Guest guest Posted August 10, 2005 Report Share Posted August 10, 2005 Salam to all members I am ali khan from pakistan ,karachi i have seen that many persons on group are asking about the stones and how to select them so i have written an article on it hope will be appereciated. ALI MUHAMMED KHAN First an explanation of Anukul / Pratikul The Planetary Gemology World is divided into two (2) opposing philosophies, viz., Anukul-vad v/s Pratikul-vad: ANUKULA-VAD: A Jyotish Gem will act "SAME" as it's planet - So gems should be chosen for Anukul (favorable) grahas PRATIKUL-VAD: A Jyotish Gem will act "OPPOSITE" of it's planet - So gems should be chosen for Pratikul (unfavorable) grahas Anukul Planet's gem choosing method for resorting to or harnessing one's auspicious (Anukul) planet(s) (exalted, mulatrikona, own sign, benefic, great friend, good house, owner of good house, etc.) based on the concept that lucky planet = lucky gem! In Jyotish there are basically two broad categories of planetary position, viz., favorable (to the chart) (Anukul) OR unfavorable (to the chart). One should avoid their weakness and cultivate their strengths. "Ratna-anukul" means the auspicious gem of strongest most desirable planet. Example: One has Leo Lagna - their lagna lord is Sun, who is exalted (100% strength) and posited in the 10th house which is all very auspicious. That person would be advised to use a fine ruby, the Sunís gem, to attract or harness his auspicious influence. On the other hand if a person had Saturn debilitated (0% strength) and in the 8th house they would be advised to avoid Saturnís gem blue sapphire and all other Saturnine things or activities. And better still they could donate a blue sapphire to pacify Shanideva. The followers of Anukul-vad believe that the pratikul-graha color is the unlucky color, and to magnify that bad color will simply increase the problems caused by that unlucky Planet. Both methods believe that gems increase cosmic colors of their planets, thus for an Anukuli it is considered to be suicide to increase a pratikul-graha's color. In Anukul there is never a case where a Pratikul (harmful to the chart/native) planet's gem should be worn as it will surely increase the ill fortune; but such gems for a Pratikul planet can be used by DONATING them - giving them AWAY - according to Shastric directions. A pure anukuli believes that a pratikul-gem is NEVER good to use; it is increasing the cosmic poison, and ill fortune (a person's bad cosmic vibes) should NEVER be increased. Anukul means a planet that is beneficially disposed either by being strong in own sign, good house, ruler of houses which will bring positive results, or otherwise not ill disposed nor inclined to produce evil influence. A planet which is good for the chart either naturally or by house ruler ship yet somewhat weakened by placement may be strengthened through the gem, or a planet which already is strong and giving benefic influence may be further strengthened for gains in particular areas of life by wearing the gem. Pratikul Planet's gem choosing method for overcoming a weak or evil planet, based on the misconception that a 'pratikul' (inauspicious) planet is strengthened by wearing it's gem and there by it changes from being inauspicious (pratikul) to become auspicious (anukul). ILLOGIC: By providing the gem for a malefic planet, benefic results will follow. Example: A person has Jupiter debilitated and a malefic which is inauspicious or pratikul, but by wearing Jupiter's gem, yellow sapphire or another yellow Jupiter jewel, it is believed that the 'weak' (troublesome) Jupiter gets strengthened and REVERSES to become auspicious. Some persons opine that a harmful planet means that the planet's "cosmic color" is weak. The gems for the planets are concentrated essential cosmic color rays; so by wearing the gem for the weak, Pratikul (harmful) color that weak color is strengthened, and when the weak color is stronger then the harmful influence will be REVERSED, removed or mitigated. Pratikul means a planet that causes evil influence or suffering to the native as seen through the horoscope. This may be a debilitated planet who is in a dusthana and enemy of the lord of the lagna, or otherwise disposed that the influence simply causes suffering. Before describing the most popular methods, let me first say that choosing gems which are favorable (Anukul for the native's chart) as well as clean (amala) and auspicious, these two are a MUST in planetary gemology. Of the 6 PGA CODES the prohibition against astrological use of synthetics is the least of all PG evils as synthetics have no harmful effect because they have NO effect whatsoever. The most important considerations are Anukul-graha gem choosing and flawless gems - 100% loupe clean down to 80% loupe clean is an acceptable range in our experience. Always exercise CAUTION with any gem that has clarity below 80% loupe clean. Very flawed gems are dead due to serious life-ending defects, and according to Shastra, "If anyone wears a gem with many flaws (even) out of ignorance, then grief, anxiety, sickness, death, loss of wealth and other evils torment them."--- Sri Garuda Purana:1.70.19 When choosing gems we must add up the pluses in a chart. For example, one chart has Venus exalted in a good house but a malefic for the Lagna and lord of a bad house, so on the surface we have two pluses and two minuses or "+ + - -" , i.e., a good sign placement, a good house placement, but it is unfavorable by nature for the native, and is lord of a bad house. Another chart might have a debilitated planet as lord of their Moon sign, that is a benefic for the Lagna, and in a good house, and lord of a good house, so that means a "- + + +" In the first example we could rule the planet as borderline unfavorable (pratikul); but the 2nd case has the planet mostly favorable (anukul) - so that weak, beneficial planet could be made stronger. A strong anukul planet can also be made even stronger to attain certain goals, like making an exalted Sun even stronger because the native desires fame or increase in stature (provided the native HAS the karma to achieve that, because we cannot do BETTER than our karma). Taking this further one could see house ownership, functional nature, periods in motion, movements of Saturn, Yogini-dashas, as well as aspects, navamsa positions, etc. to first of all conclude if the planet in question is FAVORABLE - OR - UNFAVORABLE for the chart, all things considered. It doesn't matter if a planet is strong or weak, it only matters that the planet is judged as favorable (anukul-graha) or unfavorable (pratikul-graha). An anukul-graha can always be strengthened, but a pratikul-graha should never be strengthened That gems for Pratikul-grahas may be DONATED or GIVEN AWAY in a form of Vedic charity to achieve Graha-shanti is another subject known as, "Ratna-arpana." Using gem donations is he ONLY time an UNFAVORABLE planetary gem should be used by the native - by giving it AWAY. The native should be informed what planets are most FAVORABLE for them and then the native may choose from among their Anukul-graha-ratnas or favorable planetary gems. Adding the plus and minus points to determine which planets are most favorable to the native enables us to proceed further. 