The Atlantic Ocean

[Guest guest]

Has it always been called 'The Atlantic Ocean " ?

 

What was its name a thousand years ago?

 

Is there a line between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean?

 

Does the line go all the way down to the bottom......or it just on the

surface?

 

Does it move with the waves?

 

Who maintains the line?

 

Would the Atlantic Ocean disappear if we all decided to chabge its name?

 

If you took a bucket of water from the Atlantic Ocean and poured it

into the Pacific Ocean.....would it become Pacific Ocean?

 

 

These are bonefide questions......not koans.

 

 

 

If you believe that the Atlantic Ocean is a real thing....you should

be able to answer them.

 

 

Now.............about Texas...............

 

 

 

 

toombaru

[Guest guest]

Nisargadatta , " toombaru2006 " <lastrain

wrote:

 

 

Now whereas I don't know who " bonefide is, he's seemed to ask a

bonAfide question....so let us attemt some answers to his thirst for

knowledge:

 

 

>

> Has it always been called 'The Atlantic Ocean " ?

 

NO

>

> What was its name a thousand years ago?

 

YES(we did translate the Greek however..so a bit tricky here)

>

> Is there a line between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean?

 

A LINE OF LAND....

>

> Does the line go all the way down to the bottom......or it just on

the

> surface?

 

IT GOES AS DEEP AS IT GOES(not a koan)

 

> Does it move with the waves?

 

OF COURSE NOT SILLY

 

 

> Who maintains the line?

 

THE SAME MAINTAINANCE KEEPER WHO MAINTAINS ALL THINGS.

 

 

> Would the Atlantic Ocean disappear if we all decided to chabge its

name?

 

NO

>

> If you took a bucket of water from the Atlantic Ocean and poured it

> into the Pacific Ocean.....would it become Pacific Ocean?

 

PART OF IT YES..about a bucket full of salty here would be added unto

it.

 

 

> These are bonefide questions......not koans.

 

 

 

Gotch bonefide....now for a more complete elucidation and

description..see below all the other bullshit here and you may have

an enlightening experience.

 

 

> If you believe that the Atlantic Ocean is a real thing....you should

> be able to answer them.

JUST DID>>With lots more detail in the script below....for REAL fans

 

 

> Now.............about Texas...............

 

 

 

Texas is Real?.....I thought GWB was just kiddin' around about that

like he does everything else..what a comic...he makes me laugh!

 

........bob..( oh..don't forget to remember to view the below)

 

 

 

 

 

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean, covering

approximately one-fifth of the earth's surface. The ocean's name,

derived from Greek mythology, means the " Sea of Atlas " . The oldest

known mention of this name is contained in The Histories of Herodotus

around 450 BC (I 202).

 

This ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending in a north-

south direction and is divided into the North Atlantic and South

Atlantic by Equatorial Counter Currents at about 8° North latitude.

Bounded by the Americas on the west and Europe and Africa on the

east, the Atlantic is linked to the Pacific Ocean by the Arctic Ocean

on the north and the Drake Passage on the south. An artificial

connection between the Atlantic and Pacific is provided by the Panama

Canal. On the east, the dividing line between the Atlantic and the

Indian Ocean is the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape

Agulhas to Antarctica. The Atlantic is separated from the Arctic

Ocean by a line from Greenland to northwestern Iceland and then from

northeastern Iceland to southernmost tip of Spitsbergen and then to

North Cape in northern Norway.[211]

 

Covering approximately 20% of Earth's surface, the Atlantic Ocean is

second only to the Pacific in size. With its adjacent seas it

occupies an area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000

square miles); without them, it has an area of 82,400,000 square

kilometres (31,800,000 sq mi). The land area that drains into the

Atlantic is four times that of either the Pacific or Indian oceans.

The volume of the Atlantic Ocean with its adjacent seas is

354,700,000 cubic kilometres (85,100,000 cu mi) and without them

323,600,000 cubic kilometres (77,640,000 cu mi).

 

The average depths of the Atlantic, with its adjacent seas, is 3,332

metres (10,932 ft); without them it is 3,926 metres (12,881 ft). The

greatest depth, 8,605 metres (28,232 ft), is in the Puerto Rico

Trench. The width of the Atlantic varies from 2,848 kilometres (1,770

miles) between Brazil and Liberia to about 4,830 kilometes (3,000 mi)

between the United States and northern Africa.

