More information on the founding of Pakistan

May 14, 2009

Dear friends,

There is more to the founding of the state of Pakistan than meets the eye. It is possible the formal handover by the British is not the real event marking the founding of the country but an agreement reached some months earlier. I expect we can explore the dates leading up to the creation of the state of Pakistan in 1947, notably the June 3 and July 18.

EARLIER HISTORY

The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny, in 1857 was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress in the twentieth century.

In the 1920s and 1930, a movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, and displaying commitment to ahimsa, or non-violence, millions of protesters engaged in mass campaigns of civil disobedience.

CALL FOR AUTONOMOUS STATE in 1930

On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India."

Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.

PAKISTAN DECLARATION in 1933

The Pakistan Declaration (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, and was supported by Muhammad Aslam Khan Khattak, Sahibzada Sheikh Mohd Sadiq, Inayat Ullah Khan in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time and was presented in the round table confrence in 1933.

The pamphlet asked that the "the five Northern units of India" - Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan (or Pakstan)[1] become a state independent of the proposed Indian Federation.

After the publication of the pamphlet the name of Pakistan grew in popularity and led to the Pakistan Movement, and the creation of Pakistan as an independent state in 1947.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration

LAHORE RESOLUTION in 1940

The Lahore Resolution commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (Qarardad-e-Pakistan), was a formal political statement adopted by the Muslim League at the occasion of its three-day general session on 22â€“24 March 1940 that called for greater Muslim autonomy in British India. This has been largely interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. The resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq.

The principle text of the Lahore Resolution was passed on 24 March. In 1941 it became part of the Muslim League's constitution. In 1946, it formed the basis for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state for the Muslims.

23 March is a national holiday in Pakistan, celebrated as Republic Day to commemorate Lahore Resolution as well as the day in 1956 when the country became the first Islamic Republic in the world.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution

JUNE 3, 1947 AGREEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE

In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British Indiaâ€”including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhsâ€”agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.

The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee, after representatives of the Indian National Congress, [represented by Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Acharya Kripalani] the Muslim League, [represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan, and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar] and the Sikh community [representated by Sardar Baldev Singh] came to an agreement with the Viceroy of India, Louis Mountbatten, on what has come to be known as the "3 June Plan" or "Mountbatten Plan".

Principal points Passed in June 1947, the Act basically stipulated that: *Two independent dominions, India and Pakistan shall be set up in India . [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *The date of setting up of dominions was fixed as fifteenth of August 1947. [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *The responsibility as well as suzerainty of the government of United Kingdom shall cease on fifteenth of August 1947. [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *That all Indian princely states shall be released from their official commitments and treaty relationships with the British Empire, and will be free to join either dominion.*Both Dominions will be completely self-governing in their internal affairs, foreign affairs and national security, but the British monarch will continue to be their head of state, represented by the

Governor-General of India and a new Governor-General of Pakistan. Both Dominions shall convene their Constituent Assemblies and write their respective constitutions. *Both Dominions will be members of the British Commonwealth, but free to leave whenever they please. *The British monarch shall be permitted to remove the title of Emperor of India from the Royal Style and Titles. King George VI subsequently removed the title by Order in council on June 22, 1948.

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

THE ROYAL ASSENT on JULY 18, 1947

The Indian Independence Act 1947 was the statute (10 and 11 Geo VI, c. 30) enacted by the British Parliament promulgating the partition of India and the independence of the dominions of Pakistan and India. The Act received royal assent on July 18, 1947.

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

PAKISTAN AS DOMINION in 1947

In early 1947, Britain announced the end of its rule in India. The All India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics.

The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar), carved out of the two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India and comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh. The controversial division of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistanâ€”millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. Disputes arose over several princely states including Muslim-majority Jammu and

Kashmir, whose Hindu ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun tribal militias, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948.

From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations.

REPUBLIC in 1956

It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by a coup dâ€™Ã©tat by General Ayub Khan, who was president during 1958â€“69, a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965.

His successor, Yahya Khan (1969â€“71) had to deal with a devastating cycloneâ€”which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistanâ€”and also face a civil war in 1971. Economic grievances and political dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political tension and military repression that escalated into a civil war. After nine months of guerrilla warfare between Pakistan Army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini militia backed by India, later Indian intervention escalated into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and ultimately to the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.

PARTITION OF PAKISTAN in 1971

The Bangladesh Liberation War was an armed conflict pitting West Pakistan against East Pakistan (two halves of one country) and India, that resulted in the secession of East Pakistan to become the independent nation of Bangladesh. The war broke out on 26 March 1971 as army units directed by West Pakistan launched a military operation in East Pakistan against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel who were demanding independence from Pakistan. Members of the East Bengal Regiment, East Pakistan Rifles, East Pakistan police and other Bengali military and paramilitary forces, and armed civilians revolted to form guerilla groups

and forces (generally termed as the Mukti Bahini) to fight against the army of West Pakistan. During the following months, India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini in East Pakistan. On December 3, 1971, (West) Pakistan launched a pre-emptive attack on the western border of India, which marked the commencement of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Finally, on December 16, 1971, the allied forces of the Indian army and the Mukti Bahini (Bangladesh Liberation Army) decisively defeated the (West) Pakistani forces deployed in the East resulting in the largest surrender, in terms of the number of POWs, since World War II.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War

THE MODERN HISTORY

The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; East Pakistan separated from the West wing in 1971 as an independent Bangladesh.Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Zia introduced the Islamic Sharia legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she fought for power with Nawaz Sharif as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan got involved in the 1991 Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a U.S.-led

coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia. Military tensions in the Kargil conflict with India was followed by a Pakistani military coup d'Ã©tat in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf became President after the controversial resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly-elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz.

On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and new elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan. However, the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December during election campaign led to postponement of elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the most number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister. On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharaff resigned from the presidency when faced with impeachment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#History

Pakistan's founding father is Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), an Indian Muslim Barrister, originally from the Indian National Congress and later the Muslim League, who fought for the rights of Muslim minority in India, is widely held to be the creator of Pakistan. Jinnah is referred to as Quaid-e-Azam or the "Great Leader".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers#Pakistan

In 1919, Jinnah resigned from the Congress and turned his focus to Muslim interests. Over the next two decades he would become the architect of a dream first voiced by Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal that Indian Muslims would someday have their own nation.

By the late 1930s, Jinnah, who had become leader of the Muslim League, was convinced that a partition of India along religious lines was the only way to preserve Muslim political power.

In 1940, the Muslim League adopted the 'Lahore Resolution' calling for separate autonomous states in majority-Muslim areas of northeastern and eastern India.

In 1946, violence between Hindus and Muslims broke out after Jinnah called for demonstrations opposing an interim Indian government in which Muslim power would be compromised.

The riots spread. In the first weeks of the uprising, more than 3,000 people were killed and thousands wounded. Against the rising tide of ethnic unrest, Jinnah demanded partition of India. Britain, eager to make a clean break with India, finally relented and Pakistan was born.

http://www.maroc.nl/forums/showthread.php?t=228614

SECULAR OR ECCLESIASTICAL STATE?

A secular state of only muslims as envisaged by Jinnah...

The Direct Action rally in Calcutta on 16 August 1946, which inaugurated Jinnah's campaign for creating Pakistan, was a "Jihad".

While Jinnah's Jihad campaign to create a pure land for Muslims, devoid of the filthy infidels, achieved tremendous success, the job

remained unfinished because of the dogged refusal of Hindus and Sikhs to leave their ancestral homes or convert to Islam

....or a religious state of Taliban muslim extremists?

