Khokhmah and Sophia by Max Dashu

[Guest guest]

Khokhmah and Sophia

Copyright 2000 Max Dashu.

 

This article was originally published as chapter III of Streams of

Wisdom (Oakland CA: The Suppressed Histories Archives, 2000).

An early serialized version appeared in Goddessing Regenerated,

a journal edited by Willow LaMonte, Malta, 1998.

 

Independent scholar Max Dashu founded the Suppressed Histories

Archives in 1970. Since then, she has photographed over 14,000 slides

and created ninety slideshows on international women's history,

including Women's Power, Patriarchies, Female Rebels and Mavericks,

Taming the Female Body, and Racism: History and Lies. She has

presented hundreds of slide talks at universities, community centers,

bookstores, schools, libraries, prisons, galleries, festivals and

conferences around North America.

 

Dashu has guest-taught classes at John F. Kennedy University (Orinda,

CA), California Institute of Integral Studies and New College (San

Francisco), among others. She has acted as historical consultant for

a variety of projects, including Donna Deitch's film, Woman to Woman

(1973-4) and the San Francisco Women's Building mural project

(1994).She has done extensive interdisciplinary research on the

European witch hunts and folk traditions about witches. See the

Articles page for excerpts from her forthcoming book Secret History

of the Witches.

 

--------------------------------

 

 

Wisdom goddesses are a primary survival of Goddess consciousness

within patriarchal systems. In an intact Goddess cosmology, Wisdom is

not sharply differentiated from other divine qualities. In that sense

the separation is artificial, and typical of the divisions that arise

when theologians erect their esoteric hegemonies. But I'm struck by

the recurrence of Wisdom deities in the " major " religions, and how

archaic streams of Goddess reverence continue to flow through them

under the doctrinal surfaces. For seekers groping a way back to

Origins, it can be illuminating to meditate on divine Wisdom in these

forms.

 

Khokhmah and Sophia

Max Dashú

 

Thou art a Wisdom. Thou are a Knowing. Thou art Truth.

Because of Thee, there is life. Life is from Thee.

Because of Thee, there is mind.

--The Three Stelas of Seth, an Egyptian Gnostic scripture

 

The ancient Hebrew name for Wisdom is Khokhmah, a feminine noun. In

Jewish scripture, it was Khokhmah who personified the female Divine.

She is understood as an emanation of God, yet she resonates with the

Hebrew Goddess who is otherwise assailed in the Bible, especially

Asherah, she of the sacred Tree. Proverbs 3:18 calls up an image of

Khokhmah that originates in the oldest core of Jewish culture: " She

is a Tree of Life to all who lay hold of her. "

 

In the same book, Khokhmah sings, " The one who finds me, finds life. "

Like the goddess Asherah, regarded as the partner of Yahweh by the

ancient Hebrews, Khokhmah is linked to the pillar. " My throne was in

the pillar of cloud, " she declares in Ben Sirach (24:4). In Proverbs

9:1 she builds a house of seven pillars.

 

Asphodel Long's book A Chariot Drawn by Lions offers profound

insights into the survival of the Hebrew Goddess. She points out that

Wisdom is another form of the Shekhinah, the divine Presence. Both

are " expressed in light and glory, " both involved in creation,

enthroned in heaven, intermediaries between god and the world,

ascending and descending, and winged.

 

The Book of Wisdom of Solomon, written by Alexandrian Jews in the

Hellenistic era, renames Khokhmah as Sophia, the Greek word for

Wisdom. In this text, as Long points out, Sophia " takes over the

powers and function of God " and the creation story is told using the

word " she. " The ancient author is careful to qualify this audacity by

describing Wisdom as God's breath and emanation, but still praises

her at length in her own right as " holy " and " all-powerful " :

 

For in her there is a spirit that is intelligent, holy, unique,

manifold, subtle; mobile, clear, unpolluted, distinct, invulnerable,

loving the good, keen, irresistible,

Beneficent, human, steadfast, sure, free from anxiety, all-powerful,

overseeing all and penetrating through all spirits that are

intelligent and pure and most subtle.