 

The Atlantic Ocean has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays,

gulfs, and seas. These include the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico,

Gulf of St. Lawrence, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Sea,

Labrador Sea, Baltic Sea, and Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Islands in the

Atlantic Ocean include Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Rockall,

Great Britain, Ireland, Fernando de Noronha, the Azores, the Madeira

Islands, the Canaries, the Cape Verde Islands, Sao Tome e Principe,

Newfoundland, Bermuda, the West Indies, Ascension, St. Helena,

Trindade, Martin Vaz, Tristan da Cunha, the Falkland Islands, and

South Georgia Island.

 

 

Ocean bottom

The principal feature of the bottom topography of the Atlantic Ocean

is a great submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It

extends from Iceland in the north to approximately 58° South

latitude, reaching a maximum width of about 1,600 kilometres (1,000

miles). A great rift valley also extends along the ridge over most of

its length. The depth of water over the ridge is less than 2,700 m

(8,900 ft) in most places, and several mountain peaks rise above the

water, forming islands. The South Atlantic Ocean has an additional

submarine ridge, the Walvis Ridge.

 

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the Atlantic Ocean into two large

troughs with depths averaging between 3,700 and 5,500 m (12,000 and

18,000 ft). Transverse ridges running between the continents and the

Mid-Atlantic Ridge divide the ocean floor into numerous basins. Some

of the larger basins are the Guiana, North American, Cape Verde, and

Canaries basins in the North Atlantic. The largest South Atlantic

basins are the Angola, Cape, Argentina, and Brazil basins.

 

The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat, although numerous

seamounts and some guyots exist. Several deeps or trenches are also

found on the ocean floor. The Puerto Rico Trench, in the North

Atlantic, is the deepest. The Laurentian Abyss is found off the

eastern coast of Canada. In the south Atlantic, the South Sandwich

Trench reaches a depth of 8,428 m (27,651 ft). A third major trench,

the Romanche Trench, is located near the equator and reaches a depth

of about 7,454 m (24,455 ft). The shelves along the margins of the

continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography. In

addition, a number of deep channels cut across the continental rise.

 

Ocean sediments are composed of terrigenous, pelagic, and authigenic

material. Terrigenous deposits consist of sand, mud, and rock

particles formed by erosion, weathering, and volcanic activity on

land and then washed to sea. These materials are largely found on the

continental shelves and are thickest off the mouths of large rivers

or off desert coasts. Pelagic deposits, which contain the remains of

organisms that sink to the ocean floor, include red clays and

Globigerina, pteropod, and siliceous oozes. Covering most of the

ocean floor and ranging in thickness from 60 to 3,300 m (200 to

11,000 ft), they are thickest in the convergence belts and in the

zones of upwelling. Authigenic deposits consist of such materials as

manganese nodules. They occur where sedimentation proceeds slowly or

where currents sort the deposits.

 

 

Water characteristics

The salinity of the surface waters in the open ocean ranges from 33

to 37 parts per thousand by mass and varies with latitude and season.

Although the minimum salinity values are found just north of the

equator, in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and

along coasts where large rivers flow into the ocean. Maximum salinity

values occur at about 25° North latitude. Surface salinity values

are influenced by evaporation, precipitation, river inflow, and

melting of sea ice.

 

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current

systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar

energy, range from less than âˆ'2 °C to 29 °C (28 °F to 84 °F).

Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values

are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of

maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7 °C to 8 °C (13

°F to 15 °F).

 

The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses. The North and

South Atlantic central waters constitute the surface waters. The sub-

Antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

The North Atlantic deep water reaches depths of as much as 4,000 m

(13,200 ft). The Antarctic bottom water occupies ocean basins at

depths greater than 4,000 m (13,200 ft).

 

Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate a large elongated

body of water known as the Sargasso Sea, in which the salinity is

noticeably higher than average. The Sargasso Sea contains large

amounts of seaweed, and is also the spawning ground for the European

eel.

 

Due to the Coriolis effect, water in the North Atlantic circulates in

a clockwise direction, whereas water circulation in the South

Atlantic is counter clockwise. The South tides in the Atlantic Ocean

are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar

hours. The tides are a general wave that moves from south to north.