Pakistanis have been fooled for too long by Jinnah to begin with, depriving them of a truly Islamic state. Thanks to the Taliban, they are about to realize their 'dream state', for which they relentlessly fought and sacrificed immensely. On this, the words of Qazi Hussain Ahmad, the ever-honest leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, is most instructive: "Complete Islamisation of Pakistan has been the genuine and long-standing demand of the overwhelming majority of Pakistanis.

http://www.postchronicle.com/commentary/article_212227461.shtml

Best wishes,

Thor

May 15, 2009

Dear friends,

I share two charts (I used the city of Lahore, but Karachi should likely be used, but at thsi stage it is not critical as these are very tentative rectification efforts) for

- the Independence agreement on June 3, 1947 (Virgo rising possible, Rahu at 9Â° 28' Taurus)

- the Independence Act with Royal Assent on July 18, 1947 (Scorpio rising possible, Rahu at 8Â° 05' Taurus and Rahu sub-period operating)

http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1

With transit Rahu and Ketu at 8Â° 33' Capricorn-Cancer, both charts have an afflicting aspect from transit nodes.

By comparison, the midnight chart for August 15, 1947 has Rahu and Ketu at 5Â° 51'.

Personally, at first look I find the July 18 more interesting but the historical explanation of June 3 more plausible. We'll see.

IÂ´d be interested in the views of other list members on this issue.

Best wishes,

Thor

Cosmologer <cosmologersamva Sent: Thursday, May 14, 2009 9:24:12 PM More information on the founding of Pakistan

Dear friends,

There is more to the founding of the state of Pakistan than meets the eye. It is possible the formal handover by the British is not the real event marking the founding of the country but an agreement reached some months earlier. I expect we can explore the dates leading up to the creation of the state of Pakistan in 1947, notably the June 3 and July 18.

EARLIER HISTORY

The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny, in 1857 was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress in the twentieth century.

In the 1920s and 1930, a movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, and displaying commitment to ahimsa, or non-violence, millions of protesters engaged in mass campaigns of civil disobedience.

CALL FOR AUTONOMOUS STATE in 1930

On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India ."

Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.

PAKISTAN DECLARATION in 1933

The Pakistan Declaration (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, and was supported by Muhammad Aslam Khan Khattak, Sahibzada Sheikh Mohd Sadiq, Inayat Ullah Khan in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time and was presented in the round table confrence in 1933.

The pamphlet asked that the "the five Northern units of India " - Punjab, North-West Frontier Province ( Afghan Province ), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan (or Pakstan)[1] become a state independent of the proposed Indian Federation.

After the publication of the pamphlet the name of Pakistan grew in popularity and led to the Pakistan Movement, and the creation of Pakistan as an independent state in 1947.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration

LAHORE RESOLUTION in 1940

The Lahore Resolution commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (Qarardad-e-Pakistan), was a formal political statement adopted by the Muslim League at the occasion of its three-day general session on 22â€“24 March 1940 that called for greater Muslim autonomy in British India . This has been largely interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan . The resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq.

The principle text of the Lahore Resolution was passed on 24 March. In 1941 it became part of the Muslim League's constitution. In 1946, it formed the basis for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state for the Muslims.

23 March is a national holiday in Pakistan , celebrated as Republic Day to commemorate Lahore Resolution as well as the day in 1956 when the country became the first Islamic Republic in the world.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution

JUNE 3, 1947 AGREEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE

In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India â€”including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhsâ€”agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.

The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee , after representatives of the Indian National Congress , [represented by Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Acharya Kripalani ] the Muslim League , [represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Liaqat Ali Khan , and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar ] and the Sikh community [representated by Sardar Baldev Singh ] came to an agreement with the Viceroy of India, Louis Mountbatten, on what has come to be known as the "3 June Plan" or "Mountbatten Plan". Principal points Passed in June 1947, the Act basically stipulated that: *Two independent dominions, India and Pakistan shall be set up in India . [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *The date of setting up of dominions was fixed as fifteenth of August 1947. [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *The responsibility as well as suzerainty of the government of United Kingdom shall cease on fifteenth of August 1947. [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *That all Indian princely states shall be released from their official commitments and treaty relationships with the British Empire , and will be free to join either dominion.*Both Dominions will be completely self-governing in their internal affairs, foreign affairs and national security, but the British monarch will continue to be their head of state, represented by the Governor-General of

India and a new Governor-General of Pakistan . Both Dominions shall convene their Constituent Assemblies and write their respective constitutions. *Both Dominions will be members of the British Commonwealth, but free to leave whenever they please. *The British monarch shall be permitted to remove the title of Emperor of India from the Royal Style and Titles. King George VI subsequently removed the title by Order in council on June 22 , 1948 .

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

THE ROYAL ASSENT on JULY 18, 1947

The Indian Independence Act 1947 was the statute (10 and 11 Geo VI, c. 30) enacted by the British Parliament promulgating the partition of India and the independence of the dominions of Pakistan and India. The Act received royal assent on July 18, 1947.

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

PAKISTAN AS DOMINION in 1947

In early 1947, Britain announced the end of its rule in India . The All India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics.

The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar), carved out of the two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India and comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh. The controversial division of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistan â€”millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India . Disputes arose over several princely states including Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir , whose Hindu ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun tribal militias, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948.

From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations .

REPUBLIC in 1956

It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by a coup dâ€™Ã©tat by General Ayub Khan, who was president during 1958â€“69, a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965.

His successor, Yahya Khan (1969â€“71) had to deal with a devastating cycloneâ€”which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan â€”and also face a civil war in 1971. Economic grievances and political dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political tension and military repression that escalated into a civil war. After nine months of guerrilla warfare between Pakistan Army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini militia backed by India, later Indian intervention escalated into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and ultimately to the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.

PARTITION OF PAKISTAN in 1971

The Bangladesh Liberation War was an armed conflict pitting West Pakistan against East Pakistan (two halves of one country) and India , that resulted in the secession of East Pakistan to become the independent nation of Bangladesh . The war broke out on 26 March 1971 as army units directed by West Pakistan launched a military operation in East Pakistan against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel who were demanding independence from Pakistan . Members of the East Bengal Regiment, East Pakistan Rifles, East Pakistan police and other Bengali military and paramilitary forces, and armed civilians revolted to form guerilla groups and forces (generally termed as the Mukti Bahini) to fight against the army of West Pakistan. During the following months, India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini in East Pakistan

.. On December 3, 1971, (West) Pakistan launched a pre-emptive attack on the western border of India , which marked the commencement of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Finally, on December 16, 1971, the allied forces of the Indian army and the Mukti Bahini (Bangladesh Liberation Army) decisively defeated the (West) Pakistani forces deployed in the East resulting in the largest surrender, in terms of the number of POWs, since World War II.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War

THE MODERN HISTORY

The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; East Pakistan separated from the West wing in 1971 as an independent Bangladesh.Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Zia introduced the Islamic Sharia legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she fought for power with Nawaz Sharif as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan got involved in the 1991 Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a U.S.-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia

.. Military tensions in the Kargil conflict with India was followed by a Pakistani military coup d'Ã©tat in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf became President after the controversial resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly-elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz.

On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and new elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan . However, the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December during election campaign led to postponement of elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the most number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister. On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharaff resigned from the presidency when faced with impeachment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#History

Pakistan 's founding father is Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), an Indian Muslim Barrister, originally from the Indian National Congress and later the Muslim League, who fought for the rights of Muslim minority in India , is widely held to be the creator of Pakistan . Jinnah is referred to as Quaid-e-Azam or the "Great Leader".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers#Pakistan

In 1919, Jinnah resigned from the Congress and turned his focus to Muslim interests. Over the next two decades he would become the architect of a dream first voiced by Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal that Indian Muslims would someday have their own nation.