For wisdom is more mobile than any motion; because of her pureness

she pervades and penetrates all things. [Long, 46-7]

 

Another beautiful passage likens Wisdom to " a flame of stars through

the night. " [Allegro, 171] The praise-names in the Book of Wisdom of

Solomon resonate deeply with those in the goddess litanies of India.

The most celebrated of these is the Sri Lalitaa Sahasranama, an

invocation of Goddess under a thousand names, including Intelligence,

Holy, Unique, Multiformed, Subtle, Pure, Beyond All Danger, Loving

the Good, Beneficence, Steady, Without Anxiety, Great Power, and All-

Pervasive.

 

Long's illuminating exegesis of the Alexandrian Wisdom litany brings

forward the little-known fact that the Greek name monogones ( " unique,

singly born " ) began as a title of female divinities. It originates in

a Kemetic title of Neit, Hathor and Isis: " self-born, self-produced, "

and later appears in Orphic hymns to Demeter, Persephone and Athena.

Christians subsequently applied it to Yeshua of Nazareth who was cast

as the " only-begotten son " of god. [Long, 49]

 

In late antiquity other titles arose in the Judaic tradition:

Shekhinah (Divine Presence) and Matronit (the Mother). Kabbalists

redefined Khokhmah as a masculine power, and assigned Binah

(Understanding) to the feminine sphere. Torah became to some extent a

personification of Wisdom, and Jews in many countries invited Shabbat

to enter their homes as the bride of god and the essence of peace and

joy.

 

There is not room here to enter the Egyptian Stream of Wisdom, but

the Stream that follows can only be understood in the light of the

veneration of Auset, known in Hellenistic culture as Isis. This

goddess had come to be worshipped beyond the borders of Egypt, first

in west Asia and north Africa, then in Europe. Isis aretalogies

(praise-songs based on the affirmation " I am " ) emphasize creative

Wisdom as one of her divine qualities:

 

I am Isis, mistress of every land

I laid down laws for humanity and ordained things that no one may

change...

I divided the earth from the heavens

I made manifest the paths of the stars

I prescribed the course of the sun and moon

I found out the labors of the sea

I made justice mighty...

—Aretalogy of Isis from Cyme, circa 200 CE [Drinker, 114]

 

A syncretic ferment of Egyptian, Greek and Hebrew traditions occurred

in Alexandria and the eastern Mediterranean during the Roman empire.

Jewish writers appear to have initiated a Greek series of Oracula

Sibillina which begin to appear around 150 BCE. Philo Judaeus of

Alexandria identified Sophia as Mother of the divine Logos and as

Isis, mother of Horus. But Philo followed Biblical tradition in

according primacy to the father-god as creator, treating the divine

mother—Sophia — as his attribute or emanation. Nevertheless, he

described this god as the husband of Wisdom. [Long, 46, 162; Patai,

98]

 

The pagan priest Plutarch agreed that Isis was the same as Sophia,

creator of all. [Allegro, 157] Pagan mystery religions equated Isis

with Demeter, Kybele, Juno Caelestis, Bona Dea, Tyche and other

Mediterranean goddesses, mixing their attributes and titles. Isis was

sculptured wearing the mural crown of the Asian goddess Tyche and

holding the cornucopia of the Italian Fortuna and Terra Mater. (These

statuettes have been found in distant Kazakhstan and Pakistan.)

Multitudes of molded figurines of Isis seated on the basket of the

Eleusinian Mysteries were mass-produced for home altars within Egypt

itself.

 

Most of these Hellenized terracotta statuettes shrink the horned

solar crown of the ancient Kemetic goddess and flank it with ears of

wheat, assimilating her to Demeter in a historical double rebound.