1. First look to the lagna or rising sign and then check the lord of the rising sign to see if it is in an auspicious condition in the rasi and navamsa charts. If this is the case then we wholeheartedly prescribe the gemstone ruled by the lagna's lord. Example: If one has Leo rising we look to the position of the Sun (Lord of Leo) in the chart. If the Sun is posited in an auspicious sign, e.g., sign of exaltation, own sign, trine, or at least a friendly sign, it will act in a beneficial way. If any of these are the case then we may recommended ruby or another "Sun jewel" as one's first gem choice. NOTE: If the birth time is unknown or unsure then skip this method... A list of the primary rising sign gems is given as follows: RISING SIGN (Lagna) RULING PLANET GEMSTONE Aries Mars Red Coral Taurus Venus Diamond Gemini Mercury Emerald Cancer Moon Pearl Leo Sun Ruby Virgo Mercury Emerald Libra Venus Diamond Scorpio Mars Coral Sagittarius Jupiter Yellow Sapphire Capricorn Saturn Blue Sapphire Aquarius Saturn Blue Sapphire Pisces Jupiter Yellow Sapphire 2. Next check the position of the planet ruling one's mahadasha or major planetary period. If this planet is well-placed in the rasi chart then prescribe that planet's gemstone(s) for use during the duration of the mahadasha period. Example: If one is in or entering a Jupiter mahadasha and if Jupiter is posited in an auspicious sign and/or house position (unless otherwise afflicted) then recommend yellow sapphire or another natural yellow gemstone. 3. Also look to one's birth sign or Moon rasi , i.e., the sign in which the Moon is posited at the time of one's birth. In sidereal astrology the Moon's sign position is considered very important. Example: If one's Moon sign is Leo, a sign ruled by the Sun, then look to the sign and house position of the Sun in the horoscope. If the Sun is located in an auspicious position in their chart (unless otherwise afflicted) then one can recommend a ruby or other red Sun jewel as one's "birth stone." Here is the list of primary Vedic "birthstones" BIRTHSTONE RULING PLANET MOON SIGN Ruby Sun Leo Pearl Moon Cancer Coral Mars Aries/Scorpio Emerald Mercury Gemini/Virgo Yellow Sapphire Jupiter Sagittarius/Pisces Diamond Venus Taurus/Libra Blue Sapphire Saturn Capricorn/Aquarius Hessonite Rahu N/A Cat's eye Ketu N/A 4. Then check the janma-naksatra or the constellation in which the Moon is posited at birth. Each of these 27 birth stars is ruled by one of the nine planets recognized in sidereal astrology. Example: If one's birth constellation is "punarvasu" (the 7th constellation), which is ruled by Jupiter, then look to the position of Jupiter in the horoscope. If Jupiter is located in an auspicious sign and/or house position in the rasi chart (unless otherwise afflicted) then recommend yellow sapphire or another yellow "Jupiter" jewel. Following is a list of the 27 constellations, their ruling planet and corresponding primary gemstone: BIRTH STAR RULED BY GEM 1. ASWINI Ketu (Moon's South Node) Cats Eye 2. BHARANI Venus (Shukra) Diamond 3. KRTTIKA Sun (Surya) Ruby 4. ROHINI Moon (Chandra) Pearl 5. MRIGASHIRA Mars (Mangal) Coral 6. ADRA Rahu (Moon's North Node) Hessonite 7. PUNARVASU Jupiter (Guru) Yellow Sapphire 8. PUSHYAM Saturn (Shani) Blue Sapphire 9. ASHLESHA Mercury (Budha) Emerald 10. MAGHA Ketu (Moon's South Node) Cat's Eye 11. POORVA-PHALGUNI Venus (Shukra) Diamond 12. UTTAR-PHALGUNI Sun (Surya) Ruby 13. HASTA Moon (Chandra) Pearl 14. CHITRA Mars (Mangal) Coral 15. SWATI Rahu (Moon's North Node) Hessonite 16. VISHAKA Jupiter (Guru) Yellow Sapphire 17. ANURADHA Saturn (Shani) Blue Sapphire 18. JYESTHA Mercury (Budha) Emerald 19. MULA Ketu (Moon's South Node) Cat's Eye 20. POORVASHADA Venus (Shukra) Diamond 21. UTTARSHADA Sun (Surya) Ruby 22. SRAVANA Moon (Chandra) Pearl 23. DHANISTHA Mars (Mangal) Coral 24. SATAVISHA Rahu (Moon's North Node) Hessonite 25. POORVABADRAPADA Jupiter (Guru) Yellow Sapphire 26. UTTARBHADRAPADA Saturn (Shani) Blue Sapphire 27. REVATHI Mercury (Budha) Emerald 5. Next examine all the nine planets in the rasi chart to see if any are exalted. Planets which are in their sign of maximum strength (exaltation) give positive and beneficial results, and their gemstone(s) may be used with advantage. 6. Another consideration is sign ownership . A planet which is located in it's own sign will give beneficial results, and that planet's gem can also be used to advantage. 7. A further consideration is any planet which is in it's sign of mulatrikona or trine. A Planet in mulatrikona gives beneficial results similar to an exalted planet, and their gem(s) may be used to advantage. 8. A planet which is located in a friendly sign can also give beneficial results, and it's gemstone may be used to advantage. 9. The final consideration is 'preference' based on the characteristic "planetary influence." Example: If a person wishes to use a Sun jewel like ruby or red spinel to increase their name and fame, then they can use that stone provided the person's Sun is not located in an unfriendly or inauspicious sign and/or house position in their sidereal horoscope. SPECIAL: Using Planetary Gems by DONATING them. It is our experience that fine, natural gemstones do indeed "strengthen" or magnify the influence of their associated planets. Therefore, lucky planets = lucky gems. If a person intends to wear their lucky gemstone then they should only use gems which are related to planets that are considered to be "lucky" or posited in an auspicious rasi (zodiac sign) and/or bhava (house) in their sidereal birth chart. Gemstones do not alter or change the angle, position or condition in which planets are placed in one's horoscope. Methods for propitiating or reducing the harmful effects of evil or malevolently placed planets in one's birth chart include the chanting of planetary mantras, prescribed sacrifices and charity. These may be performed along with the use of associated planetary gemstones to help "magnify" the prayer. A person who is unwilling to perform these meritorious acts should not use gems for unlucky planets. Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 11, 2005 Report Share Posted August 11, 2005 Dear Ali, I'm sure members appreciate your effort in reproducing the following article (found on http://www.p-g-a.org/meaning.html ). I would just like to comment on the theory that wearing the gem for a functional malefic can reverse its malefic influence. This is completely wrong and one should not entertain such an idea...it's based entirely on ignorance. There is no doubt in my mind that gems are capable of uplifting the vibrations of weak or afflicted benefic (functional benefic) planets, however, experience has shown that genuine jyotish quality gems are more often than not "out of reach" for the general population. Although I once recommended gems as a matter of course I now believe it's cruel to recommend them to those who cannot afford them...it's no different to a doctor telling someone they can be cured of their affliction but the treatment will cost thousands of dollars...telling this to someone who cannot afford it is completely devoid of compassion. What is to come will come, regardless, and there is little that can avert it. I'm reminded of these words attributed to Saint Francis. "Lord, give me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; The courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference." Best Wishes, Mrs. Wendy http://JyotishVidya.com ______________________________ - "Ali muhammed khan" <shams0072000 <jyotish-vidya> Thursday, August 11, 2005 1:06 AM To all members regarding stones .