By the late 1930s, Jinnah, who had become leader of the Muslim League, was convinced that a partition of India along religious lines was the only way to preserve Muslim political power.

In 1940, the Muslim League adopted the 'Lahore Resolution' calling for separate autonomous states in majority-Muslim areas of northeastern and eastern India .

In 1946, violence between Hindus and Muslims broke out after Jinnah called for demonstrations opposing an interim Indian government in which Muslim power would be compromised.

The riots spread. In the first weeks of the uprising, more than 3,000 people were killed and thousands wounded. Against the rising tide of ethnic unrest, Jinnah demanded partition of India . Britain , eager to make a clean break with India , finally relented and Pakistan was born.

http://www.maroc.nl/forums/showthread.php?t=228614

SECULAR OR ECCLESIASTICAL STATE?

A secular state of only muslims as envisaged by Jinnah...

The Direct Action rally in Calcutta on 16 August 1946, which inaugurated Jinnah's campaign for creating Pakistan , was a "Jihad".

While Jinnah's Jihad campaign to create a pure land for Muslims, devoid of the filthy infidels, achieved tremendous success, the job

remained unfinished because of the dogged refusal of Hindus and Sikhs to leave their ancestral homes or convert to Islam

....or a religious state of Taliban muslim extremists?

Pakistanis have been fooled for too long by Jinnah to begin with, depriving them of a truly Islamic state. Thanks to the Taliban, they are about to realize their 'dream state', for which they relentlessly fought and sacrificed immensely. On this, the words of Qazi Hussain Ahmad, the ever-honest leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan , is most instructive: "Complete Islamisation of Pakistan has been the genuine and long-standing demand of the overwhelming majority of Pakistanis.

http://www.postchronicle.com/commentary/article_212227461.shtml

Best wishes,

Thor

2 of 2 Photo(s)

May 15, 2009

Dear friends,

In the archives of the British Parliament we find the following description:

"Under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, which received Royal Assent on 18th July 1947, India and Pakistan were established as independent dominions."http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/indian_independence.cfm

This could be an interesting event to consider more closely for Pakistan. The question that naturally arises, why would such an act have relevance for Pakistan and then not also India? The answer to this would be that India already existed as an entity, even if nationhood re-established it as a collective entity after partition. By comparison, for Pakistan, as it did not truly exist prior to this event (only as an ideal for those fighting for its establishment) the formal approval of this legal act by the British Monarch could have given Pakistan its true existence.

But let us look at the charts on this day. We get the following ascendants as a possibility - given that the act was given royal assent in London, and the moment then adjusted for Karachi based on the time zone differences of 4 hours.

10 am in London (2 pm in Karachi): 19Â° Libra

12 noon in London (4 pm in Karachi): 15Â° Scorpio

2 pm in London (6 pm in Karachi): 12Â° Sagittarius

4 pm in London (8 pm in Karachi): 13Â° Sagittarius

List members are invited to examine these rising signs. In particular, there was a lot of tension in Pakistan in November 2007 when the government of President Musharraf was on the verge of collapse but hung on. In December 2007 Presidential candidate Benazir Bhutto was assainated. In the autumn of 2007 Saturn was conjunct Ketu in Leo around 8Â°-12Â° Leo. Saturn becomes the ruler of house (placed in transit in house) for the following ascendants:

Libra: 5th lord of management in 11th house of ideals and friends

Scorpio: 4th lord of communal harmony in 10th house of public affairs

Sagittarius: 3rd lord of initiative in 9th house of foreign matters and luck

Capricorn: 2nd lord of communal harmony in 8th house of obstacles

Clearly, the Scorpio and Capricorn charts look more likely to explain these very tense events.

In the case of Scorpio, transit 4th lord in 10th house and 4th house were closely afflicted.

In the case of Capricorn, transit 2nd lord in 8th house and 2nd house were closely afflicted. Moreover, natally, Moon as 7th lord in 7th house is exactly afflicted by a debilitated natal Ketu in the 11th house in this chart.

I'd be interested in the view of other list members of the possibility of these charts for Pakistan.

Best wishes,

Thor

Cosmologer <cosmologerSAMVA Sent: Thursday, May 14, 2009 10:46:07 PMRe: More information on the founding of Pakistan

Dear friends,

Some further information:

June 3, 1947, London announcement of imminent independence and partition

http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/pakistan/pakistan_history_problems_at_independence.html

June 3, 1947

i. Principle of Partition of India was accepted by the British Government

ii. Successor governments would be given dominion status

iii. Implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947

On 3rd June 1947, Louis Mountbatten, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma and the last viceroy of India, announced the partitioning of British India into India and Pakistan.

Under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, which received Royal Assent on 18th July 1947, India and Pakistan were established as independent dominions.

On 14th August 1947, Pakistan was declared a separate nation and at midnight, on 15th August 1947, India became an independent nation.

http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/indian_independence.cfm

Best wishes,

Thor

Cosmologer <cosmologerSAMVA Sent: Thursday, May 14, 2009 10:20:13 PMRe: More information on the founding of Pakistan [2 Attachments]

[Attachment(s) from Cosmologer included below]

Dear friends,

I share two charts (I used the city of Lahore, but Karachi should likely be used, but at thsi stage it is not critical as these are very tentative rectification efforts) for

- the Independence agreement on June 3, 1947 (Virgo rising possible, Rahu at 9Â° 28' Taurus)

- the Independence Act with Royal Assent on July 18, 1947 (Scorpio rising possible, Rahu at 8Â° 05' Taurus and Rahu sub-period operating)

http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1

With transit Rahu and Ketu at 8Â° 33' Capricorn-Cancer, both charts have an afflicting aspect from transit nodes.

By comparison, the midnight chart for August 15, 1947 has Rahu and Ketu at 5Â° 51'.

Personally, at first look I find the July 18 more interesting but the historical explanation of June 3 more plausible. We'll see.

IÂ´d be interested in the views of other list members on this issue.

Best wishes,

Thor

Cosmologer <cosmologersamva Sent: Thursday, May 14, 2009 9:24:12 PM More information on the founding of Pakistan

Dear friends,

There is more to the founding of the state of Pakistan than meets the eye. It is possible the formal handover by the British is not the real event marking the founding of the country but an agreement reached some months earlier. I expect we can explore the dates leading up to the creation of the state of Pakistan in 1947, notably the June 3 and July 18.

EARLIER HISTORY

The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny, in 1857 was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress in the twentieth century.

In the 1920s and 1930, a movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, and displaying commitment to ahimsa, or non-violence, millions of protesters engaged in mass campaigns of civil disobedience.

CALL FOR AUTONOMOUS STATE in 1930

On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India ."

Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.

PAKISTAN DECLARATION in 1933

The Pakistan Declaration (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, and was supported by Muhammad Aslam Khan Khattak, Sahibzada Sheikh Mohd Sadiq, Inayat Ullah Khan in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time and was presented in the round table confrence in 1933.

The pamphlet asked that the "the five Northern units of India " - Punjab, North-West Frontier Province ( Afghan Province ), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan (or Pakstan)[1] become a state independent of the proposed Indian Federation.

After the publication of the pamphlet the name of Pakistan grew in popularity and led to the Pakistan Movement, and the creation of Pakistan as an independent state in 1947.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration

LAHORE RESOLUTION in 1940

The Lahore Resolution commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (Qarardad-e-Pakistan), was a formal political statement adopted by the Muslim League at the occasion of its three-day general session on 22â€“24 March 1940 that called for greater Muslim autonomy in British India . This has been largely interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan . The resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq.

The principle text of the Lahore Resolution was passed on 24 March. In 1941 it became part of the Muslim League's constitution. In 1946, it formed the basis for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state for the Muslims.