The Knot of Isis that was for millennia tied around her belly moves

up to her breast in a tied Grecian shawl. Other terracottas show Isis

Baubo with skirts pulled up around her hips and legs opened wide.

Still others look to the headwaters of the Nile, as the goddess

Besit, linked to the BaTwa peoples, socalled " pygmies, " or perhaps to

other little people ( " dwarves " ).

 

In the midst of this syncretism, many Isis terracottas retain the

Egyptian convention showing her suckling her son (now represented as

a sketchy afterthought). She also appears as Isis Bubastis --

Ermouthis to the Greeks -- with the lower part of her body in the

form of a snake. This form of Isis has turned up as far east as Iraq.

 

Some Egyptian Jews engaged in ecstatic forms of worship. Philo wrote

that the Therapeutae ( " healers " ) became " transported by divine

enthusiasm. " They danced and sang hymns in harmonies and antiphonies,

women with women and men with men. Then, says Philo, they feasted and

drank wine, and at last all joined together in one assembly:

 

Perfectly beautiful are their motions, perfectly beautiful their

discourse; grave and solemn are these carollers; and the final aim of

their motions, their discourse, and their choral dances is piety.

[Drinker, 159-160]

 

The Therapeutae were among the Jewish sects in which women " conducted

the Sabbath services and provided influential commentaries on the

scriptures. " [Long, 38] Philo described their practice as a form of

spiritual healing, which in fact gave this community its name:

 

Inasmuch as they profess to the art of healing better than that

current in towns, which cures only the bodies, they treat also souls

oppressed by grievous and well-nigh intolerable diseases.

[Contemplative Life, in Allegro, 109]

 

The biggest community of Therapeutae lived near the Mareotic lake in

northern Egypt. Their huts had little prayer alcoves, and they

gathered in a central building for communal meals. Like Philo, they

seem to have syncretized Isis with Wisdom and called upon her for

healing: " She was reckoned to cure the sick and to bring the dead to

life, and she bore the title 'Mother of God.' " This was an ancient

name of Neit, Isis, and other Kemetic goddesses.

 

 

The Gnostic Goddess

 

The syncretism of Judaic, Egyptian, Hellenistic and Persian

traditions gave rise to Gnosticism, a name which arose directly from

an emphasis on inner knowing. Until the discovery of the Nag Hammadi

scrolls, what was known of the Gnostics came mostly from their sworn

enemies, the institutional clergy. When church patriarchs selected

the books that became the canonical christian bible, they rejected

some of the earliest texts, Gnostic scriptures. Among these excluded

scriptures were writings that pictured Wisdom as a divine, creative

female presence.

 

The Goddess was still well-loved in Egypt, whose ancient religion

exerted a tremendous influence on early Gnostic philosophy. The

Gospel of Thomas retains an invocation from ancient litanies of

Auset: " Come, lady revealing hidden secrets... " Aretalogies of Isis

made their way into several Gnostic scriptures, as Great Isis

continued to be syncretized with Judaic wisdom traditions of Khokhmah

under Hellenistic names.

 

The Gnostic scripture Eugnostos the Blessed hails " the all-wise

Sophia, Genetrix. " It was she, says the Origin of the World,

who " created great luminaries and all of the stars and placed them in

the heaven so that they should shine upon the earth. " This Gnostic

passage echoes the Isis Aretalogy of Cyme: " I divided earth from

heaven, I created the ways of the stars... "

 

Other Egyptian Gnostic texts name the Divine Female as Ennoia

(Thought), Pronoia (Forethought) or Protennoia (Primal Thought),

Pistis (Faith), Sige (Silence), Eidea (Image, Idea), or Charis

(Grace). These titles are often used interchangeably with Sophia.