In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation occurs.

 

Climate

 

The climate of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent land areas is

influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water

currents as well as the winds blowing across the waters. Because of

the oceans' great capacity for retaining heat, maritime climates are

moderate and free of extreme seasonal variations. Precipitation can

be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from

the water temperatures. The oceans are the major source of the

atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic

zones vary with latitude; the warmest climatic zones stretch across

the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in the high

latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas

covered by sea ice. Ocean currents contribute to climatic control by

transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. Adjacent land

areas are affected by the winds that are cooled or warmed when

blowing over these currents. The Gulf Stream, for example, warms the

atmosphere of the British Isles and northwestern Europe, and the cold

water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of northeastern

Canada (the Grand Banks area) and the northwestern coast of Africa.

In general, winds tend to transport moisture and warm or cool air

over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southern part of the North

Atlantic Ocean.

 

 

History and economy

The Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest of the world's

oceans, after the Southern Ocean. Evidence indicates that it did not

exist prior to 180 million years ago, when the continents that formed

from the breakup of the ancestral supercontinent, Pangaea, were being

rafted apart by the process of seafloor spreading. The Atlantic has

been extensively explored since the earliest settlements were

established along its shores. The Vikings, Portuguese, and

Christopher Columbus were the most famous among its early explorers.

After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many

new trade routes were established. As a result, the Atlantic became

and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known

as transatlantic trade). Numerous scientific explorations have been

undertaken, including those by the German Meteor expedition, Columbia

University's Lamont Geological Observatory, and the United States

Navy Hydrographic Office.

 

The ocean has also contributed significantly to the development and

economy of the countries around it. Besides its major " transatlantic "

transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant

petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental

shelves and the world's richest fishing resources, especially in the

waters covering the shelves. The major species of fish caught are

cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel. The most productive areas

include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the shelf area off Nova

Scotia, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters

around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and

the Falkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales have also been taken in

great quantities. All these factors, taken together, tremendously

enhance the Atlantic's great commercial value. Because of the threats

to the ocean environment presented by oil spills, marine debris, and

the incineration of toxic wastes at sea, various international

treaties exist to reduce some forms of pollution.

 

In 1858, the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid by Cyrus

Field.

In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first airplane to cross the

Atlantic (though it made a couple of landings on islands along the

way).

Later in 1919, a British airplane piloted by Alcock and Brown made

the first non-stop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to

Ireland.

In 1921, the British were the first to cross the North Atlantic in an

airship.

In 1922, the Portuguese were the first to cross the South Atlantic in

an airship.

The first transatlantic telephone call was made on January 7, 1927.

In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic

flight in an airplane (between New York City and Paris).

After rowing for 81 days and 2,962 miles, on December 3, 1999 Tori

Murden became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat

alone when she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.

Location: body of water between Africa, Europe, the Southern Ocean,

and the Americas

 

Geographic coordinates: 0°00′N 25°00′W

 

Map references: World

 

Area:

 

total: 76.762 million km² (29.637 million mi²)

note: includes the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis

Strait, Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico,

Labrador Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all

of the Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Area - comparative: slightly less than 6.5 times the size of the

United States

 

Coastline: 111,866 km (69,510 mi)

 

Climate: Tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop anywhere from off the

coast of Africa near Cape Verde to the Windward Islands and move

westward into the Caribbean Sea or up the east coast of North

America; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most

frequent from late July to early November. Storms are common in the

North Atlantic during northern winters, making ocean crossings more

difficult and dangerous.

 

Terrain

 

The surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea,

Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea from October to June. There is a

clockwise warm-water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the

northern Atlantic, and a counter-clockwise warm-water gyre in the

southern Atlantic. The ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic

Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin,

first discovered by the Challenger Expedition.

 

 

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench -8,605 m

(28,232 ft; 5.3 mi)

highest point: sea level, 0 m

 

Natural resources

Petroleum and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales),

sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules,

precious stones

 

 

Natural hazards

Icebergs are common in the Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the

northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been

spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands. Ships are

subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from

October to May. Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to

September, as can hurricanes north of the equator (May to December).

 

The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous

aviation and shipping incidents, due to unexplained and supposedly

mysterious causes, but coastguard records do not support this belief.