23 March is a national holiday in Pakistan , celebrated as Republic Day to commemorate Lahore Resolution as well as the day in 1956 when the country became the first Islamic Republic in the world.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution

JUNE 3, 1947 AGREEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE

In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India â€”including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhsâ€”agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.

The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee , after representatives of the Indian National Congress , [represented by Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Acharya Kripalani ] the Muslim League , [represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Liaqat Ali Khan , and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar ] and the Sikh community [representated by Sardar Baldev Singh ] came to an agreement with the Viceroy of India, Louis Mountbatten, on what has come to be known as the "3 June Plan" or "Mountbatten Plan". Principal points Passed in June 1947, the Act basically stipulated that: *Two independent dominions, India and Pakistan shall be set up in India . [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *The date of setting up of dominions was fixed as fifteenth of August 1947. [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *The responsibility as well as suzerainty of the government of United Kingdom shall cease on fifteenth of August 1947. [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *That all Indian princely states shall be released from their official commitments and treaty relationships with the British Empire , and will be free to join either dominion.*Both Dominions will be completely self-governing in their internal affairs, foreign affairs and national security, but the British monarch will continue to be their head of state, represented by the Governor-General of

India and a new Governor-General of Pakistan . Both Dominions shall convene their Constituent Assemblies and write their respective constitutions. *Both Dominions will be members of the British Commonwealth, but free to leave whenever they please. *The British monarch shall be permitted to remove the title of Emperor of India from the Royal Style and Titles. King George VI subsequently removed the title by Order in council on June 22 , 1948 .

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

THE ROYAL ASSENT on JULY 18, 1947

The Indian Independence Act 1947 was the statute (10 and 11 Geo VI, c. 30) enacted by the British Parliament promulgating the partition of India and the independence of the dominions of Pakistan and India. The Act received royal assent on July 18, 1947.

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

PAKISTAN AS DOMINION in 1947

In early 1947, Britain announced the end of its rule in India . The All India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics.

The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar), carved out of the two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India and comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh. The controversial division of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistan â€”millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India . Disputes arose over several princely states including Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir , whose Hindu ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun tribal militias, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948.

From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations .

REPUBLIC in 1956

It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by a coup dâ€™Ã©tat by General Ayub Khan, who was president during 1958â€“69, a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965.

His successor, Yahya Khan (1969â€“71) had to deal with a devastating cycloneâ€”which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan â€”and also face a civil war in 1971. Economic grievances and political dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political tension and military repression that escalated into a civil war. After nine months of guerrilla warfare between Pakistan Army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini militia backed by India, later Indian intervention escalated into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and ultimately to the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.

PARTITION OF PAKISTAN in 1971

The Bangladesh Liberation War was an armed conflict pitting West Pakistan against East Pakistan (two halves of one country) and India , that resulted in the secession of East Pakistan to become the independent nation of Bangladesh . The war broke out on 26 March 1971 as army units directed by West Pakistan launched a military operation in East Pakistan against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel who were demanding independence from Pakistan . Members of the East Bengal Regiment, East Pakistan Rifles, East Pakistan police and other Bengali military and paramilitary forces, and armed civilians revolted to form guerilla groups and forces (generally termed as the Mukti Bahini) to fight against the army of West Pakistan. During the following months, India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini in East Pakistan

.. On December 3, 1971, (West) Pakistan launched a pre-emptive attack on the western border of India , which marked the commencement of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Finally, on December 16, 1971, the allied forces of the Indian army and the Mukti Bahini (Bangladesh Liberation Army) decisively defeated the (West) Pakistani forces deployed in the East resulting in the largest surrender, in terms of the number of POWs, since World War II.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War

THE MODERN HISTORY

The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; East Pakistan separated from the West wing in 1971 as an independent Bangladesh.Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Zia introduced the Islamic Sharia legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she fought for power with Nawaz Sharif as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan got involved in the 1991 Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a U.S.-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia

.. Military tensions in the Kargil conflict with India was followed by a Pakistani military coup d'Ã©tat in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf became President after the controversial resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly-elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz.

On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and new elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan . However, the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December during election campaign led to postponement of elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the most number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister. On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharaff resigned from the presidency when faced with impeachment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#History

Pakistan 's founding father is Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), an Indian Muslim Barrister, originally from the Indian National Congress and later the Muslim League, who fought for the rights of Muslim minority in India , is widely held to be the creator of Pakistan . Jinnah is referred to as Quaid-e-Azam or the "Great Leader".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers#Pakistan

In 1919, Jinnah resigned from the Congress and turned his focus to Muslim interests. Over the next two decades he would become the architect of a dream first voiced by Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal that Indian Muslims would someday have their own nation.

By the late 1930s, Jinnah, who had become leader of the Muslim League, was convinced that a partition of India along religious lines was the only way to preserve Muslim political power.

In 1940, the Muslim League adopted the 'Lahore Resolution' calling for separate autonomous states in majority-Muslim areas of northeastern and eastern India .

In 1946, violence between Hindus and Muslims broke out after Jinnah called for demonstrations opposing an interim Indian government in which Muslim power would be compromised.

The riots spread. In the first weeks of the uprising, more than 3,000 people were killed and thousands wounded. Against the rising tide of ethnic unrest, Jinnah demanded partition of India . Britain , eager to make a clean break with India , finally relented and Pakistan was born.

http://www.maroc.nl/forums/showthread.php?t=228614

SECULAR OR ECCLESIASTICAL STATE?

A secular state of only muslims as envisaged by Jinnah...

The Direct Action rally in Calcutta on 16 August 1946, which inaugurated Jinnah's campaign for creating Pakistan , was a "Jihad".

While Jinnah's Jihad campaign to create a pure land for Muslims, devoid of the filthy infidels, achieved tremendous success, the job

remained unfinished because of the dogged refusal of Hindus and Sikhs to leave their ancestral homes or convert to Islam

....or a religious state of Taliban muslim extremists?

Pakistanis have been fooled for too long by Jinnah to begin with, depriving them of a truly Islamic state. Thanks to the Taliban, they are about to realize their 'dream state', for which they relentlessly fought and sacrificed immensely. On this, the words of Qazi Hussain Ahmad, the ever-honest leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan , is most instructive: "Complete Islamisation of Pakistan has been the genuine and long-standing demand of the overwhelming majority of Pakistanis.

http://www.postchronicle.com/commentary/article_212227461.shtml

Best wishes,

Thor

Attachment(s) from Cosmologer

2 of 2 Photo(s)

Pakistan_Indep Agreemt_14May2009.jpg

Pakistan India Indep Act_15May2009.jpg

May 15, 2009

Correction of typing error:

4 pm time gives 13° Capricorn ascendant

SAMVA , Cosmologer <cosmologer wrote:

>

> Dear friends,

>

> In the archives of the British Parliament we find the following description:

>

> " Under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, which received Royal

Assent on 18th July 1947, India and Pakistan were established as independent

dominions. "

>

http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_a\

rchives/indian_independence.cfm

>

> This could be an interesting event to consider more closely for Pakistan. The

question that naturally arises, why would such an act have relevance

forÂ Pakistan and then not also India? The answer to this would be that India

already existed as an entity, even if nationhood re-established it as a

collective entityÂ after partition. By comparison, for Pakistan, as it did not

truly existÂ prior to this event (onlyÂ as an ideal for those fightingÂ for its

establishment) theÂ formal approval of thisÂ legalÂ act by the British

MonarchÂ could have given Pakistan its trueÂ existence.

>

> But let us look at the charts on this day. We get the following ascendants as

a possibility - given that the act was given royal assent in London, and

theÂ moment then adjusted for Karachi based on the time zoneÂ differences of 4

hours.