Several texts address the goddess as Arche ( " beginning " ), following

the Hebraic representation of Wisdom as Reshiit in the Palestinian

Targum and the Samaritan Liturgy. [Arthur, 65, 55, 61; Long, 87ff]

 

The early Egyptian Gnostics embraced the Wisdom goddess as a power

higher than the god who created the world. A Greek-Coptic text named

Origin of the World reworks Genesis to show the Goddess taking part

in creation, and restores Eve to her primordial sacred status as the

Mother of All Living. In a section known as the " Eve intrusion, "

Sophia creates " the Living-Eva, that is, the Instructress of Life. "

This androgynous being takes form according to the image of the

Mother, and proclaims her identity with her. She assumes titles of

Isis, such as " consoler of the labor pains. " [Arthur, 99, 117, 131]

 

This book calls Eve " the mother of the living, " a title that goes

back to the earliest Hebrew roots, and even further, to the Sumerian

goddess Ninti. In this telling, it is Eve who gives life to Adam. The

archons beheld Eve and compared her to Sophia, " the likeness which

appeared to us in the light. " They plotted to rape and " pollute " Eve,

and to cast Adam into a sleep, teaching him that she came into being

from his rib " so that the woman will serve and he will rule over

her. " But Life/Eve laughed at their scheming, darkened their eyes and

left her likeness beside Adam. " She entered the tree of knowledge,

and remained there. She revealed to them that she had entered the

tree and become tree. " The archons ran away in fear, but later came

back and defiled Eve's likeness. " And they were deceived, not knowing

that they had defiled their own bodies. " [Young, 54; Arthur, 207]

 

A Nag Hammadi scroll called the Testimony of Truth deifies the wise

Serpent who counsels Eve to eat the fruit of knowledge: " On the day

when you eat from the tree which is in the midst of Paradise, the

eyes of your mind will be opened. " The scroll's author points out

that god's threat of immediate death didn't come true, but the

Serpent's promise of knowledge did. He calls the god of Genesis " a

malicious envier " who begrudged humans the power of knowing. This

theme of an imperfect creator god recurs in other Gnostic texts.

Sophia rebukes this god as a liar and fool when he, unaware of her

role in creation, claims sole divinity.

 

Another form of the syncretic Egyptian Gnostic goddess is the

mysterious Barbelo. Presented as an emanation of god, she resembles

Khokhmah. But christian Egyptian texts refer to Mother Barbelo as

part of a trinity, along with the Father and Son. The Barbelo

literature's attempts to reconcile conflicting traditions result in

contradictions. The Gospel of the Egyptians says that Barbelo

originated from herself, as the ancients had said of Neit, Mother of

the Gods. But the Three Stelas of Seth present her as " the first

shadow of the holy Father, " who had existed before her. It addresses

her with feminine pronouns, but paradoxically praises her as " the

male virginal Barbelo. " [Arthur, 165-6] A later passage reverts to

goddess imagery:

 

Thou art a Sophia. Thou art a Gnosis. Thou art truth. Because of

thee, there is life. Life is from thee. Because of thee, there is

mind... Thou art a cosmos of truth. Thou art a triple power...

[Arthur, 166]

 

 

The Sethian Gnostics said that this trinity was made up of Light,

Breath, and Darkness. The Peratae had it as Father, Son and Matter,

with the Son mediating between the exalted Father and a passive

female principle. [Philosophumena, in Doresse, 52, 50]

 

However, the Trimorphic Protennoia exalts " Barbelo, the perfect

glory, " from whose thought originated the trinity of Father, Mother,

Son. This scroll contains an aretalogy that unambiguously praises the

goddess Protennoia as the origin: " I am Primal Thought that dwells in

the Light... she who exists before the All... I move in every

creature... I am the Invisible One within the All. " [Pagels, 55; Long,

92-3] Her divinity is immeasurable, ineffable and radiant. [Arthur,

168]

 

The Apochryphon of John contains another aretalogy of " the perfect

Pronoia (forethought) of the universe, " who was " the first. " She

wandered in the great darkness, " into the midst of the prison, " even

into the depths of the underworld. She represents " the light which

exists in light. " But this christian text compared " sister Sophia "

unfavorably to Barbelo. A splintering of Gnostic goddess images was

underway. They were being subordinated to " the Father, " and those not

firmly partnered to a male god disparaged. The derivative Gnostic

aretalogies reflect an emerging concept of the " fallen " goddess.