 

 

Current environmental issues

Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions,

turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing is killing dolphins,

albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the decline

of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes. There is

municipal sludge pollution off the eastern United States, southern

Brazil, and eastern Argentina, oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea,

Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea, and

industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea,

North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.

 

 

Notes on geography

Major chokepoints include the Strait of Gibraltar and the Panama

Canal; strategic straits include the Strait of Dover, Straits of

Florida, Mona Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; the

Equator divides the Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and

South Atlantic Ocean (previously known as the Ethiopic Ocean). During

the Cold War the so called Greenland-Iceland-UK (GIUK) Gap was a

major strategic concern, the seabed in that area was laid with

extensive hydrophone systems to track Soviet submarines.

 

 

Ports and harbours

Aberdeen (United Kingdom)

Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)

A Coruña (Spain)

Accra (Ghana)

Ã…lesund (Norway)

Amsterdam (Netherlands)

Antwerp (Belgium)

Bahia Blanca (Argentina)

Baltimore (United States)

Banjul (The Gambia)

Belfast (Northern Ireland)

Bergen (Norway)

Bissau (Guinea-Bissau)

Bodø (Norway)

Bordeaux (France)

Boston (United States)

Bremen (Germany)

Brest (France)

Bristol (England)

Cadiz (Spain)

Cape Town (South Africa)

Casablanca (Morocco)

Cayenne (French Guiana)

Charleston (United States)

Charlottetown (Canada)

Cherbourg (France)

Conakry (Guinea)

Cork (Republic of Ireland)

Cotonou (Benin)

Dakar (Senegal)

Douala (Cameroon)

Dublin (Republic of Ireland)

Dunkirk (France)

Edinburgh (Scotland)

Iquitos (Peru) (via the Amazon)

Everglades, Port (United States)

Fortaleza (Brazil)

Georgetown (Guyana)

Glasgow (Scotland)

Gothenburg(Sweden)

Hamburg (Germany)

Halifax (Canada)

Jacksonville (United States)

Lagos (Nigeria)

Las Palmas (Spain)

Le Havre (France)

Libreville (Gabon)

Lisbon (Portugal)

Liverpool (England)

Lomé (Togo)

London (England)

Luanda (Angola)

Maceió (Brazil)

Malabo (Equatorial Guinea)

Miami (United States)

Monrovia (Liberia)

Montréal (Canada)

Morehead City (United States)

Nantes (France)

Nantucket (United States)

Narvik (Norway)

New Haven (United States)

New London (United States)

New York (United States)

Newcastle upon Tyne (England)

Newport News (United States)

Norfolk (United States)

Nouakchott (Mauritania)

Oslo (Norway)

Ostend (Belgium)

Palm Beach (United States)

Paramaribo (Suriname)

Penzance (United Kingdom)

Peterhead (United Kingdom)

Philadelphia (United States)

Port Harcourt (Nigeria)

Portland (United States)

Porto (Portugal)

Porto-Novo (Benin)

Portsmouth (England)

Portsmouth (United States)

Providence (United States)

Pucallpa (Peru) (via the Amazon)

Puerto Cortes (Honduras)

Québec (Canada)

Rabat (Morocco)

Recife (Brazil)

Reykjavík (Iceland)

Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)

Rotterdam (Netherlands)

Salvador (Brazil)

Saint-Nazaire (France)

Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain)

Santander (Spain)

Santos (Brazil)

Savannah (United States)

Seville (Spain)

Saint John (Canada)

Sept-ÃŽles (Canada)

St. John's (Canada)

Southampton (England)

Stavanger (Norway)

Sydney (Canada)

Tangier (Morocco)

Trois-Rivières (Canada)

Tromsø (Norway)

Trondheim (Norway)

Vigo (Spain)

Vitória (Brazil)

Walvis Bay (Namibia)

Willemstad (Netherlands Antilles)

Wilmington (United States)

Yarmouth (Canada)

Yurimaguas (Peru) (via the Amazon)

 

Note on transportation

The Saint Lawrence Seaway is an important waterway.

 

 

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â†` Google.com search. URL accessed on 2006-03-24. showing this

widespread claim.

â†` Rand FAQ at Noble Soul. URL accessed on 2006-03-25. Provides

detail about the actual survey and findings.

â†` Salmonson, Jessica Amanda. " 'Ayn Rand, More Popular than God!'

