Krishna's Dance with the Female Cowherds - A Joyous, Spiritual Narrative

[Guest guest]

This was put together by me. Hope it is enjoyed.

 

====================================================

Krishna's Dance with the Female Cowherds - A Joyous, Spiritual

Narrative

====================================================

 

After having returned the clothes of the unclad maidens bathing

in the sacred waters of river Yamuna, Krishna congratulated them

for their unflinching devotion towards him and promised that he

would sport with them during the forthcoming autumn nights.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/hd87.jpg

 

True to his word, when he observed the blooming jasmines, and the

moon smearing the eastern sky a brilliant crimson red (like a

lover returning after a long absence makes his beloved blush with

his touch), all being conducive, Krishna let forth from his flute

a breathtaking symphony, which stole the hearts of the beautiful

women of Vraja (modern day Mathura and Vrindavana).

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/wf94.jpg

 

In the enchanting process, he made them so excited to join him

that they did not even bother to finish whatever chore they were

performing at the moment. Thus, for example, the milking of cows;

suckling of infants; serving of food to the family (or

themselves) or waiting upon husbands, all such businesses were

left unfinished as they rushed out to meet Krishna.

 

In their eagerness, the gopis did not, as much as take a second

look at their outward appearances. Some, for example, were

cleansing or painting their bodies, a few were applying collyrium

(anjan) to their eyes, these cosmetic attempts at adorning

themselves were left in between, and in their anxiety, some even

put the lower clothes on their upper bodies and vice versa.

 

This vivid description from the Bhagavata Purana (29.10.1-7)

makes it obvious that in their enthusiasm to meet their beloved

lord, the gopis gave no thought to their physical appearance,

however awkward, nor did they think twice before giving up their

worldly duties. The revered guru Shankaracharya says in his

philosophical poem, Viveka Chudamani:

 

'There is no liberation for the being attached to the body, and

the liberated being has no attachment to the body. One who is

asleep is not awake, and one who is awake does not dream, for

these refer to two different states.' (Verse: 338)

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/idd940.jpg

 

 

An Inspiring Instance of Women's Liberation:

 

The gopis' escape from the shackles of worldly life was not

however without event. Their husbands, fathers and brothers, all

tried to restrain them but to no avail. As per the Manu Smriti,

the ancient text laying down a model code of conduct:

 

" A female should be under the control of her father during

childhood, the husband in youth, and her children after the

husband dies. " (Manu 5.148)

 

" A woman should follow life-long a husband whom she is given to

by her father, or her brother in consultation with the father. "

(5.151)

 

By disobeying every enumerated male relative, paying no heed to

their supposed authority, the women of Vraja successfully

unburdened themselves of each link of the chain binding them.

Thus says the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (4.3.22)

 

'(In such a state) the father is not a father, mother not a

mother, the world not the world, the gods not the gods and the

Vedas not the Vedas. At that time, such a being, has no relation

to either virtue or sin.'

 

Truly, Krishna is the ultimate attraction, much like a magnet

draws iron files towards it, so does he attract his devotees, who

care two hoots for their worldly duties, however pressing they

may be. Indeed, some have imagined the first letter in his name,

rendered in Sanskrit as symbolic of his 'grip' over his devotees,

because of the hook-like shape in its lower half.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/hook.jpg

 

 

Transcending Karma:

 

Some of the women however, were physically detained from leaving

their houses, being locked up inside. These closed their eyes and

imbibed Krishna in their hearts. The intense suffering produced

by the unbearable agony of separation was sufficient enough to

wipe over the negative residue accumulated due to unfavorable

karma over all their previous lives (and the present one). No

sooner had they meditated upon their lord than they felt

themselves embracing him and the ecstatic bliss thus generated

similarly washed off the positive effects of all their

meritorious karma. Thus united with the Supreme Soul, who is the

self of all (param-atma), even as a beloved would do with her

paramour, they were completely relieved of all karmic bonds.

 

Ancient commentators have believed that the Bhagavata Purana, on

which the above narrative is based, is actually a commentary on

the most exalted text of Indian philosophy, the Brahma Sutras.

