907-915 Vishvara.......................................915-940 Graharipu......................................940-982 Kawat I........................................982-1003 Mahipala I....................................1003-1010 To the Ghaznavids (Afghanistan)...............1010-1020 Navghan I.....................................1020-1044 Khengar I.....................................1044-1067 Navghan II....................................1067-1094 Khengar II....................................1094-1113 To Gujarat....................................1113-1125 Navghan III...................................1125-1140 Kawat II......................................1140-1152 Jaya Singh I..................................1152-1184 Raya Singh.........................................1184 Mahipala II...................................1184-1201 Jaya Malla....................................1201-1230 Mahipala III..................................1230-1253 Khengar III...................................1253-1260 Mandlik I.....................................1260-1306 Navghan IV....................................1306-1308 Mahipala IV...................................1308-1325 Khengar IV....................................1325-1352 Jaya Singh II.................................1352-1369 Mahipala V....................................1369-1373 Mokala Singh..................................1373-1397 Mandlik II....................................1397-1400 Melag.........................................1400-1415 Jaya Singh III................................1415-1440 Mahipala VI...................................1440-1451 Mandlik III...................................1451-1472 To Gujarat....................................1472-1573 To the Mughal Empire..........................1573-1728 To the Maratha Confederacy....................1728-1818 To Great Britain..............................1818-1948 To India thereafter... The SIKHS A religious movement which began in the 15th century, and now has about 18 million followers. It was started as a response to both Hinduism and Islam, and attempted a working syncretism between the two faiths. Persecuted by both, and outlawed in Mughal times, the Sikh community traveled north into the hills of the Punjab, where the greatest number of them still live. They continued to be the object of hostlity and persecution, and gradually a martial life- style emerged as a means of defending their communities. The GURUS (Teachers) Nanak.........................................1469-1539 Angad.........................................1539-1552 Amar Das......................................1552-1574 Ram Das Sodni Ji..............................1574-1581 Arjun Mal.....................................1581-1606 With the execution of Arjun Mal, the Sikhs migrated north into the Punjab. Hargobind.....................................1606-1644 Har Rai.......................................1644-1661 Hari Krishen..................................1661-1664 Tegh Bahadur..................................1664-1675 Gobind Rai....................................1675-1699 d. 1708 Gobind transformed the Sikh community into what was effectively an army, the Khalsa, or "Pure Ones". He discarded the title of Guru, mandated the adoption by all Sikhs of the honorific "Singh" (Lion, male) or "Kaur" (Lioness, female) to their names, and henceforth was Commander of the Khalsa. Commanders of the Khalsa Gobind Rai Singh..............................1699-1708 Banda Singh Bahadur...........................1708-1716 After the killing of Banda Singh, the Sikh community fragmented. But Mughal authority was waning as well, and by the middle of the 18th century, several Sikh-led communities had gained nominal or real independence. See Lahore and Patiala for a continuance of the leadership of this people. SIKKIMA small Himalayan vale nestled between Nepal and Bhutan. Phuntsog Namgyal..............................1642-1670 Tensung Namgyal...............................1670-1686 Chador Namgyal................................1686-1717 Gyurmed Namgyal...............................1717-1733 Namgyal Namgyal...............................1733-1780 Tenzing Namgyal...............................1780-1793 Tsugphud Namgyal..............................1793-1863 Sidkeong Namgyal I............................1863-1874 Thutob Namgyal................................1874-1914 Sidkeong Namgyal II................................1914 Tashi Namgyal.................................1914-1963 Palden Thondup Namgyal........................1963-1975 Seized by India...............................1975- SINDH Occupying the frontier zone between India and Pakistan, this is the land adjacent to the Indus River and the Thar Desert. It is, in fact, one of the oldest inhabited regions on earth, and hosted one of the worlds great pre-classical civilizations. Today it includes the cities of Karachi (former capital and still the largest city in Pakistan) and Hyderabad (not to be confused with the city in central India of the same name). See also Punjab, for a closely related district. The Indus Valley civilization. Not much is known about this people, who developed an urbanized culture in the late 3rd millenium BCE. Primary known sites include Mohenjo-daro, Amri, and Kot Diji. This culture, which was an important commercial partner to Dilmun and early Mesopotamia, seems to have been active c. 2300-c. 1700 BCE. A blank time, no knowledge of people living here