>

> 10 am in London (2 pm in Karachi): 19Â° Libra

> 12 noon in London (4Â pm in Karachi): 15Â° Scorpio

> 2 pm in London (6 pm in Karachi): 12Â° Sagittarius

> 4 pm in LondonÂ (8 pm in Karachi): 13Â° Sagittarius

>

> List members areÂ invited to examine these rising signs. In particular, there

was a lot of tension in Pakistan in November 2007 when the government

ofÂ President Musharraf wasÂ on the verge ofÂ collapse but hung on. In December

2007Â Presidential candidate BenazirÂ Bhutto was assainated. In the autumn of

2007 Saturn was conjunct Ketu in Leo around 8Â°-12Â°Â Leo. Saturn becomes the

ruler of house (placed in transit inÂ house) for the following ascendants:

>

> Libra: 5th lord of managementÂ in 11th house of ideals and friends

> Scorpio: 4th lord of communal harmony in 10th house of public affairsÂ

> Sagittarius: 3rd lord of initiative inÂ 9th house of foreign matters and luck

> Capricorn: 2nd lord of communal harmonyÂ in 8th house ofÂ obstaclesÂ Â

>

> Clearly, the Scorpio and Capricorn charts look more likely to explain these

very tenseÂ events.

>

> In the case of Scorpio, transit 4th lord in 10th house and 4th house were

closely afflicted.

>

> In theÂ case of Capricorn, transit 2nd lord in 8th house and 2nd house were

closely afflicted. Moreover, natally, Moon as 7th lord in 7th house isÂ exactly

afflicted by a debilitated natal Ketu in the 11th house in this chart.

>

> I'd be interested in the view of other list members of the possibility of

these charts for Pakistan.

>

> Best wishes,

>

> Thor

> Â

>

> ________________________________

>

> Cosmologer <cosmologer

> SAMVA

> Thursday, May 14, 2009 10:46:07 PM

> Re: More information on the founding of Pakistan

>

> Dear friends,

>

> Some further information:

>

> June 3, 1947, London announcement of imminent independence and partition

>

http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/pakistan/pakistan_history_problems_at_independen\

ce.html

> Â

> June 3, 1947

> Â Â Â Â Â i.Â Â Â Principle of Partition of India was accepted by the

British Government

> Â Â Â Â Â ii.Â Â Â Successor governments would be given dominion status

> Â Â Â Â Â iii.Â Â Implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947

> Â

> On 3rd June 1947, Louis Mountbatten, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma and the

last viceroy of India, announced the partitioning of British India into India

and Pakistan.

> Under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, which received Royal

Assent on 18th July 1947, India and Pakistan were established as independent

dominions.

> On 14th August 1947, Pakistan was declared a separate nation and at midnight,

on 15th August 1947, India became an independent nation.

>

http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_a\

rchives/indian_independence.cfm

> Â

> Best wishes,

> Â

> Thor

> ________________________________

> Cosmologer <cosmologer

> SAMVA

> Thursday, May 14, 2009 10:20:13 PM

> Re: More information on the founding of Pakistan [2

Attachments]

>

> [Attachment(s) from Cosmologer included below]

>

> Dear friends,

>

> I share two charts (IÂ used the city of Lahore, but Karachi should likely be

used, but at thsi stage itÂ is not critical as these are very tentative

rectification efforts)Â for

>

> - the Independence agreement on June 3, 1947 (Virgo rising possible, Rahu at

9Â° 28' Taurus)

> - the Independence Act with Royal Assent on July 18, 1947 (Scorpio rising

possible, Rahu at 8Â° 05' Taurus and Rahu sub-period operating)

> http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1

>

> With transit Rahu and Ketu at 8Â° 33' Capricorn-Cancer, both charts have an

afflicting aspect from transit nodes.Â

>

> By comparison, the midnight chart for August 15, 1947 has Rahu and Ketu at 5Â°

51'.

>

> Personally, at first look I find the July 18 more interesting but the

historical explanation of June 3 more plausible. We'll see.

>

> IÂ´d be interested in the views ofÂ other list members on this issue.

>

> Best wishes,

>

> Thor

>

> ________________________________

> Cosmologer <cosmologer

> samva

> Thursday, May 14, 2009 9:24:12 PM

> More information on the founding of Pakistan

>

> Dear friends,

> Â

> There is more to the founding of the state of Pakistan than meets the eye.Â

It is possible the formal handover by the British is not the real event marking

the founding of the countryÂ but an agreement reached some months earlier. I

expect we can explore the dates leading up to the creation of the state of

Pakistan in 1947, notably the June 3 and July 18.

> Â

> EARLIER HISTORY

> The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny, in 1857 was the

region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the

foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the Indian

National Congress in the twentieth century.

> Â

> In the 1920s and 1930, a movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, and displaying

commitment to ahimsa, or non-violence, millions of protesters engaged in mass

campaigns of civil disobedience.

> Â

> CALL FOR AUTONOMOUS STATE in 1930

> On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an

autonomous " state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body

politic of India . "

> Â

> Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League

to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan

Resolution.

> Â

> PAKISTANDECLARATION in 1933

> The Pakistan Declaration (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish

Forever?) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, and

was supported by Muhammad Aslam Khan Khattak, Sahibzada Sheikh Mohd Sadiq,

Inayat Ullah Khan in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time and was

presented in the round table confrence in 1933.

> Â

> The pamphlet asked that the " the five Northern units of India " - Punjab,

North-West Frontier Province ( Afghan Province ), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan

(or Pakstan)[1] become a state independent of the proposed Indian Federation.

> Â

> After the publication of the pamphlet the name of Pakistan grew in popularity

and led to the Pakistan Movement, and the creation of Pakistan as an independent

state in 1947.

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration

> Â

> LAHORERESOLUTION in 1940

> The Lahore Resolution commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution

(Qarardad-e-Pakistan), was a formal political statement adopted by the Muslim

League at the occasion of its three-day general session on 22â€ " 24 March 1940

that called for greater Muslim autonomy in British India . This has been largely

interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan . The resolution

was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq.

> Â

> The principle text of the Lahore Resolution was passed on 24 March. In 1941 it

became part of the Muslim League's constitution. In 1946, it formed the basis

for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state for the Muslims.

> Â

> 23 March is a national holiday in Pakistan , celebrated as Republic Day to

commemorate Lahore Resolution as well as the day in 1956 when the country became

the first Islamic Republic in the world.

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution

> Â

> JUNE 3,Â 1947 AGREEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE

> In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India â€ " including Nehru and

Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League

and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhsâ€ " agreed to the proposed terms of

transfer of power and independence.

> Â

> The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement

Attlee , after representatives of the Indian National Congress , [represented by

Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Acharya Kripalani ] the Muslim League

, [represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Liaqat Ali Khan , and Sardar Abdul Rab

Nishtar ] and the Sikh community [representated by Sardar Baldev Singh ] came to

an agreement with the Viceroy of India, Louis Mountbatten, on what has come to

be known as the " 3 June Plan " or " Mountbatten Plan " .

> Â

> Principal points

> Passed in June 1947, the Act basically stipulated that:

> *Two independent dominions, India and Pakistan shall be set up in India .

[[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1

OPSI_UK]

> *The date of setting up of dominions was fixed as fifteenth of August 1947.

[[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1

OPSI_UK]

> *The responsibility as well as suzerainty of the government of United Kingdom

shall cease on fifteenth of August 1947.

[[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1

OPSI_UK]

> *That all Indian princely states shall be released from their official

commitments and treaty relationships with the British Empire , and will be free

to join either dominion.