(An article). Salam to all members I am ali khan from pakistan ,karachi i have seen that many persons on group are asking about the stones and how to select them so i have written an article on it hope will be appereciated. ALI MUHAMMED KHAN First an explanation of Anukul / Pratikul The Planetary Gemology World is divided into two (2) opposing philosophies, viz., Anukul-vad v/s Pratikul-vad: ANUKULA-VAD: A Jyotish Gem will act "SAME" as it's planet - So gems should be chosen for Anukul (favorable) grahas PRATIKUL-VAD: A Jyotish Gem will act "OPPOSITE" of it's planet - So gems should be chosen for Pratikul (unfavorable) grahas Anukul Planet's gem choosing method for resorting to or harnessing one's auspicious (Anukul) planet(s) (exalted, mulatrikona, own sign, benefic, great friend, good house, owner of good house, etc.) based on the concept that lucky planet = lucky gem! In Jyotish there are basically two broad categories of planetary position, viz., favorable (to the chart) (Anukul) OR unfavorable (to the chart). One should avoid their weakness and cultivate their strengths. "Ratna-anukul" means the auspicious gem of strongest most desirable planet. Example: One has Leo Lagna - their lagna lord is Sun, who is exalted (100% strength) and posited in the 10th house which is all very auspicious. That person would be advised to use a fine ruby, the Sunís gem, to attract or harness his auspicious influence. On the other hand if a person had Saturn debilitated (0% strength) and in the 8th house they would be advised to avoid Saturnís gem blue sapphire and all other Saturnine things or activities. And better still they could donate a blue sapphire to pacify Shanideva. The followers of Anukul-vad believe that the pratikul-graha color is the unlucky color, and to magnify that bad color will simply increase the problems caused by that unlucky Planet. Both methods believe that gems increase cosmic colors of their planets, thus for an Anukuli it is considered to be suicide to increase a pratikul-graha's color. In Anukul there is never a case where a Pratikul (harmful to the chart/native) planet's gem should be worn as it will surely increase the ill fortune; but such gems for a Pratikul planet can be used by DONATING them - giving them AWAY - according to Shastric directions. A pure anukuli believes that a pratikul-gem is NEVER good to use; it is increasing the cosmic poison, and ill fortune (a person's bad cosmic vibes) should NEVER be increased. Anukul means a planet that is beneficially disposed either by being strong in own sign, good house, ruler of houses which will bring positive results, or otherwise not ill disposed nor inclined to produce evil influence. A planet which is good for the chart either naturally or by house ruler ship yet somewhat weakened by placement may be strengthened through the gem, or a planet which already is strong and giving benefic influence may be further strengthened for gains in particular areas of life by wearing the gem. Pratikul Planet's gem choosing method for overcoming a weak or evil planet, based on the misconception that a 'pratikul' (inauspicious) planet is strengthened by wearing it's gem and there by it changes from being inauspicious (pratikul) to become auspicious (anukul). ILLOGIC: By providing the gem for a malefic planet, benefic results will follow. Example: A person has Jupiter debilitated and a malefic which is inauspicious or pratikul, but by wearing Jupiter's gem, yellow sapphire or another yellow Jupiter jewel, it is believed that the 'weak' (troublesome) Jupiter gets strengthened and REVERSES to become auspicious. Some persons opine that a harmful planet means that the planet's "cosmic color" is weak. The gems for the planets are concentrated essential cosmic color rays; so by wearing the gem for the weak, Pratikul (harmful) color that weak color is strengthened, and when the weak color is stronger then the harmful influence will be REVERSED, removed or mitigated. Pratikul means a planet that causes evil influence or suffering to the native as seen through the horoscope. This may be a debilitated planet who is in a dusthana and enemy of the lord of the lagna, or otherwise disposed that the influence simply causes suffering. Before describing the most popular methods, let me first say that choosing gems which are favorable (Anukul for the native's chart) as well as clean (amala) and auspicious, these two are a MUST in planetary gemology. Of the 6 PGA CODES the prohibition against astrological use of synthetics is the least of all PG evils as synthetics have no harmful effect because they have NO effect whatsoever. The most important considerations are Anukul-graha gem choosing and flawless gems - 100% loupe clean down to 80% loupe clean is an acceptable range in our experience. Always exercise CAUTION with any gem that has clarity below 80% loupe clean. Very flawed gems are dead due to serious life-ending defects, and according to Shastra, "If anyone wears a gem with many flaws (even) out of ignorance, then grief, anxiety, sickness, death, loss of wealth and other evils torment them."--- Sri Garuda Purana:1.70.19 When choosing gems we must add up the pluses in a chart. For example, one chart has Venus exalted in a good house but a malefic for the Lagna and lord of a bad house, so on the surface we have two pluses and two minuses or "+ + - -" , i.e., a good sign placement, a good house placement, but it is unfavorable by nature for the native, and is lord of a bad house. Another chart might have a debilitated planet as lord of their Moon sign, that is a benefic for the Lagna, and in a good house, and lord of a good house, so that means a "- + + +" In the first example we could rule the planet as borderline unfavorable (pratikul); but the 2nd case has the planet mostly favorable (anukul) - so that weak, beneficial planet could be made stronger. A strong anukul planet can also be made even stronger to attain certain goals, like making an exalted Sun even stronger because the native desires fame or increase in stature (provided the native HAS the karma to achieve that, because we cannot do BETTER than our karma). Taking this further one could see house ownership, functional nature, periods in motion, movements of Saturn, Yogini-dashas, as well as aspects, navamsa positions, etc. to first of all conclude if the planet in question is FAVORABLE - OR - UNFAVORABLE for the chart, all things considered. It doesn't matter if a planet is strong or weak, it only matters that the planet is judged as favorable (anukul-graha) or unfavorable (pratikul-graha). An anukul-graha can always be strengthened, but a pratikul-graha should never be strengthened That gems for Pratikul-grahas may be DONATED or GIVEN AWAY in a form of Vedic charity to achieve Graha-shanti is another subject known as, "Ratna-arpana." Using gem donations is he ONLY time an UNFAVORABLE planetary gem should be used by the native - by giving it AWAY. The native should be informed what planets are most FAVORABLE for them and then the native may choose from among their Anukul-graha-ratnas or favorable planetary gems. Adding the plus and minus points to determine which planets are most favorable to the native enables us to proceed further. 