remains... To Persia...................................c. 520-326 To Macedon.....................................326-310 To the Seleucid Empire.........................310-306 To the Mauryan Empire..........................306-c. 250 To Bactria..................................c. 250-c. 100 To the Bactrian Sakae.......................c. 100-c. 20 To the Kushanid Empire...................c. 20 BCE-c. 230 CE To the Kushanshahs..........................c. 230-c. 410 To the White Huns (Hephthalites)...............410-565 Sahasi I ? ? Siharu.......................................early 600's Sahasi II...................................... ? -632 CHACH Chach.......................................c. 643-c. 671 Chandar.....................................c. 671-c. 679 Dahir.......................................c. 679-711 Hullishah......................................712-c. 724 Sisah..........................................fl. c. 724 To the Caliphate............................c. 725-855 Amirs of Sindh under the Caliphate Muhammad ibn Qasim........................712-715 d. c. 720 Habib ibn Muhalab.........................715- ? Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili Bilal ibn Ahwaz Junaid ibn Abd ar-Rahman Tamim ibn Zaid al-Atbi Hakam ibn Awanah al-Qalbi.................fl. c. 732 Amr ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim................fl. c. 737 Yazid ibn Arrar al-Mansur ibn Jamhur al-Qalbi.............fl. c. 750 ? Musa al-Barmakhi Umar ibn Musa Daud ibn Yazid............................ ? -821 Bashar ibn Daud...........................fl. 830's HIBARI Umar al-Hibari (Caliphate gov. until 855)...c. 850-865 Abdallah ibn Umar...........................c. 865-893 The Hibari clan ruled most of Sindh until its conquest by the Ghaznavids in 1005, but the names of subsequent rulers are unknown to me at this time. To the Ghaznavid Empire.......................1005-1058 SUMRA Sumra.................................c. 1025-c. 1053 Bhungar I..................................c. 1053-c. 1068 Duda I.....................................c. 1068-c. 1092 Singhar....................................c. 1092-c. 1107 Hamun (fem.)....................................fl. c. 1107 Pithu Khaira Hafif I 'Umar Duda II Pahtu Genhra II Mohammed Tur Genhra II Duda III...................................c. 1190-c. 1204 Tai........................................c. 1204-c. 1228 Chani Sar..................................c. 1228-c. 1246 Bhungar II.................................c. 1246-c. 1261 Hafif II...................................c. 1261-c. 1279 Duda IV....................................c. 1279-c. 1304 'Umar Sumra................................c. 1304-c. 1330 Bhungar III................................c. 1330-1336 Hamir..............................................1336 SAMMA Unar..........................................1336-1340 Juna..........................................1340-1353 Banhatiya.....................................1353-1376 Timaji........................................1376-1379 Salah ud-Din..................................1379-1391 Nizam ud-Din..................................1391-1393 'Ali Sher.....................................1393-1408 Fath Khan.....................................1408-1422 Tughluq.......................................1423-1449 Mubarak............................................1449 Sikandar......................................1449-1452 Sanjar........................................1452-1460 Nizam ud-Din Nanda............................1460-1492 Firuz Salah ud-Din............................1492-1521 ARGHUN Mirza Shah Beg (in Qandahar 1507-1522)........1522-1524 Mirza Husain..................................1524-1556 Mirza Mohammed 'Isa...........................1556-1567 Mirza Mohammed Baqi...........................1567-1585 Mirza Janibeg.................................1585-1591 To the Mughal Empire..........................1591-1718 KALHORA Yar Mohammed Khan........................1701-1719 Nur Mohammed..................................1719-1752 d. 1754 To Afghanistan................................1752-c. 1760 Mohammed Murad Yar Khan....................c. 1760-c. 1765 Gulam Shah.................................c. 1765-1770's 3 rulers - no documented names as yet Sarfaraz Mahmud............................10 months in the 1770's Ghulam Nabi Abdul Nabi Sadiq 'Ali Abdul Nabi (restored)............................ -1783 TALPUR The Talpur arranged a dispersed system of local co-Princes, with the Hyderabad succession as senior and chief among them. All had a certain measure of influence over the polity as a whole. Fath 'Ali Khan (at Hyderabad: Chief)..........1783-1801 with... Thara (at Mirpur).............................1783-1829 and... Sohrab (at Khairpur)..........................1783-1811 and... Ghulam 'Ali Khan (at Hyderabad: Chief)........1801-1811 and... Karim 'Ali Khan (Hyderabad: Chief 1811-28)....1801-1828 and... Rustam 'Ali Khan (at Khairpur)................1811-1842 and... Murad 'Ali (at Hyderabad: Chief)..............1828-1832 and... Sher Mohammed (at Mirpur).....................1829-1843 and... Mubarak 'Ali Khan (at Khairpur)...............1829-1839 and... Sahib (at Hyderabad: Chief)...................1832-1833 and... Nur Mohammed Khan (at Hyderabad: Chief).......1833-1841 and... Mohammed Nasr Khan (Hyderabad: Chief 1841-3)..1833-1843 and... Sobdar (at Hyderabad).........................1833-1843 and... Mohammed (at Hyderabad).......................1833-1843 