Fwd: Newton's infinite series; we read it in Malayalam first

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hinducivilization , kalyan97 <kalyan97 wrote:

 

*Newton**'s Infinite Series: We heard it in Malayalam first*

Tuesday August 14 2007 00:00 IST (New Indian Express)

 

NEW DELHI: A group of Malayali scholars had predated a ground-breaking

Newton 'discovery' by over 250 years, according a research paper published

on Monday.

 

The team of researchers from the Universities of Manchester and

Exeterreveal that the '

Kerala School' identified the 'infinite series'- one of the basic components

of calculus - in about 1350.

 

The discovery is currently - and wrongly - attributed in books to Sir Isaac

Newton and Gottfried Leibnitz, " says Dennis Almeida, one of the researchers

and Teaching Fellow at the School of Education. The research team says that

the Kerala School also discovered what amounted to the Pi series and used it

to calculate Pi correct to 9, 10 and later 17 decimal places.

 

And there is strong circumstantial evidence that the Indians passed on their

discoveries to mathematically knowledgeable Jesuit missionaries who visited

India during the fifteenth century.

 

That knowledge, they argue, may have eventually been passed on to Newtonhimself.

 

In fact Dr George Gheverghese Joseph, one of the researcher and Honorary

Reader, School of Education at The University of Manchester came to know of

the ancient discovery while trawling through obscure Indian papers for a yet

to be published third edition of his best selling book 'The Crest of the

Peacock: the Non-European Roots of Mathematics' by Princeton University

Press.

 

He said: " The beginnings of modern maths is usually seen as a European

achievement but the discoveries in medieval India between the fourteenth and

sixteenth centuries have been ignored or forgotten.

 

" The brilliance of Newton's work at the end of the seventeenth century

stands undiminished - especially when it came to the algorithms of calculus.

 

" But other names from the Kerala School, notably Madhava and Nilakantha,

should stand shoulder to shoulder with him as they discovered the other

great component of calculus- infinite series.

 

" There were many reasons why the contribution of the Kerala school has not

been acknowledged - a prime reason is neglect of scientific ideas emanating

from the Non-European world - a legacy of European colonialism and beyond.

 

" But there is also little knowledge of the medieval form of the local

language of Kerala, Malayalam, in which some of most seminal texts, such as

the Yuktibhasa, from much of the documentation of this remarkable

mathematics is written. "

 

He added: " For some unfathomable reasons, the standard of evidence required

to claim transmission of knowledge from East to West is greater than the

standard of evidence required to knowledge from West to East.

 

" Certainly it's hard to imagine that the West would abandon a 500-year-old

tradition of importing knowledge and books from India and the Islamic world.

But we've found evidence which goes far beyond that: for example, there was

plenty of opportunity to collect the information as European Jesuits were

present in the area at that time. They were learned with a strong background

in maths and were well versed in the local languages. And there was strong

motivation: Pope Gregory XIII set up a committee to look into modernising

the Julian calendar. "

 

On the committee was the German Jesuit astronomer/mathematician Clavius who

repeatedly requested information on how people constructed calendars in

other parts of the world.

 

The Kerala School was undoubtedly a leading light in this area. Similarly

there was a rising need for better navigational methods including keeping

accurate time on voyages of exploration and large prizes were offered to

mathematicians who specialised in astronomy.

 

Again, there were many such requests for information across the world from

leading Jesuit researchers in Europe. Kerala mathematicians were hugely

skilled in this area.

 

http://tinyurl.com/3x5adn

 

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