More information on the founding of Pakistan [2 Attachments]

[Guest guest]

Dear friends,

 

Some further information:

 

June 3, 1947, London announcement of imminent independence and partition

http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/pakistan/pakistan_history_problems_at_independence.html

 

June 3, 1947

i. Principle of Partition of India was accepted by the British Government

ii. Successor governments would be given dominion status

iii. Implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947

 

 

On 3rd June 1947, Louis Mountbatten, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma and the last viceroy of India, announced the partitioning of British India into India and Pakistan.

Under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, which received Royal Assent on 18th July 1947, India and Pakistan were established as independent dominions.

On 14th August 1947, Pakistan was declared a separate nation and at midnight, on 15th August 1947, India became an independent nation.

http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/indian_independence.cfm

 

Best wishes,

 

Thor

 

Cosmologer <cosmologerSAMVA Sent: Thursday, May 14, 2009 10:20:13 PMRe: More information on the founding of Pakistan [2 Attachments]

[Attachment(s) from Cosmologer included below]

 

 

Dear friends,

 

I share two charts (I used the city of Lahore, but Karachi should likely be used, but at thsi stage it is not critical as these are very tentative rectification efforts) for

 

- the Independence agreement on June 3, 1947 (Virgo rising possible, Rahu at 9° 28' Taurus)

- the Independence Act with Royal Assent on July 18, 1947 (Scorpio rising possible, Rahu at 8° 05' Taurus and Rahu sub-period operating)

http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1

 

With transit Rahu and Ketu at 8° 33' Capricorn-Cancer, both charts have an afflicting aspect from transit nodes.

 

By comparison, the midnight chart for August 15, 1947 has Rahu and Ketu at 5° 51'.

 

Personally, at first look I find the July 18 more interesting but the historical explanation of June 3 more plausible. We'll see.

 

I´d be interested in the views of other list members on this issue.

 

Best wishes,

 

Thor

 

 

 

Cosmologer <cosmologersamva Sent: Thursday, May 14, 2009 9:24:12 PM More information on the founding of Pakistan

 

 

 

Dear friends,

 

There is more to the founding of the state of Pakistan than meets the eye. It is possible the formal handover by the British is not the real event marking the founding of the country but an agreement reached some months earlier. I expect we can explore the dates leading up to the creation of the state of Pakistan in 1947, notably the June 3 and July 18.

 

EARLIER HISTORY

The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny, in 1857 was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress in the twentieth century.

 

In the 1920s and 1930, a movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, and displaying commitment to ahimsa, or non-violence, millions of protesters engaged in mass campaigns of civil disobedience.

 

CALL FOR AUTONOMOUS STATE in 1930

On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India ."

 

Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.

 

PAKISTAN DECLARATION in 1933

The Pakistan Declaration (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, and was supported by Muhammad Aslam Khan Khattak, Sahibzada Sheikh Mohd Sadiq, Inayat Ullah Khan in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time and was presented in the round table confrence in 1933.

 

The pamphlet asked that the "the five Northern units of India " - Punjab, North-West Frontier Province ( Afghan Province ), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan (or Pakstan)[1] become a state independent of the proposed Indian Federation.

 

After the publication of the pamphlet the name of Pakistan grew in popularity and led to the Pakistan Movement, and the creation of Pakistan as an independent state in 1947.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration

 

 

LAHORE RESOLUTION in 1940

The Lahore Resolution commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (Qarardad-e-Pakistan), was a formal political statement adopted by the Muslim League at the occasion of its three-day general session on 22–24 March 1940 that called for greater Muslim autonomy in British India . This has been largely interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan . The resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq.

 

The principle text of the Lahore Resolution was passed on 24 March. In 1941 it became part of the Muslim League's constitution. In 1946, it formed the basis for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state for the Muslims.

 

23 March is a national holiday in Pakistan , celebrated as Republic Day to commemorate Lahore Resolution as well as the day in 1956 when the country became the first Islamic Republic in the world.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution

 

JUNE 3, 1947 AGREEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE

In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India —including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.

 

The legislation was formulated by the government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee , after representatives of the Indian National Congress , [represented by Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Acharya Kripalani ] the Muslim League , [represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Liaqat Ali Khan , and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar ] and the Sikh community [representated by Sardar Baldev Singh ] came to an agreement with the Viceroy of India, Louis Mountbatten, on what has come to be known as the "3 June Plan" or "Mountbatten Plan". Principal points Passed in June 1947, the Act basically stipulated that: *Two independent dominions, India and Pakistan shall be set up in India . [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *The date of setting up of dominions was fixed as fifteenth of August 1947. [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *The responsibility as well as suzerainty of the government of United Kingdom shall cease on fifteenth of August 1947. [ [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1947/cukpga_19470030_en_1 OPSI_UK] *That all Indian princely states shall be released from their official commitments and treaty relationships with the British Empire , and will be free to join either dominion.*Both Dominions will be completely self-governing in their internal affairs, foreign affairs and national security, but the British monarch will continue to be their head of state, represented by the Governor-General of

India and a new Governor-General of Pakistan . Both Dominions shall convene their Constituent Assemblies and write their respective constitutions. *Both Dominions will be members of the British Commonwealth, but free to leave whenever they please. *The British monarch shall be permitted to remove the title of Emperor of India from the Royal Style and Titles. King George VI subsequently removed the title by Order in council on June 22 , 1948 .