and... Nasr Khan (at Khairpur).......................1839- ? and... Shahdad (at Hyderabad)........................1841-1843 and... Husain 'Ali (at Hyderabad)....................1841-1843 To Great Britain..............................1843-1948 A comment here is irresistable. Sir Charles Napier, the military commander who conquered Sindh in 1843, sent to London on the completion of his mission what is perhaps the most succinct despatch in the annals of military history, and one which also provides an extremely rare multi-lingual triple pun: he scrawled the single word "Peccavi", which is Latin for "I have sinned". To Pakistan...................................1948- Further Emirs of Khairpur... Under British authority.......................1843-1948 TALPUR `Ali Murad Khan..........................1842-1894 Fa´iz Mohammad Khan I....................1894-1909 Imam Bakhsh Khan.........................1909-1921 `Ali Nawaz Khan..........................1921-1935 Fa´iz Mohammad Khan II...................1935-1947 Under Pakistani authority.....................1948-1955 George `Ali Murad Khan...................1947-1955 Emirate to Pakistan directly..................1955- SOUTHERN INDIAThe southern portion of the subcontinent has often followed a different course of development than the center and north. Here the non-Aryan Dravidians retreated, and here have been the loci of several large and powerful states. Currently, this listing memorializes the last two. PALLAVA EMPIRE Simhavarman I...............................c. 315-c. 345 Skandavarman I..............................c. 345-c. 355 with... Vishnugopa..................................c. 350-c. 355 Kumaravishnu I..............................c. 355-c. 370 Skandavarman II.............................c. 370-c. 385 Viravarman..................................c. 385-c. 400 Skandavarman III............................c. 400-c. 438 Simhavarman II..............................c. 438-c. 460 Skandavarman IV.............................c. 460-c. 480 Nandivarman I...............................c. 480-c. 500 Kumaravishnu II.............................c. 500-c. 520 Buddhavarman................................c. 520-c. 540 Kumaravishnu III............................c. 540-c. 550 Simhavarman III.............................c. 550-c. 574 Simhavishnu.................................c. 574-c. 600 Mahendravarman I............................c. 600-630 Narasimhavarman I..............................630-668 Mahendravarman II..............................668-670 Paramesvaravarman I............................670-680 Narasimhavarman II.............................680-720 Paramesvaravarman II...........................720-731 Nandivarman II.................................731-795 Dantivarman....................................795-845 with... Nandivarman III................................844-866 with... Nripatungavarman...............................855-896 with... Aparajita......................................879-897 CHOLA EMPIRE Vijayalaya..................................c. 846-c. 871 Asitya I....................................c. 871-907 Parantaka......................................907-947 Rajaditya I....................................947-949 Gandaraditya...................................949-956 Arinjaya...........................................956 Parantaka II.......................................956 Aditya II......................................956-969 Madhurantaka Uttama............................969-985 Rajaraja I Deva the Great......................985-1012 Rajendra I Choladeva..........................1012-1044 Rajadhiraja I.................................1044-1052 Rajendra II Deva..............................1052-1060 Ramamahendra..................................1060-1063 Virarajendra..................................1063-1067 Adhirajendra..................................1067-1070 Rajendra III..................................1070-1122 Vikrama Chola.................................1122-1135 Kulottunga II Chola...........................1135-1150 Rajraja II....................................1150-1173 Rajadhiraja II................................1173-1179 Kulottunga III................................1179-1218 Rajaraja III..................................1218-1246 Rajendra IV...................................1246-1279 Chola disrupted by defeat at the hands of the Delhi Sultanate. Portions of the state annexed to Delhi, while other areas fall into the hands of provincial rulers. Eventually, Vijayanagar ("City of Victory") emerges as the chief center of independent Hindu resistance to Muslim control of most of India... VIJAYANAGAR SANGAMA Harihara I....................................1336-1356 Bukka I.......................................1356-1377 Harihara II...................................1377-1404 Virupaksha I..................................1404-1405 Bukka II......................................1405-1406 Devaraya I....................................1406-1422 Ramachandra...................................1422-1430 with... Devaraya II...................................1422-1446 Vijaya II.....................................1446-1447 with... Mallikarjuna..................................1446-1465 Virupaksha II.................................1465-1485 SALUVA Narasimha.....................................1485-1490 Timma.........................................1490-1491 Immadi Narasimha..............................1491-1505 Vira