 

The longest Gnostic aretalogy appears in Thunder, Perfect Mind

(originally titled The Divine Barbelo). It follows the form of the

old Isis litanies: " I am the wisdom of the Greeks / And the knowledge

of the barbarians / I am one whose image is great in Egypt... " Unlike

the aretalogies, however, Thunder is marked by dualism, pairing

negatives— " ignorance... shame... fear " —with Barbelo's divine

qualities. [Arthur, 164, 175] Still, it contains verse of remarkable

beauty and profundity:

 

I am the first and the last

I am the honored one and the scorned one

I am the whore and the holy one

I am the wife and the virgin

I am the mother and the daughter

I am the members of my mother

I am the barren one, and many are her sons....

I am the silence that is incomprehensible

And the idea whose remembrance is frequent

And the word whose appearance is multiple

I am the utterance of my name.

 

Though Sophia is prominent in the Gnostic creation accounts, she was

being stripped of the radiant holiness the Egyptians attributed to

Isis and the Hebrews to Khokhmah. In her ground-breaking and all-too-

little-known study The Wisdom Goddess, Rose Arthur shows how the

positive view of Sophia in the early, pre-christian scriptures was

gradually broken down and degraded by a masculinizing, christianizing

movement that emphasized a " fallen Sophia. "

 

Arthur demonstrates that the older texts were consistently reedited

to reduce and subordinate female divinity, while exalting the male

god. The Hypostasis of the Archons is no more than " a christianized,

patriarchalized and defeminized summary of On the Origin of the

World. " It blatantly substitutes the christian god for the Gnostic

goddess. For example, the line " But all this came to pass according

to the Pronoia of Pistis " becomes " But all these things came to pass

in the Will of the Father of the All. "

 

The pre-christian scripture Eugnostos the Blessed was revamped as the

Sophia Jesu Christi, in which Sophia rebels against the " Father of

the Universe, " repents of her fault, and is saved by her male

partner, Jesus Christ. The revisionist text repeatedly refers to

the " fault of the woman. " The same process was at work in the Pistis

Sophia, where the fallen Sophia is made to sing thirteen hymns of

repentence before Jesus helps her to regain the spiritual heights.

 

These new patriarchal discourses still had to contend with a deep-

rooted conviction in the Goddess as the ultimate source of life. Even

hostile writers acknowledge that Sophia gives the breath of life to

Adam, though they show this happening indirectly. But they view the

material creation as evil, imprisoning the souls who live in it.

Often Sophia herself is shown falling into bondage.

 

In one Gnostic myth, Sophia was made prisoner by the seven archons.

The essence of Wisdom made flesh in female form was subjected to

every indignity, including being forced into whoredom. In one

version, Simon Magus rescues " Helena " from a brothel in Tyre. But in

actuality she is the creator of the angels who made the world. She is

called Kyria, Lady, a Greek term corresponding to the christian god's

title Kyrios. [Allegro, 141-5] These stories don't refer to idealized

notions of sacred harlots making love in freedom, but to female

degradation in the prison-brothels of the Roman empire. While they

may be taken as an affirmation of the presence of the sacred within

the enslaved women, they also demark a clear demotion of the Wisdom

goddess, who has lost her original sovereign power.