Objectivists Allege! " . URL accessed on 2006-03-24. Although the

author appears to have a strong dislike of Rand and her supporters,

her conclusions about the " Book of the Month Club " survey appear to

be supported.

â†` Long, Roderick T. " Ayn Rand's contribution to the cause of

freedom. " .: " Rand always firmly insisted that Aristotle was the

greatest and that Thomas Aquinas was the second greatest†" her own

atheism notwithstanding. "

â†` Sternberg, Elaine. " Why Ayn Rand Matters: Metaphysics, Morals,

and Liberty.. URL accessed on 2006-04-02.

â†` Machan, Tibor. " Cooper on Rand & Aristotle. " . URL accessed on

2006-04-02.

â†` Younkins, Edward W. " Aristotle: Ayn Rand's Acknowledged Teacher " .

URL accessed on 2006-04-03.

â†` a b c Hicks, Stephen. " Big Game, Small Gun? " . URL accessed on

2006-03-30. A review of Ronald E. Merrill's The Ideas of Ayn Rand.

â†` McLemee, Scott. " The Heirs of Ayn Rand. " . URL accessed on 2006-04-

03. originally in Lingua Franca , September 1999.

â†` See: John Ku's " Ayn Rand as confused Kantian, " . URL accessed on

2006-04-04. which argues that Rand utilizes the Categorical

Imperative, and William Thomas' " Why should one act on principle? " .

URL accessed on 2006-04-04. for a counterargument.

â†` a b Hsieh, Diana. " David Kelley versus Ayn Rand on Kant. " . URL

accessed on 2006-03-30.

â†` Nathaniel Branden discusses his relationship with Rand..

â†` NB that Rand also argued that McCarthyism was a myth used as an

ad hominem accusation to discredit anti-Communists.

â†` a b " Ayn Rand on WWII " . URL accessed on 2006-04-07. Excerpts from

Rand's writing, cited at the ARI Watch website.

â†` a b " Honoring Virtue " . URL accessed on 2006-04-06. at the ARI

website.

â†` Long, Roderick T. " Ayn Rand's Contributions to the Cause of

Freedom. " . URL accessed on 2006-03-26. Long also cites Barbara

Branden's The Passion of Ayn Rand as the source for this claim.

â†` Rand, Ayn. The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution, (1993)

ISBN 0452011256

â†` The Burden of Proof: Good Economics, Good Psychology?. Retrieved

24 March 2006.

â†` a b Ford Hall forum remarks, cited in " Ayn Rand Biographical FAQ:

Ayn Rand and Homosexuality " . URL accessed on 2006-03-24.

â†` Notes, The Ayn Rand Biographical FAQ. URL accessed on 2006-03-24.

â†` Varnell, Paul. " Ayn Rand and Homosexuality " . URL accessed on 2006-

03. at the Indegay Forum, originally published in the Chicago Free

Press Dec. 3, 2003.

â†` Keefner, Kurt. " Sciabarra on Ayn Rand and Homosexuality " . A

review of Chris Matthew Sciabarra’s Ayn Rand, Homosexuality, and

Human Liberation (2003, Leap Publishing)

â†` Rand, Ayn. " Racism, " in Return of the Primitive: The Anti-

Industrial Revolution ISBN 0452011841, p. 179, at The Ayn Rand

Institute. URL accessed on 2006-03-31.

â†` " Racism, " in Return of the Primitive: The Anti-Industrial

Revolution, p. 182

â†` Branden, Barbara. The Passion of Ayn Rand (pp. 345-347), cited by

Shermer, Michael. " The Unlikeliest Cult in History " . URL accessed on

2006-03-30. Originally published in Skeptic vol. 2, no. 2, 1993, pp.

74-81.

â†` a b Daligga, Catherine. " Ayn Rand " Biography at the Jewish

Virtual Library. URL accessed on 2006-03024.

â†` " Ayn Rand's Sister: Eleanora Drobyshev 1910-1999 " . URL accessed

on 2006-04-05.

â†` Saxon, Wolfgang. " Ayn Rand, 'Fountainhead' Author, Dies. " . URL

accessed on 2006-04-06. The New York Times, March 7, 1982.

â†` The Atlas Society, " Celebrity Ayn Rand Fans " . URL accessed on

2006-03-24.

â†` Kelley, David. " Introduction to 'The Contested Legacy of Ayn

Rand' " . URL accessed on 2006-03-24.

â†` a b c Peikoff, Leonard. " Fact and Value. " . URL accessed on 2006-

03-24.

â†` " The Atlasphere Metablog Celebrity Ayn Rand Fans Archive " . URL

accessed on 2006-03-24.

â†` " Media References to Ayn Rand " . URL accessed on 2006-03-24.

â†` Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. URL accessed on 2006-03-28.

â†` Sharlet, Jeff. " Ayn Rand Has Finally Caught the Attention of

Scholars " . URL accessed on 2006-03-28.

â†` Sciabarra, Chris Matthew. " Books for Rand Studies. " . URL accessed

on 2006-03-30.

â†` Rothbard, Murray. " The sociology of the Ayn Rand cult. " . URL

accessed on 2006-03-31.

â†` Shermer, Michael. " The Unlikeliest Cult in History " . URL accessed

on 2006-03-30. Originally published in Skeptic vol. 2, no. 2, 1993,

pp. 74-81.

â†` A biographical article at the Cato Institute suggests the story

about the ban may be apocryphal, " Ayn Rand " . URL accessed on 2006-03-

23., although other sources provide details of the suppression:

Rossano Brazzi International Network article about " Noi Vivi. " . URL

accessed on 2006-03-28.

â†` Skousen, after Barbara Branden The Passion of Ayn Rand ISBN 0-385-

19171-5

â†` Atlas Shrugged, at the IMDB " . URL accessed on 2006-03-31.

â†` " Russia agrees Algeria arms deal, writes off debt " , Reuters,

March 11, 2006.

â†` (French) " La Russie efface la dette algérienne " , Radio France

International, March 10, 2006.

â†` a b c d e f g CIA World Factbook Algeria (accessed 04 April,

2006)

â†` a b Algeria County analysis Energy Information Administration

(accessed 04 April, 2006)

â†` Arabic German Consulting www.arab.de (accessed 04 April, 2006)

â†` Bin Ali calls for reactivating Arab Maghreb Union, Tunisia-

Maghreb, Politics, 2/19/1999 www.arabicnews.com (accessed 04 April,

2006)

â†` " Russia agrees Algeria arms deal, writes off debt " , Reuters,

March 11, 2006.

â†` (French) " La Russie efface la dette algérienne " , Radio France

International, March 10, 2006.

â†` Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the

World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online

version: http://www.ethnologue.com/ (accessed 04 April, 2006)

â†` Tahar Djaout French Publishers' Agency and France Edition, Inc.

(accessed 04 April, 2006)

â†` Mohammed Khadda official site (accessed 04 April, 2006)

â†` M'Hamed Issiakhem -Algerian painter people.africadatabase.org

(accessed 04 April, 2006)

â†` Sidney J. Baker, The Australian Language, second edition, 1966.

â†` Gillespie, R. (2002). Dating the first Australians. Radiocarbon

44:455-472

â†` Smith, L. (1980), The Aboriginal Population of Australia,

Australian National University Press, Canberra

â†` Tatz, C. (1999). Genocide in Australia, AIATSIS Research

Discussion Papers No 8, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres

Strait Islander Studies, Canberra

â†` Windschuttle, K. (2001). The Fabrication of Aboriginal History,

The New Criterion Vol. 20, No. 1, September 20.

â†` Sheehan, P. (2002). Our history, not rewritten but put right, The

Sydney Morning Herald, November 25.

â†` Bean, C. Ed. (1941). Volume I - The Story of Anzac: the first

phase, First World War Official Histories, Eleventh Edition.

â†` Australian Electoral Commission (2000). 1999 Referendum Reports

and Statistics

â†` Parliamentary Library (1997). The Reserve Powers of the Governor-

General

â†` Australian Government. (2005). Budget 2005-2006

â†` Department of the Environment and Heritage. About Biodiversity

â†` Macfarlane, I. J. (1998). Australian Monetary Policy in the Last

Quarter of the Twentieth Century. Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin,

October

â†` Parham, D. (2002). Microeconomic reforms and the revival in

Australia’s growth in productivity and living standards. Conference

of Economists, Adelaide, 1 October

â†` Australian Bureau of Statistics. Labour Force Australia. Cat#6202

â†` Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2003). Advancing the

National Interest, Appenidix 1

â†` Australian Bureau of Statistics. Year Book Australia 2005

â†` Australian Bureau of Statistics, Population Growth -

Australia’s Population Growth

â†` Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affiars.