1. First look to the lagna or rising sign and then check the lord of the rising sign to see if it is in an auspicious condition in the rasi and navamsa charts. If this is the case then we wholeheartedly prescribe the gemstone ruled by the lagna's lord. Example: If one has Leo rising we look to the position of the Sun (Lord of Leo) in the chart. If the Sun is posited in an auspicious sign, e.g., sign of exaltation, own sign, trine, or at least a friendly sign, it will act in a beneficial way. If any of these are the case then we may recommended ruby or another "Sun jewel" as one's first gem choice. NOTE: If the birth time is unknown or unsure then skip this method... 2. Next check the position of the planet ruling one's mahadasha or major planetary period. If this planet is well-placed in the rasi chart then prescribe that planet's gemstone(s) for use during the duration of the mahadasha period. Example: If one is in or entering a Jupiter mahadasha and if Jupiter is posited in an auspicious sign and/or house position (unless otherwise afflicted) then recommend yellow sapphire or another natural yellow gemstone. 3. Also look to one's birth sign or Moon rasi , i.e., the sign in which the Moon is posited at the time of one's birth. In sidereal astrology the Moon's sign position is considered very important. Example: If one's Moon sign is Leo, a sign ruled by the Sun, then look to the sign and house position of the Sun in the horoscope. If the Sun is located in an auspicious position in their chart (unless otherwise afflicted) then one can recommend a ruby or other red Sun jewel as one's "birth stone." 4. Then check the janma-naksatra or the constellation in which the Moon is posited at birth. Each of these 27 birth stars is ruled by one of the nine planets recognized in sidereal astrology. Example: If one's birth constellation is "punarvasu" (the 7th constellation), which is ruled by Jupiter, then look to the position of Jupiter in the horoscope. If Jupiter is located in an auspicious sign and/or house position in the rasi chart (unless otherwise afflicted) then recommend yellow sapphire or another yellow "Jupiter" jewel. 5. Next examine all the nine planets in the rasi chart to see if any are exalted. Planets which are in their sign of maximum strength (exaltation) give positive and beneficial results, and their gemstone(s) may be used with advantage. 6. Another consideration is sign ownership . A planet which is located in it's own sign will give beneficial results, and that planet's gem can also be used to advantage. 7. A further consideration is any planet which is in it's sign of mulatrikona or trine. A Planet in mulatrikona gives beneficial results similar to an exalted planet, and their gem(s) may be used to advantage. 8. A planet which is located in a friendly sign can also give beneficial results, and it's gemstone may be used to advantage. 9. The final consideration is 'preference' based on the characteristic "planetary influence." Example: If a person wishes to use a Sun jewel like ruby or red spinel to increase their name and fame, then they can use that stone provided the person's Sun is not located in an unfriendly or inauspicious sign and/or house position in their sidereal horoscope. SPECIAL: Using Planetary Gems by DONATING them. It is our experience that fine, natural gemstones do indeed "strengthen" or magnify the influence of their associated planets. Therefore, lucky planets = lucky gems. If a person intends to wear their lucky gemstone then they should only use gems which are related to planets that are considered to be "lucky" or posited in an auspicious rasi (zodiac sign) and/or bhava (house) in their sidereal birth chart. Gemstones do not alter or change the angle, position or condition in which planets are placed in one's horoscope. Methods for propitiating or reducing the harmful effects of evil or malevolently placed planets in one's birth chart include the chanting of planetary mantras, prescribed sacrifices and charity. These may be performed along with the use of associated planetary gemstones to help "magnify" the prayer. A person who is unwilling to perform these meritorious acts should not use gems for unlucky planets. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 11, 2005 Report Share Posted August 11, 2005 Dear Wendy, I agree that "gems are capable of uplifting the vibrations of weak or afflicted benefic (functional benefic) planets...[but that] it's cruel to recommend them to those who cannot afford them." I have found what may be an interesting solution to this dilemma, for people who cannot afford Jyotish gems or do not wish to wear them for any reason. For example, I have some combinations in my own chart that have caused me to lose and break expensive Jyotish prescribed gems again and again. Komilla Sutton told me that this is ultimately a good thing, because the gems are taking karmas with them when they "disappear." Swami Muktananda used to say something similar about japa/mala beads breaking. The breaking and/or loss of gems and malas can indicate the end of an old cycle of karma and the beginning of a new one, just as breaking clear glass may signify the appearance of a new paradigm in one's life. Anyway, I have been using gem elixirs as a substitute for gems, with some success. I find that the elixirs have a lighter vibration than the actual gems, so they can even be used to harmonize the energy of temporal malefics, in certain cases. For anyone interested, the gem elixirs I use are made my Dr. Lilli Botchis at: http://www.absolutelythepurest.com/other% 20parts/gemelixershome.html I am eager to hear of others' ideas and experiences with gem elixirs. Thanks, Juliana Swanson Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 11, 2005 Report Share Posted August 11, 2005 Dear Juliana, Apart from affordability,I have seen that many people rush to only those Astrologers who will suggest for gemstones.They may not seek fee for consulatations but will have commission from the Gem traders. Due to negative impact of Gems many people have become ill and unexpectedly got in to tragic situations.let me brief you one incident: One of my Secretary,a young lady(around 30s) used to wear Yellow saphire on her middle finguer(Saturn) and I noticed one day abruptly and quipped her why she was wearing the gem on her middle finguer and told her that she should change it.She said that some Astrologer told that she should wear on that finguer.Then I kept quite.May be after 3rd or 4th day (after my talk with her) all of a sudden some body brought the news that her husband committed suicide at a place far off from her work place. When I just reviewed the whole thing intuitively,It appeared to me that she must be belonging to virgo sign and her fourth is sagittarus and 7th is pisces.ofcourse I have not seen her chart I think her mars is in libra in 12 th. Her husband used to run a real easte business and was well off.They had two young children in successive years. Apart from yellow saphire she used to wear a diamond and a pearl.It was very striking to me something wrong with these kind of supplimentaries and have not found a need for all these Gems.Astrologers some how prescribe and people out of innocence buy them hoping for better things to happen in their lives.It is not just one incident I came across but sevaral. Some how I do not wear nor suggest the need for wearing stones/Gems.Even if some body suggests also to me i think twice.I believe simply in some some chantings,prayers and worship besides normal way of taking care of have nots.of course some colour codes for dresses and in the environment where they live and work. These practices have helped me immensely and also to others to whom I have given advise.So my faith in these forms of remedies is immense than in Gems. krishnan Juliana Swanson <omhamsa wrote: Dear Wendy, I agree that "gems are capable of uplifting the vibrations of weak or afflicted benefic (functional benefic) planets...