karma kANDa and jnAna kANDa

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karma kANDa and jnAna kANDa.

 

The first part of the vedas, known as karma kANDa, lays down various

rituals and sacrificial acts to be performed for attaining specific ends

such as wealth, progeny, heaven, etc. While wealth and progeny are to be got

in the present life itself, heaven can be attained only after the end of the

present life. A person who performs a sacrifice intended to attain heaven

knows that he cannot go there in his physical body. So who is it that will

enjoy the fruit of his sacrifice? It is the self or AtmA. But this is not

the pure self spoken of in the upanishads, but the self associated with the

subtle body, which is known as the jIvAtmA. This subtle body does not perish

along with the physical body, but goes to other worlds in accordance with

the puNya or pApa accumulated by the person. When the sojourn in other

worlds comes to an end this jIvAatmA takes birth again in this world by

taking another physical body. The subtle body which consists of the mind and

the subtle organs of sense and action goes from one body to another until it

is also destroyed on the dawn of Self-knowledge. This jIvAtmA is the

performer of actions such as sacrifices and the enjoyer of the results

thereof. A person who performs a sacrifice for attaining heaven must be

assumed to have the knowledge that there is such a self or jIvAtmA distinct

from the physical body, which does not perish with the physical body, but

enjoys the fruits of sacrifices in another world. The karma kANDa of the

vedas is based on the view that the jIvAtmA is the performer of actions and

the enjoyer of the results thereof. Even the practice of *SravaNa, manana *

and* nididhyAsana, *hearing, reflection and meditation, which are the means

to be adopted by one who seeks liberation, is possible only as long as the

person looks upon himself as the jIvAtmA who is a doer and enjoyer. The pure

Self is however devoid of any association with the subtle and gross bodies,

is neither a doer of actions nor an enjoyer of the fruits thereof and is to

be realized as his own self, as also the self of all beings, by the person

who seeks liberation. This pure Self forms the subject matter of the second

part or jnAna kANDa of the vedas.

 

The brihadAraNyaka upanishad says (4.4.22), "Those who seek brahman wish

to realize It by the study of the vedas, by performing sacrifices, by giving

gifts and by austerities". These have to be performed without desire for the

fruit, so that they lead to purification of the mind. In the gItA, 6.3, it

is said, "For the sage who wishes to ascend to the state of yoga, karma is

the means; for the same person, when he has ascended to that state and has

become a yogArUDha, Sama, or withdrawal from action is the means".

Withdrawal from action means devoting oneself solely to the practice of

jnAnayoga, i.e., SravaNa, manana, and nididhyAsana. According to gItA 6.4 a

yogArUDha is a person who has given up even thinking about sense-objects and

has given up all thought of performing action to achieve worldly ends. Until

such a state of total detachment towards worldly attainments is attained,

the performance of karma without desire for the fruit and as an offering to

God has to be continued. Thus both the karma kANDa and the jnAna kANDa are

necessary for the seeker at different stages of his life. The sAnkhyAs held

the view that karma kANDa is not necessary and jnAna kANDa alone has to be

accepted. The pUrva mImAmsakas, on the other hand, said that karma kANDa

alone has to be followed and jnAna kANDa is not necessary. SrI Sankara has,

however, repeatedly pointed out that each kANDa is important in its own

place.

 

Though the karma kANDa prescribes various rituals and sacrifices in order

to achieve objectives such as wealth, progeny, heaven, etc., it is not the

intention of the vedas that people should always continue to perform these

and enjoy the results thereof. These are given only as inducements at the

initial stage, to divert people from improper actions and make them perform

actions approved by the vedas. Ultimately the idea of the vedas is that

people should perform the same actions without desire and attain purity of

mind, so that they become fit for Self-knowledge. This has been said in

SrImad bhAgAvata, skandha11, chapter 3, Slokas 43 to 46. SrI Sankara says in

SataSlokI, verse 8, that this is like a mother pacifying a child who is

crying because of some pain by giving it a raisin, a piece of date, or a

small piece of banana, etc., so that the child will thereafter accept the

medicine to cure its ailment. In a similar way the vedas induce the ordinary

man to perform actions which will yield worldly benefits only as the first

step in his progress towards the ultimate goal of liberation.

 

S.N.Sastri