 

The earlier view of Goddess as the supreme Source, or alternatively

as a male god's perfect partner, now gave way to the idea that she

was a lower being in need of pardon and salvation. New authors

developed themes of a deluded and foolish Sophia (controvening the

very meaning of her name, " Wisdom " ). They accuse of her of breaking

cosmic law by creating without a male partner and describe her

creation as defective. [Couliano, 78-9]

 

While these writers blamed Sophia for conceiving alone, the male god

is praised for creating without a partner. She is cast down and made

to suffer and repent until a superior male god deigns to " correct her

deficiency. " As Sophia is mythically overthrown, other female figures

pick up aspects of her power, but the force of the Gnostic Wisdom

goddess is almost spent.

 

Under the oppressive climate of the Roman empire, with its heavy

taxation, displaced populations, urban crowding, plagues, slave

economy, and arena executions, to say nothing of pervasive violence

against women, a profound negativity had seeped into religious

consciousness. People felt like prisoners in the world, and a

conviction arose that creation itself was flawed. The taint reached

back to the Goddess herself, since she manifested herself in matter,

in birth, in bodies.

 

This new doctrine identifying the female with bondage, weakness,

inferiority and fault was the final means of overthrowing the Goddess

Mysteries in the Mediterranean. The process was erratic. Judaic

Wisdom mysticism, so influential in early Gnosticism, exalted the

creative power of Khokhmah, and held that creation was good, even

though the female is formally subordinated to the male throughout the

Bible. But increasingly Gnostics gravitated toward an " value-

inversion, " not only revolting against the Biblical god, but

rejecting all creation as well.

 

Although Gnostics were strongly influenced by Judaism, which features

Wisdom as a co-creator, many of their writings evince a strong animus

against it. Some emphasize the female creative principle, while

others, especially the later texts, demote her. Much of Gnostic

scripture reinterprets the biblical creation story, making Yahweh

(cast as Ialdabaoth or Saklas or Authades) junior to the creating

Wisdom goddess, unaware of her presence but working with her light.

Possibly this theme originated as a reassertation of the Goddess

(especially she of ten-thousand-names in Egypt) whose scattered

signatures are visible in the Gnostic amalgam of Hellenistic, Judaic

and Persian cosmologies. Some of these accounts can be read as a

defense of her divinity and creative power as against the

increasingly influential concept of a masculine god as sole creator.

 

But the syncretic Goddess of late antiquity was gradually subjected

to heavy-handed reinterpretation as Gnostics embraced a heavily

polarized doctrine of dualism. Thei rejection of the " lower " world

ended up dragging down the Goddess in the midst of its attack on

Judaism. It demanded rejection of the body, of lovemaking and the

ancient birth mysteries: of Earth and Nature herself. New christian

doctrines stripped Sophia of her divine qualities, dramatically

subordinating her to the Father and to Christ as her male partner and

savior. Later writers dropped the name Sophia altogether. Some

introduce new names, but the visible trend is away from myths

exalting a creatrix.

 

The variant picture of the Gnostic scriptures reflects an intense

campaign to beat down goddess veneration and to split body and

spirit. The tension is more open in the Gnostic gospels precisely

because the female divinity is still powerful, in contrast to the

christian canon. It was in Egypt and other centers of the Mysteries

that the last stand for open Goddess worship was fought -- and

ultimately lost -- on the battleground of Gnosticism.

 

Eradicating the Goddess proved to be an impossible task. She survived

in myriads of forms in popular belief, veiled as Mary or christian

saints. The Virgin Mary occupied a much less powerful position in

church doctrine and scriptures than the old pagan Goddess. Folk

tradition is another story; there devotion shifted to Mary from the

old goddesses and persisted over centuries as new ethnicities entered

christendom. Due to this popular pressure and the role it played in

the clergy's conversion strategy, Mary escaped the degradation that

Gnostic christians ended up heaping on Sophia, and the stigma that

theologians cast over Eve. Catholicism ended up absorbing goddess

traditions over the centuries, through progressive engorgements,

while Gnosticism gradually shed them.