> *Both Dominions will be completely self-governing in their internal affairs,

foreign affairs and national security, but the British monarch will continue to

be their head of state, represented by the Governor-General of India and a new

Governor-General of Pakistan . Both Dominions shall convene their Constituent

Assemblies and write their respective constitutions.

> *Both Dominions will be members of the British Commonwealth, but free to leave

whenever they please.

> *The British monarch shall be permitted to remove the title of Emperor of

India from the Royal Style and Titles. King George VI subsequently removed the

title by Order in council on June 22 , 1948 .

> http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

> Â

> THE ROYAL ASSENT on JULY 18, 1947

> The Indian Independence Act 1947 was the statute (10 and 11 Geo VI, c. 30)

enacted by the British Parliament promulgating the partition of India and the

independence of the dominions of Pakistan and India. The Act received royal

assent on July 18, 1947.

> http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

> Â

> PAKISTANAS DOMINION in 1947

> In early 1947, Britain announced the end of its rule in India . The All India

Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of

under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics.

> Â

> The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan

1366 in the Islamic Calendar), carved out of the two Muslim-majority wings in

the eastern and northwestern regions of British India and comprising the

provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West

Punjab and Sindh. The controversial division of the provinces of Punjab and

Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistan â€ " millions of Muslims

moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India . Disputes

arose over several princely states including Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir ,

whose Hindu ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun tribal

militias, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948.

> Â

> From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations .

> Â

> REPUBLIC in 1956

> It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by a coup

dâ€™Ã©tat by General Ayub Khan, who was president during 1958â€ " 69, a period of

internal instability and a second war with India in 1965.

> Â

> His successor, Yahya Khan (1969â€ " 71) had to deal with a devastating

cycloneâ€ " which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan â€ " and also face a civil

war in 1971. Economic grievances and political dissent in East Pakistan led to

violent political tension and military repression that escalated into a civil

war. After nine months of guerrilla warfare between Pakistan Army and the

Bengali Mukti Bahini militia backed by India, later Indian intervention

escalated into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and ultimately to the secession

of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.

> Â

> PARTITION OF PAKISTAN in 1971

> The Bangladesh Liberation War was an armed conflict pitting West Pakistan

against East Pakistan (two halves of one country) and India , that resulted in

the secession of East Pakistan to become the independent nation of Bangladesh .

The war broke out on 26 March 1971 as army units directed by West Pakistan

launched a military operation in East Pakistan against Bengali civilians,

students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel who were demanding independence

from Pakistan . Members of the East Bengal Regiment, East Pakistan Rifles, East

Pakistan police and other Bengali military and paramilitary forces, and armed

civilians revolted to form guerilla groups and forces (generally termed as the

Mukti Bahini) to fight against the army of West Pakistan. During the following

months, India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti

Bahini in East Pakistan . On December 3, 1971, (West) Pakistan launched a

pre-emptive attack on the western border

> of India , which marked the commencement of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

Finally, on December 16, 1971, the allied forces of the Indian army and the

Mukti Bahini (Bangladesh Liberation Army) decisively defeated the (West)

Pakistani forces deployed in the East resulting in the largest surrender, in

terms of the number of POWs, since World War II.

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War

> Â

> THE MODERN HISTORY

> The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; East Pakistan separated from the West wing

in 1971 as an independent Bangladesh.Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972

to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to

death in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military

president. Zia introduced the Islamic Sharia legal code, which increased

religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of

President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali

Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the

next decade, she fought for power with Nawaz Sharif as the country's political

and economic situation worsened. Pakistan got involved in the 1991 Gulf War and

sent 5,000 troops as part of a U.S.-led coalition, specifically for the defence

of Saudi Arabia . Military tensions in the Kargil conflict with India was

followed by a Pakistani

> military coup d'Ã©tat in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed

executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf became President after the controversial

resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf

transferred executive powers to newly-elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan

Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by Shaukat

Aziz.

> Â

> On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and new

elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz

Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan . However, the assassination of

Benazir Bhutto in December during election campaign led to postponement of

elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the

most number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member

Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister. On 18 August 2008, Pervez

Musharaff resigned from the presidency when faced with impeachment.

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#History

> Â

> Pakistan 's founding father is Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), an Indian

Muslim Barrister, originally from the Indian National Congress and later the

Muslim League, who fought for the rights of Muslim minority in India , is widely

held to be the creator of Pakistan . Jinnah is referred to as Quaid-e-Azam or

the " Great Leader " .

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers#Pakistan

> Â

> In 1919, Jinnah resigned from the Congress and turned his focus to Muslim

interests. Over the next two decades he would become the architect of a dream

first voiced by Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal that Indian Muslims would

someday have their own nation.

> Â

> By the late 1930s, Jinnah, who had become leader of the Muslim League, was

convinced that a partition of India along religious lines was the only way to

preserve Muslim political power.

> Â

> In 1940, the Muslim League adopted the 'Lahore Resolution' calling for

separate autonomous states in majority-Muslim areas of northeastern and eastern

India .

> Â

> In 1946, violence between Hindus and Muslims broke out after Jinnah called for

demonstrations opposing an interim Indian government in which Muslim power would

be compromised.

> Â

> The riots spread. In the first weeks of the uprising, more than 3,000 people

were killed and thousands wounded. Against the rising tide of ethnic unrest,

Jinnah demanded partition of India . Britain , eager to make a clean break with

India , finally relented and Pakistan was born.

> http://www.maroc.nl/forums/showthread.php?t=228614

> Â

> SECULAR OR ECCLESIASTICAL STATE?

> A secular state of only muslims as envisaged by Jinnah...

> The Direct Action rally in Calcutta on 16 August 1946, which inaugurated

Jinnah's campaign for creating Pakistan , was a " Jihad " .

> Â

> While Jinnah's Jihad campaign to create a pure land for Muslims, devoid of the

filthy infidels, achieved tremendous success, the job

> remained unfinished because of the dogged refusal of Hindus and Sikhs to leave

their ancestral homes or convert to Islam

> Â

> ...or a religious state of Taliban muslim extremists?

> Pakistanis have been fooled for too long by Jinnah to begin with, depriving

them of a truly Islamic state. Thanks to the Taliban, they are about to realize

their 'dream state', for which they relentlessly fought and sacrificed

immensely. On this, the words of Qazi Hussain Ahmad, the ever-honest leader of

Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan , is most instructive: " Complete Islamisation of

Pakistan has been the genuine and long-standing demand of the overwhelming

majority of Pakistanis.

> http://www.postchronicle.com/commentary/article_212227461.shtml

> Â

> Best wishes,

> Â

> Thor

>

> Attachment(s) from Cosmologer

> 2 of 2 Photo(s)

> Pakistan_Indep Agreemt_14May2009.jpg

> Pakistan India Indep Act_15May2009.jpg

>

May 15, 2009

Pakistan will be divided in three parts for sure.

cosmologer <cosmologerSAMVA Sent: Friday, May 15, 2009 7:49:54 AM Re: More information on the founding of Pakistan

Correction of typing error:4 pm time gives 13Â° Capricorn ascendantSAMVA , Cosmologer <cosmologer@ ...> wrote:>> Dear friends, > > In the archives of the British Parliament we find the following description:> > "Under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, which received Royal Assent on 18th July 1947, India and Pakistan were established as independent dominions."> http://www.parliame nt.uk/parliament ary_publications _and_archives/ parliamentary_ archives/ indian_independe nce.cfm> > This could be an interesting event to consider more closely for Pakistan. The question that

naturally arises, why would such an act have relevance forÃ‚ Pakistan and then not also India? The answer to this would be that India already existed as an entity, even if nationhood re-established it as a collective entityÃ‚ after partition. By comparison, for Pakistan, as it did not truly existÃ‚ prior to this event (onlyÃ‚ as an ideal for those fightingÃ‚ for its establishment) theÃ‚ formal approval of thisÃ‚ legalÃ‚ act by the British MonarchÃ‚ could have given Pakistan its trueÃ‚ existence.> > But let us look at the charts on this day. We get the following ascendants as a possibility - given that the act was given royal assent in London, and theÃ‚ moment then adjusted for Karachi based on the time zoneÃ‚ differences of 4 hours.> > 10 am in London (2 pm in Karachi): 19Ã‚Â° Libra> 12 noon in London (4Ã‚ pm in Karachi): 15Ã‚Â° Scorpio> 2 pm in

