Carnegie bio

[Guest guest]

Dear Ms. Spencer,This is a very good point.The interesting thing is Adolph Hitler also had L12 Mercury afflicting the MEP of the Asc. through from the 7th house in Aries. His L1 is closely conjunct militant Mars and afflicted by Ketu.In this case, the aspect from strong Jupiter on the Asc. softens the affliction and brings in further generosity. The strong L3 acts as a Sun, conferring high entrepreneurial status in the process.If Mercury is more than 2 degrees from the MEP, the planets become strong while the influence of the 12th lord is still there on the Asc. To me this seems to be suitable.Thank you very much for the biographical information.Best Wishes,ArunSally Spencer <sally234 wrote: Arun, The close affliction could have driven him to the point of almost fanaticism on charities, deep conviction with first lord, Venus in Scorpio Many persons of wealth have contributed to charity, but Carnegie was perhaps the first to state publicly that the rich have a moral obligation to give away their fortunes Biography Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on November 25, 1835. The son of a weaver, he came with his family to the United States in 1848 and settled in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. At age thirteen, Carnegie went to work as a bobbin boy in a cotton mill. He then moved rapidly through a succession of jobs with Western Union and the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1865, he resigned to establish his own business enterprises and eventually organized the Carnegie Steel Company, which launched the steel industry in Pittsburgh. At age sixty-five, he sold the company to J. P. Morgan for $480 million and devoted the rest of his life to his philanthropic activities and writing, including his autobiography. Many persons of wealth have contributed to charity, but Carnegie was perhaps the first to state publicly that the rich have a moral obligation to give away their fortunes. In 1889 he wrote The Gospel of Wealth, in which he asserted that all personal wealth beyond that required to supply the needs of one's family should be regarded as a trust fund to be administered for the benefit of the community. Carnegie set about disposing of his fortune through innumerable personal gifts and through the establishment of various trusts. In his thirties, Carnegie had already begun to give away some of his fast-accumulating funds. His first large gifts were made to his native town. Later he created seven philanthropic and educational organizations in the United States, including Carnegie Corporation of New York, and several more in Europe. One of Carnegie's lifelong interests was the establishment of free public libraries to make available to everyone a means of self-education. There were only a few public libraries in the world when, in 1881, Carnegie began to promote his idea. He and the Corporation subsequently spent over $56 million to build 2,509 libraries throughout the English-speaking world. After termination of this program in 1917, the Corporation continued for about forty years an interest in the improvement of library services. Other major programs in the Corporation's early history included adult education and education in the fine arts. During his lifetime, Carnegie gave away over $350 million. He died in Lenox, Massachusetts, on August 11, 1919. Publications of Carnegie Commissions, Councils, Task Forces and Initiatives: Reports of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict Report of the Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades Reports of the Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the

Needs of Young Children Reports of the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development Reports of the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government Reports of the Carnegie Corporation of New York's Starting Points State and Community Partnerships for Young Children Other Corporation Reports Reports of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict The Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict has concluded its work. Their publications, including those noted below, can be obtained by contacting the Conflict Prevention Project at The Woodrow Wilson Center, One Woodrow Wilson Plaza, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004-3027. Phone:(202) 691-4083; Fax (202) 691-4184. Many of the publications are available online at the commission's Web site http://www.ccpdc.org. Civilian-Military Cooperation in the Prevention of Deadly Conflict: Implementing Agreements in Bosnia and Beyond, by George A. Joulwan and Christopher C. Shoemaker (December 1998) Environmental Quality And Regional Conflict, by Donald Kennedy, with David Holloway, Erika Weinthal, Walter Falcon, Paul Ehrlich, Roz Naylor, Michael May, Steven Schneider, Stephen Fetter, and Jor-San Choi (December 1998) Light Weapons and

Intrastate Conflict: Early Warning Factors and Preventive Action, by Edward J. Laurance (July 1998) Professionalism in War Reporting: A Correspondent's View, by Tom Gjelten (June 1998) Preventing Deadly Conflict: Does the World Bank Have a Role?, by John Stremlau and Francisco Sagasti (June 1998) People in Peril: Human Rights, Humanitarian Action, and Preventing Deadly Conflict, by John Stremlau (May 1998) Preventing Genocide: How the Early Use of Force Might Have Succeeded in Rwanda, by Scott R. Feil (April 1998) Improving National Capacity to Respond to Complex Emergencies: The U.S. Experience, by Douglas E. Lute (April 1998) Preventing Deadly Conflict: Strategies and Institutions; Proceedings of a Conference in Moscow, Russian Federation, edited by Gail W. Lapidus with Svetlana Tsalik (April 1998) Essays on Leadership, by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, George Bush,