[but that] it's cruel to recommend them to those who cannot afford them." I have found what may be an interesting solution to this dilemma, for people who cannot afford Jyotish gems or do not wish to wear them for any reason. For example, I have some combinations in my own chart that have caused me to lose and break expensive Jyotish prescribed gems again and again. Komilla Sutton told me that this is ultimately a good thing, because the gems are taking karmas with them when they "disappear." Swami Muktananda used to say something similar about japa/mala beads breaking. The breaking and/or loss of gems and malas can indicate the end of an old cycle of karma and the beginning of a new one, just as breaking clear glass may signify the appearance of a new paradigm in one's life. Anyway, I have been using gem elixirs as a substitute for gems, with some success. I find that the elixirs have a lighter vibration than the actual gems, so they can even be used to harmonize the energy of temporal malefics, in certain cases. For anyone interested, the gem elixirs I use are made my Dr. Lilli Botchis at: http://www.absolutelythepurest.com/other% 20parts/gemelixershome.html I am eager to hear of others' ideas and experiences with gem elixirs. Thanks, Juliana Swanson Vedic astrology Personal reading Astrology chart Astrology software Visit your group "jyotish-vidya" on the web. jyotish-vidya Start your day with - make it your home page Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 11, 2005 Report Share Posted August 11, 2005 The message is most appropriate:What is to come will come, regardless, and there is little that can avert it. I'm reminded of these words attributed to Saint Francis. At this point you will not go beyond to convince them on this subject. Regards krishnan Wendy Vasicek <wenvas wrote: Dear Ali, I'm sure members appreciate your effort in reproducing the following article (found on http://www.p-g-a.org/meaning.html ). I would just like to comment on the theory that wearing the gem for a functional malefic can reverse its malefic influence. This is completely wrong and one should not entertain such an idea...it's based entirely on ignorance. There is no doubt in my mind that gems are capable of uplifting the vibrations of weak or afflicted benefic (functional benefic) planets, however, experience has shown that genuine jyotish quality gems are more often than not "out of reach" for the general population. Although I once recommended gems as a matter of course I now believe it's cruel to recommend them to those who cannot afford them...it's no different to a doctor telling someone they can be cured of their affliction but the treatment will cost thousands of dollars...telling this to someone who cannot afford it is completely devoid of compassion. What is to come will come, regardless, and there is little that can avert it. I'm reminded of these words attributed to Saint Francis. "Lord, give me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; The courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference." Best Wishes, Mrs. Wendy http://JyotishVidya.com ______________________________ - "Ali muhammed khan" <shams0072000 <jyotish-vidya> Thursday, August 11, 2005 1:06 AM To all members regarding stones .(An article). Salam to all members I am ali khan from pakistan ,karachi i have seen that many persons on group are asking about the stones and how to select them so i have written an article on it hope will be appereciated. ALI MUHAMMED KHAN First an explanation of Anukul / Pratikul The Planetary Gemology World is divided into two (2) opposing philosophies, viz., Anukul-vad v/s Pratikul-vad: ANUKULA-VAD: A Jyotish Gem will act "SAME" as it's planet - So gems should be chosen for Anukul (favorable) grahas PRATIKUL-VAD: A Jyotish Gem will act "OPPOSITE" of it's planet - So gems should be chosen for Pratikul (unfavorable) grahas Anukul Planet's gem choosing method for resorting to or harnessing one's auspicious (Anukul) planet(s) (exalted, mulatrikona, own sign, benefic, great friend, good house, owner of good house, etc.) based on the concept that lucky planet = lucky gem! In Jyotish there are basically two broad categories of planetary position, viz., favorable (to the chart) (Anukul) OR unfavorable (to the chart). One should avoid their weakness and cultivate their strengths. "Ratna-anukul" means the auspicious gem of strongest most desirable planet. Example: One has Leo Lagna - their lagna lord is Sun, who is exalted (100% strength) and posited in the 10th house which is all very auspicious. That person would be advised to use a fine ruby, the Sunís gem, to attract or harness his auspicious influence. On the other hand if a person had Saturn debilitated (0% strength) and in the 8th house they would be advised to avoid Saturnís gem blue sapphire and all other Saturnine things or activities. And better still they could donate a blue sapphire to pacify Shanideva. The followers of Anukul-vad believe that the pratikul-graha color is the unlucky color, and to magnify that bad color will simply increase the problems caused by that unlucky Planet. Both methods believe that gems increase cosmic colors of their planets, thus for an Anukuli it is considered to be suicide to increase a pratikul-graha's color. In Anukul there is never a case where a Pratikul (harmful to the chart/native) planet's gem should be worn as it will surely increase the ill fortune; but such gems for a Pratikul planet can be used by DONATING them - giving them AWAY - according to Shastric directions. A pure anukuli believes that a pratikul-gem is NEVER good to use; it is increasing the cosmic poison, and ill fortune (a person's bad cosmic vibes) should NEVER be increased. Anukul means a planet that is beneficially disposed either by being strong in own sign, good house, ruler of houses which will bring positive results, or otherwise not ill disposed nor inclined to produce evil influence. A planet which is good for the chart either naturally or by house ruler ship yet somewhat weakened by placement may be strengthened through the gem, or a planet which already is strong and giving benefic influence may be further strengthened for gains in