Narasimha................................1505-1509 Krishnadevaraya...............................1509-1530 Achyota.......................................1530-1542 Venkata............................................1542 Sadashivaraya.................................1542-1565 To the Mughal Empire When the Mughal Empire lost cohesion in the 18th century, southern India fragmented once more into local states, and various European colonies, especially at Goa (Portuguese) and Pondicherry (French). After 1757, British influence was paramount, and the region followed general Indian history from then on. SUREN This Parthian dependency, located in much of what is now Pakistan, northeastern India, southern Afghanistan, and eastern Iran, is now placed among other SCYTHIAN groups. TANJORE (Thanjavur) A city and district in far southern India, about 50 miles (80 km.) west of the French enclave and port of Karaikal. To Chola Empire (A Chola capital 9th-11th c.)...c. 846-1279 To the Mughal Empire..........................1279-1334 To Madurai....................................1334-1378 To Vijayanagar................................1378-1549 NAYYAK Sevappa.......................................1549-1572 Achyutappa....................................1572-1614 Raghunatha....................................1614- ? Vijaya Raghava................................. ? -1673 Within French sphere of influence..........c. 1680-1763 BHONSLE (Maratha) Venkaji..................................1674-1686 Shahji...................................1686-1711 Sarabhoji I..............................1711-1727 Tukoji...................................1727-1735 Bava Sahib...............................1735-1736 Sujana Bai (fem.).........................1736-1738 Sawai Shahji..................................1738 Sayaji...................................1738-1739 Pratap Singh.............................1739-1763 Within British sphere of influence............1763-1855 Tusalji..................................1763-1787 Amar Singh...............................1787-1798 Sarabhoji II.............................1798-1824 Sivaji...................................1824-1855 To Great Britain directly.....................1855-1948 To India......................................1948- UDAIPUR In western India, about 200 miles (320 km.) northeast of the Kathiawar Peninsula. GUHILA Khommana I..................................c. 750-c. 753 Mattata.....................................c. 753- ? Bhartripatta I Simha Khommana II Mahayaka Khommana III Bhartripatta II.............................c. 940-c. 950 Allata......................................c. 950-c. 960 Naravahana..................................c. 960-c. 971 Salivahana..................................c. 971-c. 977 Saktikumara.................................c. 977- ? Ambaprasada Suchivarman Naravarman Anantavarman Kirtivarman Yogaraja Vairata Hamsapala Vairi Singh Vijaya Singh...................................fl. c. 1108 Ari Singh I Choda Singh Vikrama Singh Rana Singh.....................................fl. c. 1168 Kshema Singh Samanta Singh Kumara Singh Mathana Singh Padma Singh Jaitra Singh...............................c. 1213-c. 1260 Teja Singh.................................c. 1260-c. 1273 Samara Singh...............................c. 1273-c. 1302 Ratna Singh I..............................c. 1302-c. 1303 Lakhana Singh..............................c. 1303-c. 1314 Hammir I...................................c. 1314-c. 1378 Kshetra Singh..............................c. 1378-c. 1405 Laksha Singh...............................c. 1405-c. 1420 Mokala.....................................c. 1420-1433 Kumbhakarna...................................1433-1468 Udaya Karan...................................1468-1473 Rayamalla.....................................1473-1509 Sangrama Singh I..............................1509-1528 Ratna Singh II................................1528-1532 Bikramajit....................................1532-1535 Ranbir........................................1535-1537 Udaya Singh...................................1537-1572 Pratap Singh I................................1572-1597 Amar Singh I..................................1597-1620 Karan.........................................1620-1628 Jagat Singh I.................................1628-1652 Raja Singh I..................................1652-1680 Jaya Singh....................................1680-1699 Amar Singh II.................................1699-1711 Sangrama Singh II.............................1711-1734 Jagat Singh II................................1734-1752 Pratap Singh II...............................1752-1754 Raja Singh II.................................1754-1761 Ari Singh II..................................1761-1773 Hammir II.....................................1773-1778 Bhim Singh....................................1778-1828 Jawan Singh...................................1828-1838 Sardar Singh..................................1838-1842 Sarup Singh...................................1842-1861 Sambhu........................................1861-1874 Sujjan Singh..................................1874-1884 Fateh Singh...................................1884-1930 Bhopal Singh..................................1930-1949 To India......................................1948- http://ellone-loire.net/obsidian/india.html Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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