Guest guest Posted August 8, 2004 Report Share Posted August 8, 2004 Martyrs, Virgins and Grapes By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF NEW YORK TIMES, August 4, 2004 " The virgins are calling you, " Mohamed Atta wrote reassuringly to his fellow hijackers just before 9/11. It has long been a staple of Islam that Muslim martyrs will go to paradise and marry 72 black-eyed virgins. But a growing body of rigorous scholarship on the Koran points to a less sensual paradise - and, more important, may offer a step away from fundamentalism and toward a reawakening of the Islamic world. Some Islamic theologians protest that the point was companionship, never heavenly sex. Others have interpreted the pleasures quite explicitly; one, al-Suyuti, wrote that sex in paradise is pretty much continual and so glorious that " were you to experience it in this world you would faint. " But now the same tools that historians, linguists and archaeologists have applied to the Bible for about 150 years are beginning to be applied to the Koran. The results are explosive. The Koran is beautifully written, but often obscure. One reason is that the Arabic language was born as a written language with the Koran, and there's growing evidence that many of the words were Syriac or Aramaic. For example, the Koran says martyrs going to heaven will get " hur, " and the word was taken by early commentators to mean " virgins, " hence those 72 consorts. But in Aramaic, hur meant " white " and was commonly used to mean " white grapes. " Some martyrs arriving in paradise may regard a bunch of grapes as a letdown. But the scholar who pioneered this pathbreaking research, using the pseudonym Christoph Luxenberg for security reasons, noted in an e-mail interview that grapes made more sense in context because the Koran compares them to crystal and pearls, and because contemporary accounts have paradise abounding with fruit, especially white grapes. Dr. Luxenberg's analysis, which has drawn raves from many scholars, also transforms the meaning of the verse that is sometimes cited to require women to wear veils. Instead of instructing pious women " to draw their veils over their bosoms, " he says, it advises them to " buckle their belts around their hips. " Likewise, a reference to Muhammad as " ummi " has been interpreted to mean he was illiterate, making his Koranic revelations all the more astonishing. But some scholars argue that this simply means he was not " of the book, " in the sense that he was neither Christian nor Jewish. Islam has a tradition of vigorous interpretation and adjustment, called ijtihad, but Koranic interpretation remains frozen in the model of classical commentaries written nearly two centuries after the prophet's death. The history of the rise and fall of great powers over the last 3,000 years underscores that only when people are able to debate issues freely - when religious taboos fade - can intellectual inquiry lead to scientific discovery, economic revolution and powerful new civilizations. " The taboos are still great " on such Koranic scholarship, notes Gabriel Said Reynolds, an Islam expert at the University of Notre Dame. He called the new scholarship on early Islam " a first step " to an intellectual awakening. But Muslim fundamentalists regard the Koran - every word of it - as God's own language, and they have violently attacked freethinking scholars as heretics. So Muslim intellectuals have been intimidated, and Islam has often been transmitted by narrow-minded extremists. (This problem is not confined to Islam. On my blog, www.nytimes.com/kristofresponds, I've been battling with fans of the Christian fundamentalist " Left Behind " series. Some are eager to see me left behind.) Still, there are encouraging signs. Islamic feminists are emerging to argue for religious interpretations leading to greater gender equality. An Iranian theologian has called for more study of the Koran's Syriac roots. Tunisian and German scholars are collaborating on a new critical edition of the Koran based on the earliest manuscripts. And just last week, Iran freed Hashem Aghajari, who had been sentenced to death for questioning harsh interpretations of Islam. " The breaking of the sometimes erroneous bonds in the religious tradition will be the condition for a positive evolution in other scientific and intellectual domains, " Dr. Luxenberg says. The world has a huge stake in seeing the Islamic world get on its feet again. The obstacle is not the Koran or Islam, but fundamentalism, and I hope that this scholarship is a sign of an incipient Islamic Reformation - and that future terrorist recruits will be promised not 72 black-eyed virgins, but just a plateful of grapes. Martyrs, Virgins and Grapes http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/04/opinion/04krist.html Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 8, 2004 Report Share Posted August 8, 2004 See also http://grahamlester.typepad.com/point2point/2004/07/reconstructing_.html for some caveats on this scholar's methodology J shriadishakti , " jagbir singh " <adishakti_org> wrote: > > > > Martyrs, Virgins and Grapes > By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF > NEW YORK TIMES, August 4, 2004 > > > " The virgins are calling