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

 

THE ROYAL ASSENT on JULY 18, 1947

The Indian Independence Act 1947 was the statute (10 and 11 Geo VI, c. 30) enacted by the British Parliament promulgating the partition of India and the independence of the dominions of Pakistan and India. The Act received royal assent on July 18, 1947.

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/742692

 

PAKISTAN AS DOMINION in 1947

In early 1947, Britain announced the end of its rule in India . The All India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics.

 

The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar), carved out of the two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India and comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh. The controversial division of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistan —millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India . Disputes arose over several princely states including Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir , whose Hindu ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun tribal militias, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948.

 

From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations .

 

REPUBLIC in 1956

It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by a coup d’état by General Ayub Khan, who was president during 1958–69, a period of internal instability and a second war with India in 1965.

 

His successor, Yahya Khan (1969–71) had to deal with a devastating cyclone—which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan —and also face a civil war in 1971. Economic grievances and political dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political tension and military repression that escalated into a civil war. After nine months of guerrilla warfare between Pakistan Army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini militia backed by India, later Indian intervention escalated into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and ultimately to the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.

 

PARTITION OF PAKISTAN in 1971

The Bangladesh Liberation War was an armed conflict pitting West Pakistan against East Pakistan (two halves of one country) and India , that resulted in the secession of East Pakistan to become the independent nation of Bangladesh . The war broke out on 26 March 1971 as army units directed by West Pakistan launched a military operation in East Pakistan against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and armed personnel who were demanding independence from Pakistan . Members of the East Bengal Regiment, East Pakistan Rifles, East Pakistan police and other Bengali military and paramilitary forces, and armed civilians revolted to form guerilla groups and forces (generally termed as the Mukti Bahini) to fight against the army of West Pakistan. During the following months, India provided economic, military and diplomatic support to the Mukti Bahini in East Pakistan

.. On December 3, 1971, (West) Pakistan launched a pre-emptive attack on the western border of India , which marked the commencement of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Finally, on December 16, 1971, the allied forces of the Indian army and the Mukti Bahini (Bangladesh Liberation Army) decisively defeated the (West) Pakistani forces deployed in the East resulting in the largest surrender, in terms of the number of POWs, since World War II.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War

 

THE MODERN HISTORY

The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; East Pakistan separated from the West wing in 1971 as an independent Bangladesh.Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Zia introduced the Islamic Sharia legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she fought for power with Nawaz Sharif as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan got involved in the 1991 Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a U.S.-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia

.. Military tensions in the Kargil conflict with India was followed by a Pakistani military coup d'état in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf became President after the controversial resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly-elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz.

 

On 15 November 2007 the National Assembly completed its tenure and new elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan . However, the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December during election campaign led to postponement of elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the most number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member Yousaf Raza Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister. On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharaff resigned from the presidency when faced with impeachment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#History

 

Pakistan 's founding father is Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), an Indian Muslim Barrister, originally from the Indian National Congress and later the Muslim League, who fought for the rights of Muslim minority in India , is widely held to be the creator of Pakistan . Jinnah is referred to as Quaid-e-Azam or the "Great Leader".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers#Pakistan

 

In 1919, Jinnah resigned from the Congress and turned his focus to Muslim interests. Over the next two decades he would become the architect of a dream first voiced by Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal that Indian Muslims would someday have their own nation.

 

By the late 1930s, Jinnah, who had become leader of the Muslim League, was convinced that a partition of India along religious lines was the only way to preserve Muslim political power.

 

In 1940, the Muslim League adopted the 'Lahore Resolution' calling for separate autonomous states in majority-Muslim areas of northeastern and eastern India .

 

In 1946, violence between Hindus and Muslims broke out after Jinnah called for demonstrations opposing an interim Indian government in which Muslim power would be compromised.

 

The riots spread. In the first weeks of the uprising, more than 3,000 people were killed and thousands wounded. Against the rising tide of ethnic unrest, Jinnah demanded partition of India . Britain , eager to make a clean break with India , finally relented and Pakistan was born.

http://www.maroc.nl/forums/showthread.php?t=228614

 

SECULAR OR ECCLESIASTICAL STATE?

A secular state of only muslims as envisaged by Jinnah...

The Direct Action rally in Calcutta on 16 August 1946, which inaugurated Jinnah's campaign for creating Pakistan , was a "Jihad".

 

While Jinnah's Jihad campaign to create a pure land for Muslims, devoid of the filthy infidels, achieved tremendous success, the job

remained unfinished because of the dogged refusal of Hindus and Sikhs to leave their ancestral homes or convert to Islam

 

....or a religious state of Taliban muslim extremists?

Pakistanis have been fooled for too long by Jinnah to begin with, depriving them of a truly Islamic state. Thanks to the Taliban, they are about to realize their 'dream state', for which they relentlessly fought and sacrificed immensely. On this, the words of Qazi Hussain Ahmad, the ever-honest leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan , is most instructive: "Complete Islamisation of Pakistan has been the genuine and long-standing demand of the overwhelming majority of Pakistanis.

http://www.postchronicle.com/commentary/article_212227461.shtml

 

Best wishes,

 

Thor

 

Attachment(s) from Cosmologer

2 of 2 Photo(s)

 

 

 

 

Pakistan_Indep Agreemt_14May2009.jpg

 

 

Pakistan India Indep Act_15May2009.jpg