(2005). The Evolution of Australia's Multicultural Policy

 

â†` Parliament of Australia, Senate (2005). Inquiry into Australian

Expatriates

â†` Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affiars.

(1995). Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies?

â†` NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance, National

Church Life Survey, Media release, 28 February 2004

â†` Australian Film Commission. What are Australians Watching?, Free-

to-Air, 1999-2004 TV

â†` International Organization for Standardization (December 1,

1975). " The set of control characters for ISO 646 " . Internet Assigned

Numbers Authority Registry. Alternate U.S. version: [1]. Accessed

August 7, 2005.

â†` Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (January 28,

2005). " Character Sets " . Accessed August 7, 2005.

â†` ECMA International (December 1991). Standard ECMA-6: 7-bit Coded

Character Set, 6th edition. Accessed December 17, 2005.

â†` Jargon File. ASCIIbetical. Accessed December 17, 2005.

â†` Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map.

 

â†` Egypt is generally considered a transcontinental country in

Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area

figures are for African portion only, west of the Suez Canal.

 

â†` Western Sahara is claimed and mostly occupied by Morocco.

 

â†` The Spanish Canary Islands, of which Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

are Santa Cruz de Tenerife are co-capitals, are often considered part

of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco and

Western Sahara; population and area figures are for 2001.

 

â†` The Spanish exclave of Ceuta is surrounded on land by Morocco in

Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.

 

â†` The Portuguese Madeira Islands are often considered part of

Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco;

population and area figures are for 2001.

 

â†` The Spanish exclave of Melilla is surrounded on land by Morocco

in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.

 

â†` Bloemfontein is the judicial capital of South Africa, while Cape

Town is its legislative seat, and Pretoria is the country's

administrative seat.

 

â†` Yamoussoukro is the official capital of Côte d'Ivoire, while

Abidjan is the de facto seat.

 

â†` Not all kouroi should be idfentified as representations of Apollo

(Pfeiff; Burkert)

â†` In Hellenistic times, Apollo became conflated with Helios, god of

the sun, and his sister similarly equated with Selene, goddess of the

moon. However, Apollo and Helios remained separate beings in literary

and mythological texts.

â†` " Acesius " . Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and

Mythology. London, 1880.

â†` Al Gore's Move to San Francisco Generates Real Estate Buzz

Newswire

â†` Gore Chronology Frontline PBS.org

â†` Preface to the Ukrainian Edition of Animal Farm

â†` Letter to Herbert Read, 18 August, 1945.

â†` Orwell: The Life, D.J. Taylor, 2003, ISBN 0-8050-7473-2)

â†` The Freedom of the Press

â†` CIA, Movie Producer

â†` Boese R, Weiss HC, Blaser D (1999). " The melting point

alternation in the short-chain n-alkanes: Single-crystal X-ray

analyses of propane at 30 K and of n-butane to n-nonane at 90 K " .

Ange Chemie Int Ed 38: 988-992.

â†` a b c d e Richard W. Orloff. Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical

Reference (SP-4029). NASA.

â†` a b c Jones, Eric M. (editor). Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal:

The First Lunar Landing. NASA.

â†` Martin, Fred H.. Apollo 11: 25 Years Later. NASA.

â†` Jones, Eric M. (editor). Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: Post-

landing Activities. NASA.

â†` a b c d Jones, Eric M. (editor). Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal:

One Small Step. NASA.

â†` Jones, Eric M. (editor). Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal: EASEP

Deployment and Closeout. NASA.

â†` a b Jones, Eric M. (editor). Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal:

Trying to Rest. NASA.

â†` Murray, Charles & Cox, Catherine (1990). Apollo: Race to the

Moon, Touchstone Books. ISBN 067170625X.

â†` [http://www1.jsc.nasa.gov/aiaa/horizons/jun99.html Jim Mann, The

Story of a Tragedy That Was Not To Be] Horizons vol. 23 no. 9, p. 17

â†` NASA (25 June 1969). Technical information summary: Apollo 11 (AS-

506) Apollo Saturn V space vehicle (TM-X-62812; S/E-ASTR-S-101-69).