particular areas of life by wearing the gem. Pratikul Planet's gem choosing method for overcoming a weak or evil planet, based on the misconception that a 'pratikul' (inauspicious) planet is strengthened by wearing it's gem and there by it changes from being inauspicious (pratikul) to become auspicious (anukul). ILLOGIC: By providing the gem for a malefic planet, benefic results will follow. Example: A person has Jupiter debilitated and a malefic which is inauspicious or pratikul, but by wearing Jupiter's gem, yellow sapphire or another yellow Jupiter jewel, it is believed that the 'weak' (troublesome) Jupiter gets strengthened and REVERSES to become auspicious. Some persons opine that a harmful planet means that the planet's "cosmic color" is weak. The gems for the planets are concentrated essential cosmic color rays; so by wearing the gem for the weak, Pratikul (harmful) color that weak color is strengthened, and when the weak color is stronger then the harmful influence will be REVERSED, removed or mitigated. Pratikul means a planet that causes evil influence or suffering to the native as seen through the horoscope. This may be a debilitated planet who is in a dusthana and enemy of the lord of the lagna, or otherwise disposed that the influence simply causes suffering. Before describing the most popular methods, let me first say that choosing gems which are favorable (Anukul for the native's chart) as well as clean (amala) and auspicious, these two are a MUST in planetary gemology. Of the 6 PGA CODES the prohibition against astrological use of synthetics is the least of all PG evils as synthetics have no harmful effect because they have NO effect whatsoever. The most important considerations are Anukul-graha gem choosing and flawless gems - 100% loupe clean down to 80% loupe clean is an acceptable range in our experience. Always exercise CAUTION with any gem that has clarity below 80% loupe clean. Very flawed gems are dead due to serious life-ending defects, and according to Shastra, "If anyone wears a gem with many flaws (even) out of ignorance, then grief, anxiety, sickness, death, loss of wealth and other evils torment them."--- Sri Garuda Purana:1.70.19 When choosing gems we must add up the pluses in a chart. For example, one chart has Venus exalted in a good house but a malefic for the Lagna and lord of a bad house, so on the surface we have two pluses and two minuses or "+ + - -" , i.e., a good sign placement, a good house placement, but it is unfavorable by nature for the native, and is lord of a bad house. Another chart might have a debilitated planet as lord of their Moon sign, that is a benefic for the Lagna, and in a good house, and lord of a good house, so that means a "- + + +" In the first example we could rule the planet as borderline unfavorable (pratikul); but the 2nd case has the planet mostly favorable (anukul) - so that weak, beneficial planet could be made stronger. A strong anukul planet can also be made even stronger to attain certain goals, like making an exalted Sun even stronger because the native desires fame or increase in stature (provided the native HAS the karma to achieve that, because we cannot do BETTER than our karma). Taking this further one could see house ownership, functional nature, periods in motion, movements of Saturn, Yogini-dashas, as well as aspects, navamsa positions, etc. to first of all conclude if the planet in question is FAVORABLE - OR - UNFAVORABLE for the chart, all things considered. It doesn't matter if a planet is strong or weak, it only matters that the planet is judged as favorable (anukul-graha) or unfavorable (pratikul-graha). An anukul-graha can always be strengthened, but a pratikul-graha should never be strengthened That gems for Pratikul-grahas may be DONATED or GIVEN AWAY in a form of Vedic charity to achieve Graha-shanti is another subject known as, "Ratna-arpana." Using gem donations is he ONLY time an UNFAVORABLE planetary gem should be used by the native - by giving it AWAY. The native should be informed what planets are most FAVORABLE for them and then the native may choose from among their Anukul-graha-ratnas or favorable planetary gems. Adding the plus and minus points to determine which planets are most favorable to the native enables us to proceed further. 1. First look to the lagna or rising sign and then check the lord of the rising sign to see if it is in an auspicious condition in the rasi and navamsa charts. If this is the case then we wholeheartedly prescribe the gemstone ruled by the lagna's lord. Example: If one has Leo rising we look to the position of the Sun (Lord of Leo) in the chart. If the Sun is posited in an auspicious sign, e.g., sign of exaltation, own sign, trine, or at least a friendly sign, it will act in a beneficial way. If any of these are the case then we may recommended ruby or another "Sun jewel" as one's first gem choice. NOTE: If the birth time is unknown or unsure then skip this method... 2. Next check the position of the planet ruling one's mahadasha or major planetary period. If this planet is well-placed in the rasi chart then prescribe that planet's gemstone(s) for use during the duration of the mahadasha period. Example: If one is in or entering a Jupiter mahadasha and if Jupiter is posited in an auspicious sign and/or house position (unless otherwise afflicted) then recommend yellow sapphire or another natural yellow gemstone. 3. Also look to one's birth sign or Moon rasi , i.e., the sign in which the Moon is posited at the time of one's birth. In sidereal astrology the Moon's sign position is considered very important. Example: If one's Moon sign is Leo, a sign ruled by the Sun, then look to the sign and house position of the Sun in the horoscope. If the Sun is located in an auspicious position in their chart (unless otherwise afflicted) then one can recommend a ruby or other red Sun jewel as one's "birth stone." 4. Then check the janma-naksatra or the constellation in which the Moon is posited at birth. Each of these 27 birth stars is ruled by one of the nine planets recognized in sidereal astrology. Example: If one's birth constellation is "punarvasu" (the 7th constellation), which is ruled by Jupiter, then look to the position of Jupiter in the horoscope. If Jupiter is located in an auspicious sign and/or house position in the rasi chart (unless otherwise afflicted) then recommend yellow sapphire or another yellow "Jupiter" jewel. 5. Next examine all the nine planets in the rasi chart to see if any are exalted. Planets which are in their sign of maximum strength (exaltation) give positive and beneficial results, and their gemstone(s) may be used with advantage. 6. Another consideration is sign ownership . A planet which is located in it's own sign will give beneficial results, and that planet's gem can also be used to advantage. 7. A further consideration is any planet which is in it's sign of mulatrikona or trine. A Planet in mulatrikona gives beneficial results similar to an exalted planet, and their gem(s) may be used to advantage. 8. A planet which is located in a friendly sign can also give beneficial results, and it's gemstone may be used to advantage. 