 

But the story of Sophia does not end there. Her Greek worshippers

succeeded in assimilating her to Orthodox christianity, as Hagia

Sophia. The greatest cathedral of the Byzantines was raised in honor

of this " Holy Wisdom, " supported by the great porphyry pillars taken

from the Ephesian temple of Artemis. The early Orthodox Greeks

regarded Hagia Sophia as a female member of the Trinity, the " Holy

Spirit. " This strand persisted in Orthodox Christian mysticism, and

is still a force in Russian spirituality. Western Christian feminists

have also reclaimed it in recent decades.

 

This title of " Holy Spirit " also belonged to Ruha d'Qudsha, the

goddess of the Iraqi Mandaeans. By the Christian era she had been

demonized, but she is an Aramaean analog to the Hebrew Shekhinah:

compare Biblical ruach, " spirit " and qadoshah, " holy, " and remember,

too, the ancient Canaanite-Egyptian goddess QDSU or Qudsha. The

Aramaean goddess undergoes the same debasement in Syria and northern

Iraq as Sophia had in the eastern Mediterranean. Ruha d'Qudsha, as

mother of the " evil " planets and zodiac spirits, is another fallen,

or rather toppled, goddess. She is called deficient and defective,

and must be uplifted and guided by the Father.

 

The Torah uses the word " hovering, " as with beating wings, to

describe the divine Presence that Talmudic writers had begun to call

the Shekhinah. Her image resonates with the ancient veneration of

doves as sacred to Canaanite, Syrian, and Cypriot goddesses.

Christians adopted this imagery, picturing the Holy Spirit as a

winged radiance and a hovering dove. She flutters above Mary in

innumerable scenes of the Annunciation, and above the consecrated

chalice and bread.

 

As for Khokhmah, she remained a presence within the Hebrew

Scriptures. Thousands of years after her praises were embedded in the

Book of Proverbs, medieval christian mystics were attracted to this

female image of Wisdom. Hildegarde of Bingen knew her as Sophia,

Scientia Dei, and Sapientia of the seven pillars. One of her

manuscripts even shows her wearing the mural crown of the ancient

goddess of Asia Minor. Hildegarde's profoundly animistic poetry sings

the praises of Life endowed with Wisdom, as a goddess in all but

name:

 

I am that supreme and fiery force that sends forth all living sparks.

Death hath no part in me, yet I bestow death, wherefore I am girt

about with Wisdom as with wings. I am that living and fiery essence

of the divine substance that glows in the beauty of the fields, and

in the shining water, and in the burning sun and the moon and the

stars, and in the force of the invisible wind, the breath of all

living things, I breathe in the green grass and the flowers, and in

the living waters...

 

[book of Divine Works, circa 1167, in Partnow, The Quotable Woman,

48]

 

 

SOURCES

 

Allegro, John, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth,

Prometheus, Buffalo, 1984

 

Arthur, Rose, The Wisdom Goddess: Motifs in Eight Nag Hammadi

Documents, University of America Press, New York, 1984

 

Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen, Female Fault and Fulfilment in Gnosticism,

University of North Carolina Press, Chapel, 1986

 

Couliano, Ioan, The Tree of Gnosis: Gnostic Mythology from Early

Christianity to Modern Nihilism, Harper, San Francisco, 1992

 

Doresse, Jean, The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics, Viking

Press, NY, 1960

 

Drinker, Sophie, Music and Women, Coward-McCann, New York, about 1948

 

Long, Asphodel P, In a Chariot Drawn by Lions: The Search for the

Female in Deity, Crossing Press, Freedom CA, 1993

 

Pagels, Elaine, The Gnostic Gospels, Weidenfield and Nicholson,

London, 1979

 

Patai, Raphael, The Hebrew Goddess, Wayne State U Press, Detroit,

1990 (The third edition is updated and contains a new chapter on the

Kabbalah.)

 

Young, Serinity, An Anthology of Sacred Texts by and about Women

 

http://www.suppressedhistories.net/articles/sophia.html