Consider what the latter has to say on the destruction of karmic

residue:

 

" On attaining the highest reality (Brahman), the earlier and

later sins are destroyed, which do not originate again. " (4.1.13)

 

" The good deeds also do not cling to the one who has attained

Brahman. " (4.1.14)

 

Indeed, authoritative texts are unanimous on the point that one

who has attained union with the Supreme Soul is free from the

effects of karma. The Chandogya Upanishad says:

 

" As water does not cling to a lotus leaf, so will future sins not

cling to him. " (4.14.3)

 

" The accumulated sins of the past will be destroyed, as the

fibers at the tip of a reed are burnt up when laid on fire. "

(5.24.3)

 

The Mundaka Upanishad puts it clearly:

 

" All the actions of a such a soul are destroyed. " (2.2.8)

 

Here, it is interesting to observe that, even though the innocent

ladies of Vraja did not recognize Krishna as the Supreme Soul,

the very fact that they had intense desire for him led to their

emancipation and release from the bondage of karma. It is said:

 

" Persons who continuously cherish love, anger, fear, affection,

identity and friendliness unto the lord, ultimately attain

one-ness with him. " (Bhagavata Purana 10.29.15)

 

The idea being that whatever emotion is directed towards god, it

should be intense and continuous. Sage Vyasa has the following to

say in his commentary on Patanjali's Yoga Sutras:

 

'Virtuous deeds ripen quickly when brought to completion with

intense force (tivra sam-vega). Evil deeds too come to a speedy

fruition when repeatedly performed due to intense afflictions

(tivra klesha).' (2.12)

 

 

The Gopis Meet Krishna:

 

For those of the gopis who managed to get away, Krishna's

reaction on seeing them was a far cry from what they had

expected. He welcomed them in extremely formal terms calling them

" Highly blessed ladies, " and then enquired of what service he

could be to them.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/gopis.jpg

 

The women felt dejected at his words. Formality is not for those

intimate with each other, where being taken for granted is the

usual norm. Krishna however, by making himself dearer, was only

aiming to intensify the gopis' desire. In shringar rasa

(aesthetics of love and beauty), it is most often the female who

acts pricey. Here, the situation is reversed. In either case, the

fulfillment of any intimate situation is naturally heightened

when one partner feigns restraint, kindling the other's desire to

an elevated, aggressive pitch.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/mg25.jpg

 

He, further on, explicitly discouraged them, even mildly chiding

them for the negligence of their duty:

 

" It is the supreme duty of women to render service to their

husbands with sincerity of heart, and to look after the

well-being of relatives and nourish children. " (Bhagavata Purana

10.29.24)

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/ep20.jpg

 

" Resorting to illicit intercourse with a paramour by women of

noble families is fraught with miseries and dangers. " (10.26)

 

 

The Gopis' Reaction:

 

Hearing Krishna's unfavorable words, the cowherd women grew

despondent, as their expectations were frustrated. With downcast

faces they started scratching the ground, as if imploring mother

earth to gobble them up to save them from shame. Their breath,

heated due to distress, dried up their otherwise juicy, red lips.

 

The perfumed saffron they had lovingly applied on their breasts,

so that the offending sweat from their bodies would not bother

their beloved Krishna, was washed off by a torrent from the eyes.

The tears became black on account of the collyrium (kajal). It

was befitting that they attained this color, since they were

weeping for Krishna, who is himself dark. Indeed, in true love,

we have to forgo our own hues, and instead get drenched in the

colors of our beloved. Thus did the gopis wash off the soothing

red (their own) from their chest and instead rendered it black

(Shayama-ranga), the color of Krishna (also known as Shyama),

loudly proclaiming that they had wiped off their own egoistic

identities, establishing the one Universal Soul into their

hearts.