you, " Mohamed Atta wrote reassuringly to > his fellow hijackers just before 9/11. > > It has long been a staple of Islam that Muslim martyrs will go to > paradise and marry 72 black-eyed virgins. But a growing body of > rigorous scholarship on the Koran points to a less sensual paradise - > and, more important, may offer a step away from fundamentalism and > toward a reawakening of the Islamic world. > > Some Islamic theologians protest that the point was companionship, > never heavenly sex. Others have interpreted the pleasures quite > explicitly; one, al-Suyuti, wrote that sex in paradise is pretty > much continual and so glorious that " were you to experience it in > this world you would faint. " > > But now the same tools that historians, linguists and archaeologists > have applied to the Bible for about 150 years are beginning to be > applied to the Koran. The results are explosive. > > The Koran is beautifully written, but often obscure. One reason is > that the Arabic language was born as a written language with the > Koran, and there's growing evidence that many of the words were > Syriac or Aramaic. > > For example, the Koran says martyrs going to heaven will get " hur, " > and the word was taken by early commentators to mean " virgins, " > hence those 72 consorts. But in Aramaic, hur meant " white " and was > commonly used to mean " white grapes. " > > Some martyrs arriving in paradise may regard a bunch of grapes as a > letdown. But the scholar who pioneered this pathbreaking research, > using the pseudonym Christoph Luxenberg for security reasons, noted > in an e-mail interview that grapes made more sense in context > because the Koran compares them to crystal and pearls, and because > contemporary accounts have paradise abounding with fruit, especially > white grapes. > > Dr. Luxenberg's analysis, which has drawn raves from many scholars, > also transforms the meaning of the verse that is sometimes cited to > require women to wear veils. Instead of instructing pious women " to > draw their veils over their bosoms, " he says, it advises them > to " buckle their belts around their hips. " > > Likewise, a reference to Muhammad as " ummi " has been interpreted to > mean he was illiterate, making his Koranic revelations all the more > astonishing. But some scholars argue that this simply means he was > not " of the book, " in the sense that he was neither Christian nor > Jewish. > > Islam has a tradition of vigorous interpretation and adjustment, > called ijtihad, but Koranic interpretation remains frozen in the > model of classical commentaries written nearly two centuries after > the prophet's death. The history of the rise and fall of great > powers over the last 3,000 years underscores that only when people > are able to debate issues freely - when religious taboos fade - can > intellectual inquiry lead to scientific discovery, economic > revolution and powerful new civilizations. " The taboos are still > great " on such Koranic scholarship, notes Gabriel Said Reynolds, an > Islam expert at the University of Notre Dame. He called the new > scholarship on early Islam " a first step " to an intellectual > awakening. > > But Muslim fundamentalists regard the Koran - every word of it - as > God's own language, and they have violently attacked freethinking > scholars as heretics. So Muslim intellectuals have been intimidated, > and Islam has often been transmitted by narrow-minded extremists. > > (This problem is not confined to Islam. On my blog, > www.nytimes.com/kristofresponds, I've been battling with fans of the > Christian fundamentalist " Left Behind " series. Some are eager to see > me left behind.) > > Still, there are encouraging signs. Islamic feminists are emerging > to argue for religious interpretations leading to greater gender > equality. An Iranian theologian has called for more study of the > Koran's Syriac roots. Tunisian and German scholars are collaborating > on a new critical edition of the Koran based on the earliest > manuscripts. And just last week, Iran freed Hashem Aghajari, who had > been sentenced to death for questioning harsh interpretations of > Islam. > > " The breaking of the sometimes erroneous bonds in the religious > tradition will be the condition for a positive evolution in other > scientific and intellectual domains, " Dr. Luxenberg says. > > The world has a huge stake in seeing the Islamic world get on its > feet again. The obstacle is not the Koran or Islam, but > fundamentalism, and I hope that this scholarship is a sign of an > incipient Islamic Reformation - and that future terrorist recruits > will be promised not 72 black-eyed virgins, but just a plateful of > grapes. > > Martyrs, Virgins and Grapes > http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/04/opinion/04krist.html Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 9, 2004 Report Share Posted August 9, 2004 shriadishakti , " sahajhist " <sahajhist> wrote: > See also > >http://grahamlester.typepad.com/point2point/2004/07/reconstructing_. > html for some caveats on this scholar's methodology > J > John, i think you are under the impression that i believe the Qur'an actually says that martyrs deserve 72 white grapes instead of virgins for laying down their lives. Common sense, not academic intellect, is sufficient to understand that it is far more difficult on Earth to taste the forbidden fruits of 72 virgins than grapes. i hardly know of any human who has had that many............... er, i mean virgins. The West has tried a number of ways to deny martyring Muslims this erotic paradise in the vain hope their youth will refrain from blowing themselves up. Seventy-two assured virgins waiting in paradise is definitely worth the maximum plain-looking four in the Gaza Strip. i find it naive that westerners think Muslims are dying to get laid by lusty lasses in paradise. Do they think those oppressed will stop martyring themselves because diacritical points now turn this 1400-year-old promised pleasure oasis into a 21st. century fruity desert? This is just absurd, even laughable. But that is not the reason for my posting Martyrs, Virgins and Grapes. i have now deleted the confusing parts and leave it to your buddhi to comprehend how the rest relates to the changing trends that will one day help spread the message of Shri Mataji .......... .............................. and i don't mean the subtle system or selected vegetables. jagbir Martyrs, Virgins and Grapes By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF NEW YORK TIMES, August 4, 2004 " The virgins are calling you, " Mohamed Atta wrote reassuringly to his fellow hijackers just before 9/11. It has long been a staple of Islam that Muslim martyrs will go to paradise and marry 72 black-eyed virgins. But a growing body of rigorous scholarship on the Koran points to a less sensual paradise - and, more important, may offer a step away from fundamentalism and toward a reawakening of the Islamic world. ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ........................ But now the same tools that historians, linguists and archaeologists have applied to the Bible for about 150 years are beginning to be applied to the Koran. The results are explosive. The Koran is beautifully written, but often obscure. One reason is that the Arabic language was born as a written language with the Koran, and there's growing evidence that many of the words were Syriac or Aramaic. For example, the Koran says martyrs going to heaven will get " hur, " and the word was taken by early commentators to mean " virgins, " hence those 72 consorts........................................... ................................. ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ............... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... .............................. Likewise, a reference to Muhammad as " ummi " has been interpreted to mean he was illiterate, making his Koranic revelations all the more astonishing. ........................................................ ...................................................................... ........ Islam has a tradition of vigorous interpretation and adjustment, called ijtihad, but Koranic interpretation remains frozen in the model of classical commentaries written nearly two centuries after the prophet's death. The history of the rise and fall of great powers over the last 3,000 years underscores that only when people are able to debate issues freely - when religious taboos fade - can intellectual inquiry lead to scientific discovery, economic revolution and powerful new civilizations. " The taboos are still great " on such Koranic scholarship, notes Gabriel Said Reynolds, an Islam expert at the University of Notre Dame. He called the new scholarship on early Islam " a first step " to an intellectual awakening. But Muslim fundamentalists regard the Koran - every word of it - as God's own language, and they have violently attacked freethinking scholars as heretics. So Muslim intellectuals have been intimidated, and Islam has often been transmitted by narrow-minded extremists. (This problem is not confined to Islam. On my blog, www.nytimes.com/kristofresponds, I've been battling with fans of the Christian fundamentalist " Left Behind " series. Some are eager to see me left behind.) Still, there are encouraging signs. Islamic feminists are emerging to argue for religious interpretations leading to greater gender equality. An Iranian theologian has called for more study of the Koran's Syriac roots. Tunisian and German scholars are collaborating on a new critical edition of the Koran based on the earliest manuscripts. And just last week, Iran freed Hashem Aghajari, who had been sentenced to death for questioning harsh interpretations of Islam. " The breaking of the sometimes erroneous bonds in the religious tradition will be the condition for a positive evolution in other scientific and intellectual domains, " Dr. Luxenberg says. The world has a huge stake in seeing the Islamic world get on its feet again. The obstacle is not the Koran or Islam, but fundamentalism, and I hope that this scholarship is a sign of an incipient Islamic Reformation ..................................... ...................................................................... ................................ Martyrs, Virgins and Grapes http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/04/opinion/04krist.html Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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