London (6 pm in Karachi): 12Ã‚Â° Sagittarius> 4 pm in LondonÃ‚ (8 pm in Karachi): 13Ã‚Â° Sagittarius> > List members areÃ‚ invited to examine these rising signs. In particular, there was a lot of tension in Pakistan in November 2007 when the government ofÃ‚ President Musharraf wasÃ‚ on the verge ofÃ‚ collapse but hung on. In December 2007Ã‚ Presidential candidate BenazirÃ‚ Bhutto was assainated. In the autumn of 2007 Saturn was conjunct Ketu in Leo around 8Ã‚Â°-12Ã‚Â°Ã‚ Leo. Saturn becomes the ruler of house (placed in transit inÃ‚ house) for the following ascendants:> > Libra: 5th lord of managementÃ‚ in 11th house of ideals and friends> Scorpio: 4th lord of communal harmony in 10th house of public affairsÃ‚ > Sagittarius: 3rd lord of initiative inÃ‚ 9th house of foreign matters and luck> Capricorn: 2nd lord of communal harmonyÃ‚ in

8th house ofÃ‚ obstaclesÃ‚ Ã‚ > > Clearly, the Scorpio and Capricorn charts look more likely to explain these very tenseÃ‚ events.> > In the case of Scorpio, transit 4th lord in 10th house and 4th house were closely afflicted.> > In theÃ‚ case of Capricorn, transit 2nd lord in 8th house and 2nd house were closely afflicted. Moreover, natally, Moon as 7th lord in 7th house isÃ‚ exactly afflicted by a debilitated natal Ketu in the 11th house in this chart.> > I'd be interested in the view of other list members of the possibility of these charts for Pakistan.> > Best wishes,> > Thor> Ã‚ > > > > > ____________ _________ _________ __> > Cosmologer <cosmologer@ ...>> SAMVA > Thursday, May 14, 2009 10:46:07 PM> Re: More information on the founding of Pakistan> > Dear friends,> > Some further information: > > June 3, 1947, London announcement of imminent independence and partition> http://www.workmall .com/wfb2001/ pakistan/ pakistan_ history_problems _at_independence .html> Ã‚ > June 3, 1947> Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ i.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Principle of Partition of India was accepted by the British Government> Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ii.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Successor governments would be given dominion status> Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚

iii.Ã‚ Ã‚ Implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth> http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/ Indian_Independe nce_Act_1947> Ã‚ > On 3rd June 1947, Louis Mountbatten, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma and the last viceroy of India, announced the partitioning of British India into India and Pakistan. > Under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, which received Royal Assent on 18th July 1947, India and Pakistan were established as independent dominions. > On 14th August 1947, Pakistan was declared a separate nation and at midnight, on 15th August 1947, India became an independent nation.> http://www.parliame nt.uk/parliament ary_publications

_and_archives/ parliamentary_ archives/ indian_independe nce.cfm> Ã‚ > Best wishes,> Ã‚ > Thor> ____________ _________ _________ __> Cosmologer <cosmologer@ ...>> SAMVA > Thursday, May 14, 2009 10:20:13 PM> Re: More information on the founding of Pakistan [2 Attachments]> > [Attachment( s) from Cosmologer included below] > > > Dear friends,> > I share two charts (IÃ‚ used the city of Lahore, but Karachi should likely be used, but at thsi stage itÃ‚ is not critical as these are very tentative rectification efforts)Ã‚ for > > - the Independence agreement on June 3, 1947 (Virgo rising possible, Rahu at 9Ã‚Â° 28' Taurus)> - the

Independence Act with Royal Assent on July 18, 1947 (Scorpio rising possible, Rahu at 8Ã‚Â° 05' Taurus and Rahu sub-period operating)> http://www.opsi. gov.uk/RevisedSt atutes/Acts/ ukpga/1947/ cukpga_19470030_ en_1> > With transit Rahu and Ketu at 8Ã‚Â° 33' Capricorn-Cancer, both charts have an afflicting aspect from transit nodes.Ã‚ > > By comparison, the midnight chart for August 15, 1947 has Rahu and Ketu at 5Ã‚Â° 51'.> > Personally, at first look I find the July 18 more interesting but the historical explanation of June 3 more plausible. We'll see. > > IÃ‚Â´d be interested in the views ofÃ‚ other list members on this issue.> > Best wishes,> > Thor> > > > > ____________ _________ _________ __>

Cosmologer <cosmologer@ ...>> samva > Thursday, May 14, 2009 9:24:12 PM> More information on the founding of Pakistan> > > > > Dear friends,> Ã‚ > There is more to the founding of the state of Pakistan than meets the eye.Ã‚ It is possible the formal handover by the British is not the real event marking the founding of the countryÃ‚ but an agreement reached some months earlier. I expect we can explore the dates leading up to the creation of the state of Pakistan in 1947, notably the June 3 and July 18.> Ã‚ > EARLIER HISTORY> The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny, in 1857 was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the

foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress in the twentieth century. > Ã‚ > In the 1920s and 1930, a movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, and displaying commitment to ahimsa, or non-violence, millions of protesters engaged in mass campaigns of civil disobedience. > Ã‚ > CALL FOR AUTONOMOUS STATE in 1930> On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India ." > Ã‚ > Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution. > Ã‚ > PAKISTANDECLARATION in 1933> The Pakistan Declaration (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, and was

supported by Muhammad Aslam Khan Khattak, Sahibzada Sheikh Mohd Sadiq, Inayat Ullah Khan in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time and was presented in the round table confrence in 1933.> Ã‚ > The pamphlet asked that the "the five Northern units of India " - Punjab, North-West Frontier Province ( Afghan Province ), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan (or Pakstan)[1] become a state independent of the proposed Indian Federation.> Ã‚ > After the publication of the pamphlet the name of Pakistan grew in popularity and led to the Pakistan Movement, and the creation of Pakistan as an independent state in 1947.> http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/ Pakistan_ Declaration> Ã‚ > Ã‚ > LAHORERESOLUTION in 1940> The Lahore Resolution commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (Qarardad-e-

Pakistan) , was a formal political statement adopted by the Muslim League at the occasion of its three-day general session on 22Ã¢â‚¬"24 March 1940 that called for greater Muslim autonomy in British India . This has been largely interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan . The resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq.> Ã‚ > The principle text of the Lahore Resolution was passed on 24 March. In 1941 it became part of the Muslim League's constitution. In 1946, it formed the basis for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state for the Muslims.> Ã‚ > 23 March is a national holiday in Pakistan , celebrated as Republic Day to commemorate Lahore Resolution as well as the day in 1956 when the country became the first Islamic Republic in the world.> http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/ Lahore_Resolutio

n> Ã‚ > JUNE 3,Ã‚ 1947 AGREEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE> In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India Ã¢â‚¬"including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League and Master Tara Singh representing the SikhsÃ¢â‚¬"agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence. > Ã‚ > The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee , after representatives of the Indian National Congress , [represented by Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Acharya Kripalani ] the Muslim League , [represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Liaqat Ali Khan , and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar ] and the Sikh community [representated by Sardar Baldev Singh ] came to an agreement with the Viceroy of India, Louis Mountbatten, on what has come to be known as the "3 June Plan" or "Mountbatten Plan". > Ã‚ > Principal points