 

Or perhaps, frustrated by his refusal to make love to them, the

gopis thus symbolically smeared off the ornamentation on their

bosoms and instead blackened them. However, the tears dried up as

soon as they reached the breasts, due to the excessive

inflammation generated in their hearts. The two black lines, from

the eyes to the breasts, seemed to trace a carpenter's saw, out

to hack them into two, such intense was their emotion at the

rejection. Tormented, restless and shivering with affectionate

wrath, the gopis wiped their tears and urged Krishna:

 

" Dear lord, we have taken the refuge of your feet only after

renouncing the material world and its desires. True indeed are

your words that we women should perform our duties towards our

families. But O Supreme Person, do tell us what, when your

eternal presence is available to us, are we to gain by serving

our husbands or sons who are nothing but a source of misery (due

to their mortality)? "

 

" Our hearts, which were lodged happily in our households and the

hands, engaged in serving them, have all been enchanted by your

magic and leaving your lotus feet we do not wish to move one

step. Dear friend, do defuse the fire in our hearts by the

torrential flood of nectar flowing from your lips (since the

blaze is enormous it requires a flood rather than a mere sprinkle

to quench it). "

 

" Having seen your face covered with curling locks of hair, cheeks

shining with refulgent earrings and lips brimming with nectar,

your charming smile, sidelong glances and mighty arms reassuring

protection, we have become your committed servants. Which woman

in the three worlds could resist the ravishing melodies of your

flute and not deviate from the noble path of the ancients

(arya-maryada). O friend of the distressed, do place your lotus

hands on the love-fired breasts of your humble servants (you will

not be scorched by the heat in our bosoms, just like the burning

sun does not hurt a lotus) and keep your hands on our heads

(blessing us that you will never ever reject us again). "

 

Listening to their distressed voices, even though he is

self-contended and revels solely in his own self (atman-ram),

Krishna smiled and mercifully began to sport with them.

 

 

Krishna's Love Games (Initial Installment):

 

With their faces now blooming, the gopis gathered around Krishna,

whose magnificent smile radiated the splendor of his jasmine-like

teeth. He looked like a full moon surrounded with stars. The

gopis sang of his glory, and sometimes Krishna reciprocated with

his own compositions praising them. The lord next embraced them

by spreading out his arms wide. He then excited the women by

pressing their arms, hair, thighs, waists, breasts, and indulged

in light jokes, pricking them gently with his nails.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/hc11.jpg

 

 

Pride Emerges in the Gopis:

 

Receiving such enormous honor from Lord Krishna, the gopis puffed

up with pride and each regarded herself as special, superior to

all women on earth. Perceiving their conceit at having betrothed

the lord and their misplaced pride at their beauty, Krishna, for

curing them of their malady, immediately vanished from their

midst.

 

 

The Search for Krishna:

 

When the lord suddenly disappeared, the damsels of Vraja were

filled with a pain similar to the she-elephant who has lost her

mate. Overwhelmed by his remembrance, obsessed with the glorious

actions he had performed, the gopis then, in his absence, began

to emulate his various acts and sports. Due to their total

absorption in his personality, their bodies started imitating his

manner of movement, smile and speech. Maddened with desire they

declared to each other: " I am Krishna " (Bhagavata Purana

10.30.3), much like the great Upanishad sentence (Mahavakya): " I

am the Supreme Soul " (Aham Brhamsami) (Brhadaranyaka Upanishad

1.4.10).

 

Singing aloud his glory in a chorus, the gopis sought him out,

wandering distraught in the forests. They enquired of the various

trees and plants regarding the whereabouts of Krishna (the

Supreme Soul) who like ether (akasha), pervades all creatures

from within and without.

 

Receiving no reply from the vegetation, they then turned to the

earth:

 

" O Mother Earth, what austere penances have you performed that

due to the thrill experienced at the touch of the lord's feet,

your bodily hair is standing on its end (in the form of grass and

trees)? "

 

Finally the gopis, due to their intense exasperation and

desperation, became one with the Supreme Soul (tat-atmika), and

began to emulate the divine sports of the lord. Totally engrossed

in him, the damsels of Vraja first recreated the episode where

the infant Krishna had killed the ogress Putana who had attempted

to feed him her poisoned breast. Thus one gopi, acting the

demoness, suckled another, who played the role of Krishna.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/hd60.jpg

 

A second group replayed the instance of a demon who had tried to

carry away the baby Krishna, even as some visualized themselves

to be the latter playing upon an imaginary flute, or walking on

all fours, like Krishna did in his infancy or held up a part of

their garment, imitating his lifting of mount Goverdhana.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/wg10.jpg

 

One ecstatic gopi climbed on the head of another and declared

herself to be Krishna subjugating the serpent Kaliya.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/zx29.jpg

 

While thus engaged, they noticed, in a certain part of the

forest, a pair of footprints, definitely those of Krishna, since

they were inscribed with various auspicious symbols including a

flag, thunderbolt and the lotus.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/hu23.jpg

 

Following them, they were sorely distressed to find that further

on, another pair accompanied Krishna's. The perplexed women

wondered: " Certainly these new feet belong to a gopi who has

devoutly worshipped (aradhita) the lord, who was so pleased with

her that he abandoned the rest of us and took her to a secluded

spot. These footprints distress us, inasmuch as only she (out of

all of us) has stolen away Krishna and is now enjoying his lips

in their secret rendezvous. Look, this is probably the place

where that lusty Krishna sat down and then dressed the hair of

his ladylove, braiding her tresses with flowers. " (Bhagavata

Purana 10.30.24 - 33)

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/he01.jpg

 

Meanwhile, the lucky girl who had accompanied Krishna, reflecting

on her exclusive status, too became infected with pride, and

thought herself to be superior to the other gopis since Krishna

had chosen to be with her over all of them. This is how the vain

damsel addressed him (who is the ruler of all):

 

" I am not able to walk any further. Therefore (lift me and) take

me wherever you want to. "

 

When requested thus, the lord said: " Mount my shoulder. " No

sooner had she done so than he vanished, leaving her hanging as

it is, to fall on the ground. This is perhaps the destiny of

those prone to pride. The girl, realizing her folly, lamented

Krishna's absence, but to no avail. In the meantime, her friends,

tracing the path of the duo, noticed the distressed gopi and

listened to her tale with astonishment. All of them together then

probed the forest, searching for their beloved as long as the

moonlight aided them, retreating when the darkness set in.

 

With their minds, speech, and actions, all absorbed completely in

him, the gopis became one with Krishna, negating their individual

personalities.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/we80.jpg

 

 

The Gopis' Song of Separation:

 

Wandering maddened, the female cowherds now collectively sang:

 

" O Bull among men (Rishabha), you have saved us again and again,

protecting us from the poisoned waters of Yamuna, from the demon

who disguised himself as a venomous serpent, from torrential

rains; stormy winds and lightening. Indeed, you are not merely

the son of a cowherd woman, but the innermost seer and self

(atman) of all embodied beings. "

 

" Be pleased to accept us, who are but your bonded servants, show

unto us your charming lotus-like countenance. Place your lotus

like feet (pad ambuja), which follow the cows and dissipate the

sins of your devotees, on our breasts, and pacify the fire in our

hearts. We assure you that our bosoms are infinitely softer than

the serpent Kaliya, whose deadly hoods you once graced with your

feet. "

 

" Revive us with the nectar of your lips which enhances amorous

pleasure, destroys all grief and is enjoyed in full measure by

the flute kissing them (chumbitah), making people forget all

other passions and attachments. "

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/he56.jpg

 

" Beloved darling, in the mornings, when you go out to graze the

cattle, our hearts get agitated thinking that your delicate feet

will be pricked and pained by the gravel and stubs of grass.

Indeed, they are so soft that we are afraid that you may even

injure them when you place them on our hard breasts. "

 

" At the end of the day, when you return from the forests, your

face, overhung as it is with dark-blue curly locks, soiled with

the dust raised by the hoofs of the cows, resembling a lotus

surrounded by black bees and over strewn with pollen, provokes

passion in our hearts. At that moment, we curse even Lord Brahma,

who gave us eyelashes, which, while falling over our eyes,

deprive us of the constant pleasure of viewing you. "

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/he75.jpg

 

" Enchanted by your melody, we have left behind our husbands,

sons, relatives and clans. O crafty deceiver, who would abandon

women like us in middle of the night. Do impart to our hearts,

over brimming with desire for you, the soothing balm of your

company, which will forever remove our anguish. "

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/wg20.jpg

 

 

The Return of Krishna:

 

Satisfied that the gopis were now fully absorbed in him, and

there was left in them no trace of ego or pride, a smiling Lord

Krishna, wearing his trademark yellow (pitambara) again

manifested himself in their midst, sporting a garland of flowers.

His countenance was charming enough to enchant even Kamadeva, the

god of love who himself is the enchanter of the world.

 

Though emaciated, the gopis, on seeing their most beloved

darling, at once sprang to their feet, just like limbs, which

start moving as soon as the life-principle (prana) is infused

into an otherwise lifeless body. One of them affectionately took

hold of his hand; another placed one of his arms on her shoulder;

a third received a betel leaf already chewed by the lord even as

he placed his feet on the feverish bosom of a fourth gopi.

 

One virtuous lady, beside herself with the agitation of

unrequited love, knitted her brows and continued to view him with

sharp side-glances. Another gazed at him unblinkingly, drinking

his nectar-like countenance with her eyes. She did not feel

consummated however, much like the saints who are never satiated

worshipping the lord's feet. A seventh girl established him in

her heart through the path of the eyes, and closed them to

prevent his exit. The thrill of embracing him (mentally) enabled

her to enter the spiritual bliss experienced only by the highest

of yogis.

 

Krishna, along with the gopis, now shone brilliantly, like the

Supreme Person (Purusha) endowed with his Shaktis (powers). With

their anguish completely dissipated by the extreme joy of seeing

him, the gopis' accomplished their heart's content, just as the

divine word of the Vedas (shruti), after first propounding a code

of conduct (karma kanda), find their culmination only in

spiritual knowledge (jnana kanda, also known as Vedanta).

 

The gopis then lovingly spread out as a seat for the lord, their

upper garments smeared with the sandal-paste of their breasts.

Making him comfortable, they then enquired of the reason why he

subjected them to this tormenting ordeal. Krishna answered:

 

" Wishing to intensify their devotion, I do not reciprocate

immediately the affection of those who worship me. You too lost

me, like a poor man who gains some enormous wealth only to lose

it, and thus becomes totally absorbed in his anxiety regarding

it, meditating on it continuously. Now that you have you

renounced for me all aspects of your worldly life - social

decorum, the righteous code of the Vedas and your kith and kin,

it was with the intention of intensifying the constancy of your

commitment towards me that I removed myself from your sight, even

though all the while listening to your expressions of affection.

Thus my love for you is beyond reproach and you are my darlings

as I am your beloved. Dear gopis, the debt I owe to you, who have

broken the strong fetters binding you to your homes in order to

serve me with devotion, cannot be repaid, even if I am given

several lives of gods (one god life = 36,000 human years). "

 

 

The Rasa Dance:

 

Listening to these soft, healing words of Krishna, the gopis

forgot their agony of separation (viraha), and on physical

contact with him (anga sanga) felt all their desires fulfilled.

Then, on the banks of the river Yamuna, Krishna inaugurated the

rasa game (krida), with those jewels among women (stri-ratna),

who, with their arms interlocked, were eager to do his bidding.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/hf08.jpg

 

Splendidly beautified (mandita) by the circle (mandala) of gopis,

Krishna then assumed as many forms as there were women and

entered in between every two of them, placing his arm around the

neck of the adjacent female. No sooner had he done so than there

thronged in the sky, hundreds of heavenly chariots, carrying

celestial couples eager to view the rasa dance.

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/wf95.jpg

 

Then there arose from within the ring of dancers, the din of

jingling bangles and anklets, along with the tinkling of the

small bells attached to the girdles of the gopis. The lord shone

splendidly like a brilliant sapphire set in gold. With waists

bending and breasts heaving due to the vigorousness of movement,

perspiration trickling down faces, braided hair and girdles

loosening in consequence of the dance, it seemed as if flashes of

lightening (the gopis) were illuminating a circle of clouds

(formed by the numerous Krishnas).

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/he57.jpg

 

The gopis, their voices sweetened with melodious ragas, sang at a

high pitch, the reverberations of which still resound in the

world. One sang in chorus with Krishna in a higher pitch, and the

latter applauded her performance with the words " Well done. " When

another of her friends rendered the same piece in raga Dhrupada,

she too was honored by the lord.

 

One kissed Krishna's hand resting on her shoulders, and another

fatigued gopi pressed his blissful (shivam) lotus-hand to her two

breasts. Even as a child would play with his own reflection (sva

pratibimba) in a mirror,

 

Illustration: http://www.exoticindia.com/artimages/wd84.jpg

 

so did the lord sport with the beauties of Vraja, who, beyond

themselves with joy, forgot even to re-adjust their disheveled

hair, or arrange their garments and brassieres in disarray.

 

Krishna, ever full of compassion (karuna), then proceeded to wipe

off affectionately with his own comforting hands, the sweat off

their exhausted faces. Becoming enraptured at the light touch of

his fingernails, the gopis burst out in a song celebrating his

glory. Then, to dispel their fatigue, Krishna along with the

women, entered the river Yamuna. He appeared like a lordly

elephant relaxing with his consorts in water. Indeed, as an

elephant breaks off all barriers before entering into the waters

of a river, Krishna too had broken through the layers of worldly

morality and codes of conduct, without transcending which, one

can never escape the ever-recurring cycle of birth and death.

 

 

References and Further Reading:

 

Bharati, Swami Veda. Yoga Sutras of Patanjali with the Exposition

of Vyasa - A Translation and Commentary (Sadhana Pada) (2nd ed.):

Delhi, 2004.

 

Brhadaranyaka Upanishad with Shankaracharyaji's Commentary:

Gorakhpur, 2005.

 

Date, V.H. Upanisads Retold (2 Volumes): New Delhi, 1999.

 

Date, V.H. Vedanta Explained (Samkara's Commentary on the

Brahma-sutras) 2 vols: New Delhi, 1973.

 

Dehejia, Harsha V. A Celebration of Love The Romantic Heroine in

Indian Arts: New Delhi, 2004.

 

Devi, Shrimati Dayakanti. Shrimad Bhagavata Mahapurana (With Word

to Word Meaning in 8 Volumes): Allahbad, 1993.

 

Dogre, Shri Ramachandra Keshav. Shrimad Bhagavat Rahasya

(Collection of Discourses):Delhi.

 

Grimes, John. The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada (An

Introduction and Translation): Delhi, 2004.

 

Gupta, Som Raj. The Word Speaks to the Faustian Man:(A

translation and interpretation of the Prasthanatrayi and

Sankara's Bhasya for the Participation of Contemporary Man) Four

Volumes,: Delhi, 1991.

 

Mahaprabhu Shri Vallabhacharya: Sri Subodhini: Commentary on Xth

Canto of Srimad Bhagavata Purana (English Translation in Ten

Volumes): Delhi, 2004.

 

Prabhupada, A.C.Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Krsna The Supreme

Personality of Godhead: Mumbai, 1999.

 

Redington, James. D. Vallabhacharya on the Love Games of Krishna:

Delhi, 1990.

 

Sanyal, J.M. The Srimad Bhagavatam (2 Volumes with an Exhaustive

Index): New Delhi, 2000.

 

Saraswati, Swami Akhandananda. Discourses on the Rasa

Panchadhyayi: Vrindavana, 2004.

 

Saraswati, Swami Akhandananda (tr). Shrimad Bhagavata Purana (2

Volumes): Gorakhpur, 2004.

 

Sivananda, Swami. Yoga Vedanta Dictionary: Uttaranchal, 2004.

 

Swami, Bhanu (tr). Sarartha Darsini (Commentary on the Tenth

Canto of the Bhagavata Purana): Vrindavana, 2004.

 

Tagare, G.V. (tr). The Bhagavata Purana (5 Volumes (Annotated)):

Delhi, 2002.

 

Tejomayananda, Swami. Discourses on the Bhagavata Purana (Set of

22 Audio Tapes): Bombay.

 

Vasu, Fateh Chand. Hindi Translation of Shri Subhodini (13

Volumes): Jodhpur, 1971.

 

 

Sharma, R.N. (tr). Manusmrti: Varanasi, 2003.

 

---------------------------

 

The illustrations along with the text, can be read at the

HTML version of the article at

http://www.exoticindia.com/article/rasalila/

 

---------------------------

 

Nitin G.