9. The final consideration is 'preference' based on the characteristic "planetary influence." Example: If a person wishes to use a Sun jewel like ruby or red spinel to increase their name and fame, then they can use that stone provided the person's Sun is not located in an unfriendly or inauspicious sign and/or house position in their sidereal horoscope. SPECIAL: Using Planetary Gems by DONATING them. It is our experience that fine, natural gemstones do indeed "strengthen" or magnify the influence of their associated planets. Therefore, lucky planets = lucky gems. If a person intends to wear their lucky gemstone then they should only use gems which are related to planets that are considered to be "lucky" or posited in an auspicious rasi (zodiac sign) and/or bhava (house) in their sidereal birth chart. Gemstones do not alter or change the angle, position or condition in which planets are placed in one's horoscope. Methods for propitiating or reducing the harmful effects of evil or malevolently placed planets in one's birth chart include the chanting of planetary mantras, prescribed sacrifices and charity. These may be performed along with the use of associated planetary gemstones to help "magnify" the prayer. A person who is unwilling to perform these meritorious acts should not use gems for unlucky planets. Vedic astrology Personal reading Astrology chart Astrology software Visit your group "jyotish-vidya" on the web. jyotish-vidya Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 11, 2005 Report Share Posted August 11, 2005 Dear Juliana, Yes, I'm familiar with the use of gems in this way. The book I recommended to Angel (I think it was) has a chapter on this. But, as with all remedial measures, the most important consideration is the knowledge and experience of the astrologer. The astrologer MUST be able to determine the subtle effects of the planets according to their relationships...even a functional benefic can prove detrimental if hostile to another planet. I shudder at times when I see inexperienced people prescribing gems...the wrong gem can be extremely detrimental (as Krishnan spoke of in his post). Likewise wearing gems incorrectly; wearing conflicting gems, and/or flawed gems can do more harm than good. The main problem (in my opinion) is the increasing number of inexperienced people who, with limited knowledge, prescribe remedies incorrectly bringing disrepute to this divine science. I think we should ere on the side of caution more than we do and adhere ALWAYS to the thumb rule "When in doubt, don't". Best Wishes, Mrs. Wendy http://JyotishVidya.com ______________________________ - "Juliana Swanson" <omhamsa <jyotish-vidya> Thursday, August 11, 2005 8:24 PM Re: To all members regarding stones .(An article). Dear Wendy, I agree that "gems are capable of uplifting the vibrations of weak or afflicted benefic (functional benefic) planets...[but that] it's cruel to recommend them to those who cannot afford them." I have found what may be an interesting solution to this dilemma, for people who cannot afford Jyotish gems or do not wish to wear them for any reason. For example, I have some combinations in my own chart that have caused me to lose and break expensive Jyotish prescribed gems again and again. Komilla Sutton told me that this is ultimately a good thing, because the gems are taking karmas with them when they "disappear." Swami Muktananda used to say something similar about japa/mala beads breaking. The breaking and/or loss of gems and malas can indicate the end of an old cycle of karma and the beginning of a new one, just as breaking clear glass may signify the appearance of a new paradigm in one's life. Anyway, I have been using gem elixirs as a substitute for gems, with some success. I find that the elixirs have a lighter vibration than the actual gems, so they can even be used to harmonize the energy of temporal malefics, in certain cases. For anyone interested, the gem elixirs I use are made my Dr. Lilli Botchis at: http://www.absolutelythepurest.com/other% 20parts/gemelixershome.html I am eager to hear of others' ideas and experiences with gem elixirs. Thanks, Juliana Swanson Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 11, 2005 Report Share Posted August 11, 2005 Dear Krishnanji I read your article and it is really true that gems are mysteries of its own. Belief..faith....expectations are the wheels of life....People want to do something for something to happen...You can see many north indians wearing white stone or blue stone just for fancy or show and also for fortune. If gems can change anyone's life then it should have relation to birth and death also.Planets and earth we know and the influence of them on earth and people have been proved by many scriptures,purana texts and scientists(rishis/rajas also). Gems are introduced only by english merchants recently and rajas/kings wearing them only to show the status and pride.They differentiated status through ownership of various things including these gems,stones also. Your example is very realistic and many people are made like this because of the dasa/bukthi they are undergoing.....FATE IS SUPREME. Bye Balaji G vattem krishnan <bursar_99 wrote: Dear Juliana, Apart from affordability,I have seen that many people rush to only those Astrologers who will suggest for gemstones.They may not seek fee for consulatations but will have commission from the Gem traders. Due to negative impact of Gems many people have become ill and unexpectedly got in to tragic situations.let me brief you one incident: One of my Secretary,a young lady(around 30s) used to wear Yellow saphire on her middle finguer(Saturn) and I noticed one day abruptly and quipped her why she was wearing the gem on her middle finguer and told her that she should change it.She said that some Astrologer told that she should wear on that finguer.Then I kept quite.May be after 3rd or 4th day (after my talk with her) all of a sudden some body brought the news that her husband committed suicide at a place far off from her work place. When I just reviewed the whole thing intuitively,It appeared to me that she must be belonging to virgo sign and her fourth is sagittarus and 7th is pisces.ofcourse I have not seen her chart I think her mars is in libra in 12 th. Her husband used to run a real easte business and was well off.They had two young children in successive years. Apart from yellow saphire she used to wear a diamond and a pearl.It was very striking to me something wrong with these kind of supplimentaries and have not found a need for all these Gems.Astrologers some how prescribe and people out of innocence buy them hoping for better things to happen in their lives.It is not just one incident I came across but sevaral. Some how I do not wear nor suggest the need for wearing stones/Gems.Even if some body suggests also to me i think twice.I believe simply in some some chantings,prayers and worship besides normal way of taking care of have nots.of course some colour codes for dresses and in the environment where they live and work. These practices have helped me immensely and also to others to whom I have given advise.So my faith in these forms of remedies is immense than in Gems. krishnan Juliana Swanson <omhamsa wrote: Dear Wendy, I agree that "gems are capable of uplifting the vibrations of weak or afflicted benefic (functional benefic) planets...