Jimmy Carter, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Desmond Tutu (1998) Preventing Deadly Conflict: Final Report, reports the findings of the commission's work over three years (December 1997) Pathfinders for Peace: A Report to the UN Secretary-General on the Role of Special Representatives and Personal Envoys, by Cyrus R. Vance and David A. Hamburg (September 1997) Media Coverage: Help or Hindrance in Conflict Prevention, by Nik Gowing (September 1997) A House No Longer Divided: Progress and Prospects for Democratic Peace in South Africa, Report of a Conference (June 1997) The Warning-Response Problem and Missed Opportunities in Preventive Diplomacy, by Alexander L. George and Jane E. Holl (May 1997) Sharpening International Sanctions: Toward a Stronger Role for the United Nations, by John Stremlau (November 1996) When Diplomacy Is Not Enough: Managing Multinational Military Interventions, by

Andrew J. Goodpaster (July 1996) Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives, by Larry Diamond (December 1995) Comprehensive Disclosure of Fissionable Materials: A Suggested Initiative, Discussion Paper (June 1995) Education for Conflict Resolution: Can We Learn to Live Together? (1994) Preventing Contemporary Intergroup Violence (1993) To obtain the following titles from the Commission series published by Rowman & Littlefield, please contact the publisher at (800) 462-6420 or (301) 459-3366: The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation, by R. Scott Appleby Bridging the Gap: A Future Security Architecture for the Middle East, by Shai Feldman and Abdullah Toukan The Costs of Conflict: Prevention and Cure in the Global Arena, edited by Michael E. Brown and Richard N. Rosecrance Light Weapons and Civil Conflict: Controlling the Tools of Violence, edited by Jeffrey Boutwell and Michael Klare Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict,

edited by John Barton, Melanie Greenberg, and Margaret McGuiness Negotiating to Prevent Escalation and Violence, edited by I. William Zartman Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War World, edited by Bruce W. Jentleson The Price of Peace: Incentives and International Conflict Prevention, by David Cortright Sustainable Peace: The Role of the UN and Regional Organizations in Preventing Deadly Conflict, by Connie Peck Turkey's Kurdish Question, by Henri J. Barkey and Graham E. Fuller Policing the New World Disorder: Peace Operations and Public Security, edited by Robert B. Oakley, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Eliot M. Goldberg (May 1998). Published by the National Defense University Press. To order, please contact the publisher at (202) 512-1800. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Conflicts, by Timothy D. Sisk (1996) ($7.95 plus tax and shipping). This publication was copublished with the United States Institute of Peace. To order, please contact the publisher at (800) 868-8064 or (703) 661-1590. Report of the Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades Years of Promise: A Comprehensive Learning Strategy for America's Children(1996), the report of the task force, may be obtained for $10.00. The report and complimentary copies of an executive summary can be ordered from CCNY, P. O. Box 753, Waldorf, MD 20604. Executive summary available online. Report of the Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Young

Children Starting Points: Meeting the Needs of Our Youngest Children (1994), the full report of the task force, is available for $10.00 for a single copy. Complimentary copies of an abridged version are also available. Either can be ordered from CCNY, P.O. Box 753, Waldorf, MD 20604. Abridged version available online. Reports from Carnegie Corporations of New York's

Starting Points State and Community Partnerships for Young Children Order Form Reports of the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development Of the following reports, the first three may be ordered by sending the amount indicated to Carnegie Corporation of New York, P.O. Box 753, Waldorf, MD 20604. Abridged versions may be obtained free of charge from the same address. Reports Great Transitions: Preparing Adolescents for a New Century, concluding report of the council (1995) ($10.00). Executive summary and Abridged version available online. A Matter of Time: Risk and Opportunity in the Nonschool Hours, report of the Task Force on Youth Development and Community Programs (1992)($13.00). Turning Points: Preparing American Youth for the 21st Century, report of the Task Force on Education of Youth Adolescents (1989) ($9.95). Promoting the Health of Adolescents: New Directions for the Twenty-first Century, edited by Susan G. Millstein, Anne C. Petersen, and Elena O. Nightingale (1993). The report is available from Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513; phone (800) 451-7556. Fateful Choices: Healthy Youth for the 21st Century, by Fred Hechinger (1992) ($18.50 hardcover, $8.00 softcover). The report is available from VHPS at (888) 330-8477. Books Preparing Adolescents for the 21st Century: Challenges Facing Europe and the United States R. Takanishi and D. Hamburg (Eds.). (Forthcoming). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. The book is made available by contacting Cambridge University Press; phone (800) 872-7423. Adolescence in the 1990s: Risk and Opportunity R. Takanishi (Ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press. The book is available from Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027. Promoting the Health of Adolescents: New Directions for the Twenty-first Century, edited by Susan G. Millstein, Anne C. Petersen, and Elena O. Nightingale. The book is available from Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513; phone (800) 451-7556. At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent S.S. Feldman and G.R. Elliott (Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. The book is available from Harvard University Press, 79 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138; phone (800) 448-2242. Working Papers The following publications of the council are