(PDF)

â†` Adams, Cecil. Did astronaut Neil Armstrong muff his historic " one

small step " line?.

â†` One Small Step at snopes.com

â†` Good luck, Mr Gorsky! at snopes.com

â†` Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map except note 8

(source). Depending on definitions, various territories cited below

(notes 2, 7-10, 12-14, 16-18) may be in one or both of Asia and

Europe, Africa, or Oceania.

 

â†` Kazakhstan is sometimes considered a transcontinental country

in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe; population and area

figures are for Asian portion only.

 

â†` The current state is formally known as the People's Republic of

China (PRC), which is subsumed by the titular entity and civilisation.

 

â†` Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the PRC.

 

â†` Macau is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the PRC.

 

â†` Taiwan is a contested territory of the PRC (Taiwan, Province of

China) and the Republic of China (ROC): the two are not co-terminous

and the ROC is not recognised by the UN as a sovereign state.

 

â†` Egypt is generally considered a transcontinental country in

Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area

figures are for Asian portion only, east of the Suez Canal (Sinai

Peninsula).

 

â†` Russia is generally considered a transcontinental country in

Eastern Europe (UN region) and northern Asia; population and area

figures are for Asian portion only.

 

â†` Indonesia is often considered a transcontinental country in

Southeastern Asia (UN region) and Oceania.

 

â†` Timor-Leste is often considered a transcontinental country in

Southeastern Asia (UN region) and Oceania.

 

â†` Jammu and Kashmir is a contested territory of India (with

flag), Pakistan, and the PRC. Srinagar is the summer capital of the

Indian province; Jammu is the winter capital.

 

â†` Armenia is sometimes considered a transcontinental country:

geographically in Western Asia, it has historical and sociopolitical

connections with Europe.

 

â†` Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in

Western Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe; population and area

figures are for Asian portion only. Naxçivan is an autonomous

exclave of Azerbaijan bordered by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.

 

â†` The island of Cyprus is sometimes considered a transcontinental

territory: geographically in the Mediterranean Sea and approximate to

the western Asian mainland, it has historical and sociopolitical

connections with Europe. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

(TRNC), distinct from the de jure Republic of Cyprus in the south

(with a predominantly Greek population), is recognised only by Turkey.

 

â†` Gaza and West Bank, collectively referred to as the " Occupied

Palestinian Territory " by the UN, are territories occupied by Israel

but under de facto administration of the Palestinian National

Authority.

 

â†` Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in

Western Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe; population and area

figures are for Asian portion only.

 

â†` Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in

Western Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe; population and area

figures are for Asian portion only. Naxçivan is an autonomous

exclave of Azerbaijan bordered by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.

 

â†` Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country in

Western Asia (UN region) and Southern Europe; population and area

figures are for Asian portion only, excluding all of Istanbul.

 

â†` Gaza and West Bank, collectively referred to as the " Occupied

Palestinian Territory " by the UN, are territories occupied by Israel

but under de facto administration of the Palestinian National

Authority.

 

â†` Monday, November 17 1777, Journals of the Continental Congress,

1774-1789. A Century of Lawmaking, 1774-1873

â†` Letter George Washington to George Clinton, September 11 1783.

The George Washington Papers, 1741-1799

â†` Limits of Oceans and Seas. International Hydrographic

Organization Special Publication No. 23, 1953.

Much of this article comes from the public domain site

http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html (dead link). It is now

accessible from the Internet Archive at

http://web.archive.org/web/20020221215514/http%

3a//oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html.

 

Disclaimers for this website, including its status as a public domain

resource, are recorded on the Internet Archive at

http://web.archive.org/web/20020212021049/http%

3a//oceanographer.navy.mil/warning.html.

 

External links

 

NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations

CIA †" The World Factbook †" Atlantic Ocean

 

 

Translations for: Atlantic Ocean

Português (Portuguese)

n. - Oceano Atlântico

 

 

Español (Spanish)

n. - Océano Atlántico

 

 

ä¸­å›½è¯ (Simplified Chinese)

n. - 大西洋

 

 

中國話 (Traditional Chinese)

n. - 大西洋

 

 

×¢×`רית (Hebrew)‬

n. - â€®× " ××•×§×™× ×•×¡ × " ××˜×œ× ×˜×™â€¬

 

 

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