[but that] it's cruel to recommend them to those who cannot afford them." I have found what may be an interesting solution to this dilemma, for people who cannot afford Jyotish gems or do not wish to wear them for any reason. For example, I have some combinations in my own chart that have caused me to lose and break expensive Jyotish prescribed gems again and again. Komilla Sutton told me that this is ultimately a good thing, because the gems are taking karmas with them when they "disappear." Swami Muktananda used to say something similar about japa/mala beads breaking. The breaking and/or loss of gems and malas can indicate the end of an old cycle of karma and the beginning of a new one, just as breaking clear glass may signify the appearance of a new paradigm in one's life. Anyway, I have been using gem elixirs as a substitute for gems, with some success. I find that the elixirs have a lighter vibration than the actual gems, so they can even be used to harmonize the energy of temporal malefics, in certain cases. For anyone interested, the gem elixirs I use are made my Dr. Lilli Botchis at: http://www.absolutelythepurest.com/other% 20parts/gemelixershome.html I am eager to hear of others' ideas and experiences with gem elixirs. Thanks, Juliana Swanson Vedic astrology Personal reading Astrology chart Astrology software Visit your group "jyotish-vidya" on the web. jyotish-vidya Start your day with - make it your home page Vedic astrology Personal reading Astrology chart Astrology software Visit your group "jyotish-vidya" on the web. jyotish-vidya Check out India Rakhi Special for Rakhi shopping, contests and lots more. http://in.promos./rakhi/index.html Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 11, 2005 Report Share Posted August 11, 2005 Dear Bala ji, Though Gems are status symbols,it is not correct to say:Gems are introduced only by english merchants"as these were used later by women and then for astro purpose. These are contributions made through various civilizations.Even our relics use of vajras and vaidhurya have been mentiond and kings used to gift them Thanx krishnan "Balaji G.krishnan" <balaji_g_krishnan wrote: Dear Krishnanji I read your article and it is really true that gems are mysteries of its own. Belief..faith....expectations are the wheels of life....People want to do something for something to happen...You can see many north indians wearing white stone or blue stone just for fancy or show and also for fortune. If gems can change anyone's life then it should have relation to birth and death also.Planets and earth we know and the influence of them on earth and people have been proved by many scriptures,purana texts and scientists(rishis/rajas also). Gems are introduced only by english merchants recently and rajas/kings wearing them only to show the status and pride.They differentiated status through ownership of various things including these gems,stones also. Your example is very realistic and many people are made like this because of the dasa/bukthi they are undergoing.....FATE IS SUPREME. Bye Balaji G vattem krishnan <bursar_99 wrote: Dear Juliana, Apart from affordability,I have seen that many people rush to only those Astrologers who will suggest for gemstones.They may not seek fee for consulatations but will have commission from the Gem traders. Due to negative impact of Gems many people have become ill and unexpectedly got in to tragic situations.let me brief you one incident: One of my Secretary,a young lady(around 30s) used to wear Yellow saphire on her middle finguer(Saturn) and I noticed one day abruptly and quipped her why she was wearing the gem on her middle finguer and told her that she should change it.She said that some Astrologer told that she should wear on that finguer.Then I kept quite.May be after 3rd or 4th day (after my talk with her) all of a sudden some body brought the news that her husband committed suicide at a place far off from her work place. When I just reviewed the whole thing intuitively,It appeared to me that she must be belonging to virgo sign and her fourth is sagittarus and 7th is pisces.ofcourse I have not seen her chart I think her mars is in libra in 12 th. Her husband used to run a real easte business and was well off.They had two young children in successive years. Apart from yellow saphire she used to wear a diamond and a pearl.It was very striking to me something wrong with these kind of supplimentaries and have not found a need for all these Gems.Astrologers some how prescribe and people out of innocence buy them hoping for better things to happen in their lives.It is not just one incident I came across but sevaral. Some how I do not wear nor suggest the need for wearing stones/Gems.Even if some body suggests also to me i think twice.I believe simply in some some chantings,prayers and worship besides normal way of taking care of have nots.of course some colour codes for dresses and in the environment where they live and work. These practices have helped me immensely and also to others to whom I have given advise.So my faith in these forms of remedies is immense than in Gems. krishnan Juliana Swanson <omhamsa wrote: Dear Wendy, I agree that "gems are capable of uplifting the vibrations of weak or afflicted benefic (functional benefic) planets...[but that] it's cruel to recommend them to those who cannot afford them." I have found what may be an interesting solution to this dilemma, for people who cannot afford Jyotish gems or do not wish to wear them for any reason. For example, I have some combinations in my own chart that have caused me to lose and break expensive Jyotish prescribed gems again and again. Komilla Sutton told me that this is ultimately a good thing, because the gems are taking karmas with them when they "disappear." Swami Muktananda used to say something similar about japa/mala beads breaking. The breaking and/or loss of gems and malas can indicate the end of an old cycle of karma and the beginning of a new one, just as breaking clear glass may signify the appearance of a new paradigm in one's life. Anyway, I have been using gem elixirs as a substitute for gems, with some success. I find that the elixirs have a lighter vibration than the actual gems, so they can even be used to harmonize the energy of temporal malefics, in certain cases. For anyone interested, the gem elixirs I use are made my Dr. Lilli Botchis at: http://www.absolutelythepurest.com/other% 20parts/gemelixershome.html I am eager to hear of others' ideas and experiences with gem elixirs. Thanks, Juliana Swanson Vedic astrology Personal reading Astrology chart Astrology software Visit your group "jyotish-vidya" on the web. jyotish-vidya Start your day with - make it your home page Vedic astrology Personal reading Astrology chart Astrology software Visit your group "jyotish-vidya" on the web. jyotish-vidya Check out India Rakhi Special for Rakhi shopping, contests and lots more. http://in.promos./rakhi/index.html Vedic astrology Personal reading Astrology chart Astrology software Visit your group "jyotish-vidya" on the web. jyotish-vidya Start your day with - make it your home page Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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