available only from ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) at (800) 443-3742: Schooling for the Middle Years: Developments in Eight European Countries, by David Hirsch (December 1994) Consultation on Afterschool Programs, Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development (September 1994) Promoting Adolescent Health: Third Symposium on Research Opportunities in Adolescence, Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development (June 1993) Depression in

Adolescence: Current Knowledge, Research Directions, and Implications for Programs and Policy, by Anne C. Petersen, Bruce E. Compas, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (November 1992) Violence Prevention for Young Adolescents: A Survey of the State of the Art, by Renée Wilson-Brewer, Stu Cohen, Lydia O'Donnell, and Irene F. Goodman (September 1991) Violence Prevention for Young Adolescents: The State of the Art of Program Evaluation, by Stu Cohen and Renée Wilson-Brewer (September 1991) Adolescent Health Care Decision Making: The Law and Public Policy,

by Josephine Gittler, Mary Quigley-Rick, and Michael J. Saks (June 1990) Risk Taking in Adolescence: A Decision-Making Perspective, by Lita Furby and Ruth Beyth-Marom (June 1990) Life Skills Training: Preventive Interventions for Young Adolescents, by Beatrix A. Hamburg (April 1990) School and Community Support Programs that Enhance Adolescent Health and Education, by Richard H. Price, Madalyn Cioci, Wendy Penner, and Barbara Trautlein (April 1990) Strategies for Enhancing Adolescents' Health through Music Media, by June A. Flora (February 1990) Popular Music in Early Adolescence, by Peter G. Christenson and Donald E. Roberts (January 1990) Preventive Programs that Support Families with Adolescents, by Stephen A. Small (January 1990) Young Adolescents and Community Service, by Joan Schine (June 1989) Teaching Decision Making to Adolescents: A Critical Review, by Ruth Beyth-Marom, Baruch Fischoff,

Marilyn Jacobs, and Lita Furby (March 1989) Adolescent Rolelessness in Modern Society, by Elena O. Nightingale and Lisa Wolverton (September 1988) The Potential of School-Linked Centers to Promote Adolescent Health and Development, by Susan G. Millstein (September 1988) Reports of the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government Formal Reports (The full text of all 19 reports is available on line.) Other Reports and Memoranda (The full text of all 6 consultant reports and 2 memoranda is available on line.) To obtain copies of the following reports, contact the Corporation at 437 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022, or the State Science and Technology Institute's Web site Science, Technology, and Congress: Organizational and Procedural Reforms (February 1994) Risk and the Environment: Improving Regulatory Decision Making (June 1993) New Thinking and American Defense Technology (second edition, May 1993) Science, Technology, and Government for a Changing World (April 1993) Science and Technology in Judicial Decision Making: Creating Opportunities and Meeting Challenges (March 1993) Facing toward

Governments: Nongovernmental Organi-zations and Scientific and Technical Advice (January 1993) Environmental Research and Development: Strengthening the Federal Infrastructure (December 1992) Partnerships for Global Development: The Clearing Horizon (December 1992) A Science and Technology Agenda for the Nation: Recommendations for the President and Congress (December 1992) Enabling the Future: Linking Science and Technology to Societal Goals (September 1992)

Science, Technology, and the States in America's Third Century (September 1992) International Environmental Research and Assessment: Proposals for Better Organization and Decision Making (July 1992) Science and Technology in U.S. International Affairs (January 1992) Science, Technology, and Congress: Analysis and Advice from the Congressional Support Agencies (October 1991) In the National Interest: The Federal Government in the Reform of K 12 Math and Science Education (September 1991) Technology and Economic Performance: Organizing the Executive Branch for a Stronger National Technology Base (September 1991) Science, Technology, and Congress: Expert Advice and the Decision-Making Process (February 1991) E³: Organizing for Environment, Energy, and the Economy in the Executive Branch of the U.S. Government (April 1990) Other Corporation Reports What Kids Need A Carnegie Corporation Initiative: A Decade of Progress in Early Education

Messenger with Voice. Make PC-to-Phone Calls to the US (and 30+ countries) for 2¢/min or less.