> Passed in June 1947, the Act basically stipulated that: > *Two independent dominions, India and Pakistan shall be set up in India . [[http://www.opsi. gov.uk/RevisedSt atutes/Acts/ ukpga/1947/ cukpga_19470030_ en_1 OPSI_UK] > *The date of setting up of dominions was fixed as fifteenth of August 1947. [[http://www.opsi. gov.uk/RevisedSt atutes/Acts/ ukpga/1947/ cukpga_19470030_ en_1 OPSI_UK] > *The responsibility as well as suzerainty of the government of United Kingdom shall cease on fifteenth of August 1947. [[http://www.opsi. gov.uk/RevisedSt atutes/Acts/ ukpga/1947/

cukpga_19470030_ en_1 OPSI_UK] > *That all Indian princely states shall be released from their official commitments and treaty relationships with the British Empire , and will be free to join either dominion.> *Both Dominions will be completely self-governing in their internal affairs, foreign affairs and national security, but the British monarch will continue to be their head of state, represented by the Governor-General of India and a new Governor-General of Pakistan . Both Dominions shall convene their Constituent Assemblies and write their respective constitutions. > *Both Dominions will be members of the British Commonwealth, but free to leave whenever they please. > *The British monarch shall be permitted to remove the title of Emperor of India from the Royal Style and Titles. King George VI subsequently removed the title by Order in council on June 22 , 1948 .> http://dic.academic .ru/dic.nsf/ enwiki/742692> Ã‚ > THE ROYAL ASSENT on JULY 18, 1947> The Indian Independence Act 1947 was the statute (10 and 11 Geo VI, c. 30) enacted by the British Parliament promulgating the partition of India and the independence of the dominions of Pakistan and India. The Act received royal assent on July 18, 1947.> http://dic.academic .ru/dic.nsf/ enwiki/742692> Ã‚ > PAKISTANAS DOMINION in 1947> In early 1947, Britain announced the end of its rule in India . The All India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representatio n and neglect of Muslims in politics. > Ã‚ > The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the

Islamic Calendar), carved out of the two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India and comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh. The controversial division of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistan Ã¢â‚¬"millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India . Disputes arose over several princely states including Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir , whose Hindu ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun tribal militias, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948.> Ã‚ > From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations . > Ã‚ > REPUBLIC in 1956> It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by a coup dÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÂ©tat by General Ayub Khan, who was president during 1958Ã¢â‚¬"69,

a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965. > Ã‚ > His successor, Yahya Khan (1969Ã¢â‚¬"71) had to deal with a devastating cycloneÃ¢â‚¬"which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan Ã¢â‚¬"and also face a civil war in 1971. Economic grievances and political dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political tension and military repression that escalated into a civil war. After nine months of guerrilla warfare between Pakistan Army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini militia backed by India, later Indian intervention escalated into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and ultimately to the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.> Ã‚ > PARTITION OF PAKISTAN in 1971> The Bangladesh Liberation War was an armed conflict pitting West Pakistan against East Pakistan (two halves of one country) and India , that resulted in the secession of East Pakistan to become the independent

nation of Bangladesh . The war broke out on 26 March 1971 as army units directed by West Pakistan launched a military operation in East Pakistan against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel who were demanding independence from Pakistan . Members of the East Bengal Regiment, East Pakistan Rifles, East Pakistan police and other Bengali military and paramilitary forces, and armed civilians revolted to form guerilla groups and forces (generally termed as the Mukti Bahini) to fight against the army of West Pakistan. During the following months, India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini in East Pakistan . On December 3, 1971, (West) Pakistan launched a pre-emptive attack on the western border> of India , which marked the commencement of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Finally, on December 16, 1971, the allied forces of the Indian army and the Mukti Bahini (Bangladesh Liberation Army)

decisively defeated the (West) Pakistani forces deployed in the East resulting in the largest surrender, in terms of the number of POWs, since World War II.> http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/ Bangladesh_ Liberation_ War> Ã‚ > THE MODERN HISTORY> The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; East Pakistan separated from the West wing in 1971 as an independent Bangladesh.Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Zia introduced the Islamic Sharia legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime

Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she fought for power with Nawaz Sharif as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan got involved in the 1991 Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a U.S.-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia . Military tensions in the Kargil conflict with India was followed by a Pakistani> military coup d'ÃƒÂ©tat in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf became President after the controversial resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly-elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz. > Ã‚ > On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and new elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to

return to Pakistan . However, the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December during election campaign led to postponement of elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the most number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister. On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharaff resigned from the presidency when faced with impeachment.> http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/ Pakistan# History> Ã‚ > Pakistan 's founding father is Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), an Indian Muslim Barrister, originally from the Indian National Congress and later the Muslim League, who fought for the rights of Muslim minority in India , is widely held to be the creator of Pakistan . Jinnah is referred to as Quaid-e-Azam or the "Great Leader".> http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/ Founding_ Fathers#Pakistan> Ã‚ > In 1919, Jinnah resigned from the Congress and turned his focus to Muslim interests. Over the next two decades he would become the architect of a dream first voiced by Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal that Indian Muslims would someday have their own nation.> Ã‚ > By the late 1930s, Jinnah, who had become leader of the Muslim League, was convinced that a partition of India along religious lines was the only way to preserve Muslim political power.> Ã‚ > In 1940, the Muslim League adopted the 'Lahore Resolution' calling for separate autonomous states in majority-Muslim areas of northeastern and eastern India .> Ã‚ > In 1946, violence between Hindus and Muslims broke out after Jinnah called for demonstrations opposing an

interim Indian government in which Muslim power would be compromised.> Ã‚ > The riots spread. In the first weeks of the uprising, more than 3,000 people were killed and thousands wounded. Against the rising tide of ethnic unrest, Jinnah demanded partition of India . Britain , eager to make a clean break with India , finally relented and Pakistan was born.> http://www.maroc. nl/forums/ showthread. php?t=228614> Ã‚ > SECULAR OR ECCLESIASTICAL STATE?> A secular state of only muslims as envisaged by Jinnah...> The Direct Action rally in Calcutta on 16 August 1946, which inaugurated Jinnah's campaign for creating Pakistan , was a "Jihad". > Ã‚ > While Jinnah's Jihad campaign to create a pure land for Muslims, devoid of the filthy infidels, achieved tremendous success, the job >

remained unfinished because of the dogged refusal of Hindus and Sikhs to leave their ancestral homes or convert to Islam> Ã‚ > ...or a religious state of Taliban muslim extremists?> Pakistanis have been fooled for too long by Jinnah to begin with, depriving them of a truly Islamic state. Thanks to the Taliban, they are about to realize their 'dream state', for which they relentlessly fought and sacrificed immensely. On this, the words of Qazi Hussain Ahmad, the ever-honest leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan , is most instructive: "Complete Islamisation of Pakistan has been the genuine and long-standing demand of the overwhelming majority of Pakistanis. > http://www.postchro nicle.com/ commentary/ article_21222746 1.shtml> Ã‚ > Best wishes,> Ã‚ > Thor> > >

> > Attachment(s) from Cosmologer > 2 of 2 Photo(s) > Pakistan_Indep Agreemt_14May2009. jpg> Pakistan India Indep Act_15May2009. jpg>

May 17, 2009

hello respected dear thor, please accept my gretitudes for undertaking this

monumental work. i am personally very much interested in knowing the correct

chart of pakistan as 14-8- 1947 11-30 pm chart doesn't at all fits with actual

situations present in that country. thanks for taking up this project and best

regards. JitendraSAMVA , Cosmologer <cosmologer

wrote: