Guest guest Posted October 14, 2008 Report Share Posted October 14, 2008 [While I do not agree with some of the ideas proposed here, that Kambojas are a mix of Yavanas and Indians is a point to ponder about - kishore patnaik] http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Language-and-ethnicity-of-Kambojas#Yaska.27s_Nirukata_on_Kambojas Encyclopedia > Language and ethnicity of Kambojas Articles related to Kambojas Location Language and ethnicity Etymology in Indian Literature Kamboja Migration Horsemen Ashvakas Kambojas of Panini Kambojas and Manusmriti Parama Kamboja Kamboja was the ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. Buddhist Jatakas, Yaska's Nirukata, Herodotus (Book I.140), Avestic texts and numerous Brahmanical literature indicate that Kamboja was the center of Iranian civilization. This is evident from the Mazdean religious customs of ancient Kambojas as well as from the Avestic dialect they spoke. It is also widely accepted among the scholars that the Kambojas formed Avestan speaking group of the East Iranians and were located mainly in north-eastern parts of Afghanistan and parts of Tajikstan. It is also stated that the Zoroastrian religion had originated in East Iran in the land of the Kambojas. Kambojas are a very ancient people of north-western parts of ancient Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Kamboja was ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... Kamboja (or Kambuja) is the name of an ancient Indo-Iranian tribe of Indo-European family, believed to be located originally in Pamirs and Badakshan in Central Asia. ... The Kambojas peoples are referenced in numerous Sanskrit and Pali literature including Sama Veda, Atharvaveda, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas, Kautiliyas Arthashastra, Yasakas Nirukata, Buddhist Jatakas, Jaina Canons, ancient grammar books and plays etc. ... References to Kambojas abound in ancient literature, and this may have been just the expansion of an Indo-Iranian tribe with both Persian and Indic affinities from their homeland in the Afghanistan-Turkistan region along the foothills of the Himalayas towards Bengal, along the coast to Gujarat, to Sri Lanka... The profession of breeding, domesticating, training and utilizing the horses in warfare had originated in the vast Steppes of Central Asia. ... The Ashvakas are very ancient people of north-east Afghanistan. ... P�ṇini (à ¤ªà ¤¾à ¤£à ¤¿à ¤¨) was an ancient Sanskrit grammarian born in Shal�tura, modern Lahur of North-West Frontier province of Pakistan. ... The Manusmriti (Sanskrit à ¤®Ã ¤¨à ¥�à ¤¸à ¥�à ¤®Ã ¥ƒà ¤¤à ¤¿), translated Laws of Manu is a foundational work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society, written c. ... Ancient Sanskrit literature reveals that like the Madras/Uttara Madras and the Kurus/Uttara Kurus, the ancient Kambojas also had, at least two settlements. ... http://www. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddh�rtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... The Jatakas form a part of Buddhist canonical literature. ... Yaska Acharya is a celebrated Sanskrit scholar and grammarian of ancient India. ... Nirukta is Vedic glossary of difficult words. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Yasna 28. ... Young Indian brahmachari Brahmin A Brahmin (less often Brahman) is a member of the Hindu priestly caste. ... Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Cities are a major hallmark of human civilization. ... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκÄοÂ, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ... Kambojas are a very ancient people of north-western parts of ancient Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Yasna 28. ... The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST, internally called HT-7U) is a project being undertaken to construct an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, in eastern China. ... The Republic of Tajikistan ( & #1058; & #1086; & #1207; & #1080; & #1082; & #1080; & #1089; & #1090; & #1086; & #1085;), formerly known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, is a country in Central Asia. ... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... Contents 1 Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas 2 Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas 3 Dr Ernst Kuhn's views 4 Dr Grierson's earlier views 5 Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas 6 Dr Grierson's changed views 7 Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans 7.1 Mahabharata on Kamboja culture 7.2 Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs 7.3 Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture 7.4 Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society 7.5 Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence 8 Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity 9 Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas 9.1 Classical definition of Scythia/Scythians 9.2 Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question 10 See also 11 References Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas Seventh century BCE Nirukata of Yaska contrasts the speech of the Kambojas with that of the Aryans i.e Indo-Aryans: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... Sanskrit:shavatir gatikarmaa Kamboje.sv eva bhaa.syate...vikaara enam Aaryaa bha.sante shava iti |— (Nirukata II.2) English: The verb 'shavati', meaning 'to go', is used by the Kambojas only..... but its root 'shava' is used by the Aryans. Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas Almost similar information on the Kambojas is also provided by Patanjali's Mahaabhaasya (2nd c BC). Patañjali, is the compiler of the Yoga Sutra, a major work containing aphorisms on the practical and philosophical wisdom regarding practice of Raja yoga. ... Sanskrit:zavatir gatikarmaa kamboje.sv eva bhaa.sito bhavati, vikaara enam aaryaa bha.sante zava iti |— (Mahaabhaasya). English: The verb 'zav' in the sense of 'going' is used only among the Kambojas. The same verb in the nominal form 'zava' is used by the Aaryas in the sense of 'transformation' (Patanjali's Mahaabhaasya p. 9, in Vol. 1 Kielhorn's Edition). The foregoing ancient evidence by Yaska and Patanjali conveys the following salient information: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Kambojas were not the same as the Indo-Aryans, since the Nirukata contrasts the Kambojas with the Indo-Aryans, The language of the Kambojas was different from that of the Indo-Aryans since the Indo-Aryan spoke Sanskrit, while the language of the Kambojas was not. Sir G. A. Grierson notes that the Kamboja verb shavati is not found in ancient Sanskrit literature but it is a well known Iranian word (The Language of the Kambojas, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1911, p 802). The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is an old Indo-Aryan language from the Indian Subcontinent, the classical literary language of the Hindus of India[1], a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Dr Michael Witzel notes that the Kamboja verb shavati represents, sound by sound, the Young Avestan sauuaiti in the sense 'to go' (Persica, 9, 1980, p 92). Dr Ernst Kuhn's views Based on Yaska's Nirukata and a Jataka gatha (from Bhuridatta Jataka), one noted German scholar, Dr Ernst Kuhn had opined in 1904 that the Kambojas spoke a language embodying specialities of both the Sanskrit as well as Iranian language, and further as a part of their religious practice, the Kambojas considered it a religious duty to kill snakes and other poisonous insects (Das Volk Der Kamboja bei Yaska, First Series of Avesta, Pahlavi and Ancient Persian Studies in honour of the late Shams-ul-ulama Dastur Peshotanji Behramji Sanjana, Strassberg & Leipzig, 1904, pp 213 ff, Dr Ernst Kuhn). The Jataka stories are a significant body of works about the previous lives of Gautama Buddha. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is an old Indo-Aryan language from the Indian Subcontinent, the classical literary language of the Hindus of India[1], a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... See Avesta Municipality for the Swedish town Yasna 28. ... The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ... Dr Grierson's earlier views Based on Nirukata, Dr G. A. Grierson wrote in 1911: 'The Kambojas, a barbarous tribe of north-western India, either spoke Sanskrit with an infusion of Iranian words to which they gave Indian inflexions or else they spoke a language partly Indo-Aryan and partly Iranian' (The Language of the Kambojas, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society 1911, pp 801-02). Barbarian was originally a Greek term applied to any foreigner, one not sharing a recognized culture or degree of polish with the speaker or writer employing the term. ... http://www. ... Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas Following Dr Grierson's investigations on Kambojas which appeared in 1911, Dr Kuhn published a summary of his own article (Das Volk Der Kamboja bei Yaska) in English, in Dr Grierson's support in the 1912 issue of Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, which included comments from Dr Grierson as well. Dr Kuhn had specifically drawn Dr Grierson's attention to the following verses on Buddhist Jataka on the Kambojas (Fausboll, Jataka, Vol VI, pp 208, 210) A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddh�rtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... The Jataka stories are a significant body of works about the previous lives of Gautama Buddha. ... Pali:kita patanga urga cha mekka |hattya kirmi sujjhati makkhika ||ete hi dhamma anaryarupa |kambojakanam vitatha bahunan ti ||— (Jataka, VI, 208) English:Those men are counted pure who only kill. |Frogs, worms, bees, snakes or insects as they will. ||These are your savage customs which I hate. |Such as Kamboja hordes might emulate. || — (The Jataka, VI, p 110, Trans. E. B. Cowell). Dr Grierson's changed views That the killing of lower animals is a Zoroastrian religious practice is amply attested from the passages in Mazdean books like the Videvati (XIV.5-6) as well as from the remarks of Herodotus (I.140) about the Persian religion. Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... From Ahura Mazda. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ... The above disclosures from Bhuridatta Jataka completely changed Dr Grierson's views on the Kambojas. Thence-afterwards, he started considering the Kambojas an undoubted tribe of the Iranians. http://www. ... Dr Grierson re-wrote: " This gatha, by itself, establishes a close connections between the ancient Kambojas and the ancient Iranians with whom the destruction of noxious or ahramanic creatures was a duty...............Beyond any reasonable doubt that the Kambojas were a tribe of the Iranians " (Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1912, p 256) Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans Mahabharata on Kamboja culture Mahabharata speaks of the Yavanas, Kambojas, Darunas etc as the fierce barbarians from Uttarapatha, Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... Look up Barbarian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ancient Buddhist and Brahmanical texts reveal that Uttarapatha was the name of northern division of Jambudvipa of ancient Indian traditions. ... Sanskrit:uttarashchapare mlechchha jana bharatasattama. || 63 ||Yavanashcha sa Kamboja Daruna mlechchha jatayah. |— (MBH 6.11.63-64) and further reckons them among the sinful people, characterised by practices similar to those of chandalas and vultures i.e avaricious and greedy. e.g: In South Asias caste system, a Dalit â€" formerly called untouchable or achuta â€" is a person outside the four castes, and considered below them. ... Sanskrit:uttara pathajanmanah kirtayishyami tanapi. |Yauna Kamboja Gandharah Kirata barbaraih saha. || 43 ||ete papakritastata charanti prithivimimam. |shvakakabalagridhrana.n sadharmano naradhipa. || 44 || — (MBH 12/207/43-44) Furthermore, along with numerous other non-Vedic tribes of north-west, the Kambojas are branded as fallen rogues, leading sinful lives like those of the Dasyus (MBH 12.65.13-15). This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... http://www. ... The Dasa are a tribe identified as the enemies of the Aryans in the Rig-Veda. ... The above Mahabharata evidence reinforces Jataka's views that the Kambojas, in culture and customs, were different from the Indo-Aryans. Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs Assalayanasutta (II.149) of Majjhima Nikaya attests that in the lands of Yavanas, Kambojas and some other frontier nations, there were only two classes of people...Aryas and Dasas...the masters and slaves. The Arya could become Dasa and vice versa: The Majjhima Nikaya, or Middle-length Discourses of the Buddha, is the second of the five nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka of the Tipitaka. ... Ä€rya is a Sanskrit (à ¤†à ¤°à ¥�à ¤¯) and Avestan word used by Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians and Buddhists. ... Luftwaffe Tornado ECR Deutsche Aerospace AG Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG Founded May 19, 1989 as Deutsche Aerospace AG, bundling space and aeronautic elements of Daimler-Benz (including Dornier Luftfahrt), Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB), MTU München, and Telefunken Systemtechnik (TST) In 1992, the helicopter division was... Yona-Kambojaseu annesu cha panchchantimesu janapadesu dvea vanna,ayyo ceva daaso ca ayyo hutva daaso hoti daaso hutva ayyo hoti ti.— (Majjhima Nikaya 43.1.3) The Vishnu Purana also affirms the absence of chatur-varna system among the Kiratas in the east and the Yavanas, Kambojas etc in the pashchima or west (Vishnu Purana, 2.37). The Vishnu Purana is one of the oldest of the Puranas (dating to maybe the 5th century), containing some 23,000 shlokas, presented as a dialogue between Parasara with his disciple Maitreya. ... The Kiratas mentioned in early Hindu texts are the non-Aryan aborigines of the land. ... Apparently, this two-class social practice of the Kambojas and Yonas differentiated them from the Indo-Aryans who believed in Brahmanical varnasharma.dharama and had practiced chatur-varna or four-class social system. Young Indian brahmachari Brahmin A Brahmin (less often Brahman) is a member of the Hindu priestly caste. ... Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture Ganapatha 178 on Panini's rule II.1.72-Mayuravyamsakadi: differentiates the Kambojas from Indo-Aryans saying that Kambojas practiced wearing short head-hair (Kamboja-mundah Yavana-mundah) where as the Indo-Aryans usually wore long hair or else supported only a top knot. This fact is also attested from Mahabharata (7.119.23) as well as from numerous Puranas. The Ganapatha (ga & #7751;ap & #257; & #7789;ha) is a list of groups of words used by the Ashtadhyayi grammar by Panini (scholar). ... Panini can refer to: P�ṇini, the 5th century BC Sanskrit grammarian Panini (sandwich), a type of Italian sandwich Panini (stickers), a brand of collectible stickers Giovanni Paolo Panini, an Italian artist This is a disambiguation page â€" a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... The Puranas are part of Hindu Smriti; these religious scriptures discuss devotion and mythology. ... Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society The Commentary [Majjhima Commentary, II, p.784] says that if a Brahmin goes to Kamboja or Yavana with his wife for purpose of trade and dies there, his wife would be compelled to work for her living and her children would become slaves. This shows that, in contrast to Indo-Aryans, there was no place for Brahminas in the land of Kambojas and Yavanas. A Brahmin (anglicised from the Sanskrit adjective belonging to Brahma, also known as Brahman belonging to ; Vipra, Dvija twice-born, Dvijottama best of the twice born or earth-god) is considered to be the highest class (varna) in the Indian caste system of Hindu society [1] [2], although this status... Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Yona, Yonaka or Yavana is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greeks. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Ashoka's R. E. XIII also alludes that in the lands of Yonas and Kambojas, the Brahmanas and Shramanas were not entertained. Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Dasaratha Maurya Reign: 273 BC-232 BC Place of birth: Pataliputra, India Battles/Wars Kalinga War Emperor Ashoka the Great (Devanagari: à ¤…à ¤¶à ¥‹à ¤•(; IAST transliteration: , pronunciation: ) (304 BCâ€"232 BC) (Imperial Title:Devanampiya Piyadassi ie He who is the beloved of the Gods who, in... Yona (also sometimes Yonaka) is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate ancient Greek people. ... Manusmriti (X.43-44) and Mahabharata (12.65.13-15) etc also affirm that the Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas etc had ignored the Brahminas and the Brahmanical rituals, which had formed the very basis of the Indo-Aryan society. The Manu Smriti or Laws of Manu, is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or laws of righteous conduct), written c. ... Young Indian brahmachari Brahmin A Brahmin (less often Brahman) is a member of the Hindu priestly caste. ... Kamboja.sutta of Anguttara Nikaya as well as the (Manorathapurani Commentary (II, p 523) forewarns the women from other countries not to visit Kamboja, even in spite of their desire. This implies that the Kamboja society was incompatible with that of the Indo-Aryans. The Anguttara Nikaya (Gradual Collection) is the fourth of the five nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka, which is one of the three baskets that compose the Pali Tipitaka. ... Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Young people interacting within an ethnically diverse society. ... The foregoing numerous evidence amply attests that the language, culture, social customs and manners of the Kambojas were different from those of the Indo-Aryans. Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence The Kambojas have also been referred to as Asura demonic warriors in Markandeya Purana (8.1-6) as well as in Srimad Devi Bhagawatam (5/28/1-12) etc. The demon Satan In folklore, mythology, and religion, a demon is a supernatural being that is generally described as an evil spirit, but is also depicted to be good in some instances. ... Warriors may refer to Warriors (book series) is a series of fantasy novels written by Kate Cary and Cherith Baldry, under the pen name Erin Hunter. ... Markandeya Purana, one of the major eighteen Puranas, a Hindu religious text, is in the style of a dialogue between the sage Jaimini, and the sage Markandeya. ... These ancient texts refer to a mythological war of goddess Durga/Ambika with some Asura/Demon clans of north-west like Udayudh, Kambu, Kotiveerya, Kalaka, Daurhrita, Kalkeya, Maurya etc (obviously, all Iranians). For other uses, see Myth. ... There is reference to eighty-four select warriors from the Kambu (Kamboja) clan accompanied by numerous Kambu fighters set on a ferocious war with the deva forces of goddess Durga (Glory of the Divine Mother (Devi Mahatmyam), p 211, Sri Sankaranarayanan). Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Statue of Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture A goddess is a female deity, in contrast with a male deity known as a god. Many cultures have goddesses. ... In Hinduism, Durga (Sanskrit: , Bengali: ) is a form of Devi, the supreme goddess. ... Dr Raychaudhury identifies the Maurya Asura clan of the above texts with the Maurya clan of Chandragupta Maurya (Poitical History of Ancient India, 1996, p 4-5). Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Bindusara Maurya Reign: 322 BC-298 BC Place of birth: India Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: à ¤šà ¤¨à ¥�à ¤¦à ¥�à ¤°à ¤—à ¥�à ¤ªà ¥�à ¤¤ à ¤®Ã ¥Œà ¤°à ¥�à ¤¯;sometimes known simply as Chandragupta (born on c. ... And scholars like Swami Vijnanannanda correctly identify the Asura Kambu clan with the Kambojas of Hindukush, and their allies Kalkeyas with the Afridis etc (See: The Shrimad-Devi-Bhagawatam, trans: Swami Vijnanananda (1921-22), p 451). The Hindu Kush or Hindukush ( & #1607; & #1606; & #1583; & #1608; & #1705; & #1588; in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... It is notable that the great Asura warrior king Shumbha, the hero of the Asura/Danava forces, has been referred to as danuja-lord, the son of Diti (i.e ditija-danuja-adayah) in Shri Devi Bhagawatam as well as Markandeya Puraana traditions etc (Devi-Mahatam verse 9.30). It is also notable that great epic Mahabharata also mentions one king Chandravarman of the Kambojas, who has been referred to as an incarnation of the great Asura/Daitya Chandra and addressed as ditija.shreshtho i.e. foremost among the Asuras, the son of Diti Sanskrit:Chandrastu ditija.shreshtho loke taradhipopamah. || 31 || Chandra.varmati vikhiyaatah Kambojanam.nradhipah. ||32 ||— MBH 2.67.31-32, Gorakhpore Edition; See also K.M Ganguli's online MBH) Diti was perhaps a local cult deity affected in Hindukush. In Hinduism, Diti is an earth goddess and mother of the Maruts with Rudra. ... This article is becoming very long. ... This reference also alludes to Iranian affinities of the Kambojas. The mythical Asura king Shumbha of Puranic Hindu texts appears to refer to some derring-do warrior from the Iranian Kambojas of north-west. And the Durga/Shumbha legend probably refers to some dimly remembered remote tradition on border clashes between the ancient Iranian Aryans and the Vedic Aryans, after the great divide had occurred. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... 17th Century Brazilian Tapuia A warrior is a person habitually engaged in warfare. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Probably, the Ditija Chandravarman (a Kamboj) of Mahabharata and Ditija Shumbha of Merkendeya Purana/Srimad-Devi-Bhagawatam texts refer to same personage. Asura was the name by which the ancient Indo-Aryans addressed their ancient Iranian neighbors. The same word is found as Ahura in ancient Persian traditions. The Asuras or Ahuras were Iranians followers of Ahuramazada (Zoroastrian religion) which the Kambojas indeed were. Initially, the word Asura did not have the negative (demonic) connotations which it got only in later times. The Iranians, on the other hand, called the Indo-Aryans as Daivas on account of their being Deva worshippers which term also carried similar demonic connotations. Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity Dr V. S. Aggarwala: " As shown in the Jataka and Avestic literature, the Kamboja was a center of ancient Iranian civilization as is evidenced by the peculiar customs of the country " (The Kamboja Janapada, January 1964, Purana, Vol VI, No 1, p 229; Jataka edited by Fausboll, Vol VI, p 210 ). Yasna 28. ... Dr J. C. Vidyalankar: " Zoroastrian religion had probably originated in Kamboja-land (Bacteria-Badakshan)....and the Kambojas spoke Avestan language... " (Bharatiya Itihaas Ki Rup Rekha, p 229-231, Dr Jaychandra Vidyalankar). Yasna 28. ... Dr Michael Witzel: " The Kambojas, located somewhere in east Afghanistan, spoke Iranian language and followed Zoroastrian habits of killing lower animals " (Early Eastern Iran and the Atharvaveda, Persica-9, 1980, fn 81, p 114; Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, Vol. 7 (2001), issue 3 (May 25), Art. 9). May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... Dr D. C. Sircar: " The Kambojas were of Iranian extractions....they were settled in Afghanistan region in Uttarapatha. Their numbers were occasionally swelled by new migrants from Iran, especially during age of Achaemenians. " (Purana, Vol V, No 2, July 1963, p 256, Dr D. C. Sircar). W. J. Vogelsang and Willem Vogelsang: " The name Kamboja was commonly applied in Indian sources to the Iranian population of the borderlands i.e Afghanistan " (The Afghans (Peoples of Asia), 2001, p 127). Dr R. Thapar: " The Kambojas were a tribe of the Iranians " (History of lndia, Vol. I, 1997, p 276). E. Benveniste: " The Kambojas..... were known in Indian traditions as a foreign people, with peculiar customs, ... raised celebrated horses, spoke - as the Nirukata (II,2.8) tells us - a language with Iranian words in it..... and had, according to Buddhist Jataka (VI.206, 27-30), a certain religious practice - the killing of insects, moths, snakes and worms - which we may recognize as Mazdean from the passages in Mazdean books like the Videvati (XIV.5-6) as well as from the remark of Herodotus (I.140) about the Persian religion " (Journal Asiatique, CCXLVI 1958, I, pp 47-48, E. Benveniste). A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddh�rtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... The noted scholars like C. Lassen, S. Levi, M. Witzel, J. Charpentier, A. Hoffman, A. B. Keith, A. A. Macdonnel and others have traced the ethnic name Kamboja in the royal name Kambujiya/Cambujiya of the Old Persian Inscriptions (Cambyses/Kambuses of the Greeks). Kambujiya (also Kambaujiya) was the name of several great Persian kings of Achamenian dynasty. The same name appears as C-n-b-n-z-y in Aramaic, Kambuzia in Assyrian, Kambythet in Egyptian, Kam-bu-zi-ia in Akkadian, Kan-bu-zi-ia in Elamite, and Kanpuziya in Susian language. Cambyses (or Cambese) is the Greek version of the name of several monarchs of Achaemenid line of ancient Persia. ... Cambyses II (Persian Kambujiya ( & #1705; & #1605; & #1576; & #1608; & #1580; & #1740; & #1607;), d. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ... Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ... An Assyrian winged bull, or lamassu. ... Akkadian (liš�num akkadÄ«tum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. ... Elamite is an extinct language, which was spoken in the ancient Elamite Empire. ... H. W. Bellow observes: " Darius III succeeded, about 521 B.C to the empire founded by Cyrus (Kurush), and enlarged and consolidated by his son and successor Cambyses (Kambojia, Kambohji). Cyrus-whose mother was called Mandane (Mandana, perhaps a princess of the Mandan tribe), and said to be a Mede, and whose father was called Cambyses (Kambohji, probably a chieftain of the Kamboh tribe) having reduced the Medes and conquered the kingdom of Croesus the Lydian (Ludi), thereby became master of all the territory extending from the Indus to the Hellespont " . Darius III or Codomannus (c. ... The name Cyrus (or Kourosh in Persian) may refer to: [[Cyrus I of Anshan]], King of Persia around 650 BC [[Cyrus II of Persia | Cyrus the Great]], King of Persia 559 BC - 529 BC â€" See also Cyrus in the Judeo-Christian tradition Cyrus the Younger, brother to the Persian king... Mandane of Media (c. ... The Medes were an Iranian people of Aryan origin who lived in the western and north-western portion of present-day Iran. ... Cambyses (or Cambese) is the Greek version of the name of several monarchs of Achaemenid line of ancient Persia. ... Look up Kamboh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... http://www. ... Lydian was an Indo-European language, one of the Anatolian languages, that was spoken in the city-state of Lydia in Anatolia, present day Turkey. ... The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ... — (An enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan H. W. Bellow; also see: Sectarianism and Ethnic Violence in Afghanistan, Musa Khan Jalzai). Kambujiya III (Cambyses III) is famous for his conquest of Egypt (525 B.C.) and the havoc he had wrought upon this country. Cambyses II (Persian Kambujiya ( & #1705; & #1605; & #1576; & #1608; & #1580; & #1740; & #1607;), d. ... Cambyses (or Cambese) is the Greek version of the name of several monarchs of Achaemenid line of ancient Persia. ... Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas There are also references in Sanskrit literature which suggest that a section of the Kambojas was probably also under Vedic cultural influence. The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is an old Indo-Aryan language from the Indian Subcontinent, the classical literary language of the Hindus of India[1], a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... There is reference to a sage from Kamboja clan mentioned in the Vamsa Brahmana (1/18-19) of Sama Veda. Sage Kamboja is referred to as the pupil of sage Shaungayani Madrakara. Sage Madrakara belonged to Uttara-Madra tribe (Vedic Index). These Uttra-Madras were an Iranian settlement of the Bahlika Uttara-Madras (Jean Przyluski). The Sama Veda ( & #2360; & #2366; & #2350; & #2357; & #2375; & #2342;), or Veda of Holy Songs, is third in the usual order of enumeration of the four Vedas, the ancient core Hindu scriptures. ... The Uttaramadra was the northern branch of the Madra people numerously referenced in ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature. ... http://www. ... An ancient Vedic Chudakarma Samskaara in Paraskara GrhyaSutram lists the Kambojas with the Vasishthas as a scholarly clan sharing common social and religious customs with them. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... dakshinatah Kambujaanaam Vasisthaanaam,ubhayato Atri Kashyapaanaam mundah Bhriguh,panchachuda Angris. Bajasneyaanaameka manglarth shikhinoanyai/— (Chudakarma Samskaara, Paraskara GrhyaSutram 2.1.23, Commentary: Pt Harihar). The Mahabharata reveals that, besides being fierce warriors, all the Kamboja soldiers were also noted as kritavidyash or the scholars of the Vedas (MBH 7/112/43-44) . 17th Century Brazilian Tapuia A warrior is a person habitually engaged in warfare. ... These and similar references from ancient Sanskrit literature prove that a section of Kambojas had indeed also come under Indo-Aryan cultural influence at some point in history. The Indo-Aryans make up 74% of the population of India and are the creators of the concept of the Aryan race. ... The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning to cultivate, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... In the light of evidence presented above, several scholars opine that the Kambojas had both Iranian as well as Indian affinities (Macdonnel, Keith, Dr Donald N. Wilber, W. K. Fraser, M. C. Gillet etc). Classical definition of Scythia/Scythians Strabo defines all Central Asian clans inhabiting east of Caspian Sea as Scythic or Scythian in culture (See: Lib.xi, p 254; See also: Annals and Antiquities, I, p 49, fn 6, James Tod). The Greek geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. .... The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth by area[2], with a surface area of 371,000 square kilometers (143,244 sq mi) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometers (18,761 cu mi). .... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... Diodorus further improves upon this definition and makes Mt. Hemodos as the dividing line between Scythia and India proper (See: Indika, Fragment 1, Diodorus II.35; See also: Annals and Antiquities, I, p 49, fn 6, James Tod). Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian, born at Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira, in the province of Enna). ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... Mt Hemodos of the Greeks is stated to be Himalaya (Qv: Nonnos Dionysiaca 40.260). Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... Mt Hemodos is also known as Himaos, Imaos and Paropamisos, but Greeks generally called it Kaukasos i.e Caucasus, which was Greek designation for Hindukush (Qv: Fragment IV, Strabo XV.i. II, p 689). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... The Hindu Kush or Hindukush ( & #1607; & #1606; & #1583; & #1608; & #1705; & #1588; in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... Himalaya of ancient Sanskrit/Pali texts extended from eastern ocean to western ocean, and thus included the Hindukush and Karakoram ranges as well (Ref: Sumangavilasini, I.1; Geographical Data in Early Puranas, 1972, p 65). Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is an old Indo-Aryan language from the Indian Subcontinent, the classical literary language of the Hindus of India[1], a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... P�li is a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or prakrit. ... Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ... The Hindu Kush or Hindukush ( & #1607; & #1606; & #1583; & #1608; & #1705; & #1588; in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... Located in the mountainous regions of Gilgit, Ladakh & Baltistan, Gilgit and Baltistan are in Pakistan, the Karakoram is one of the great Himalayan mountain ranges, with many of the highest and most daunting peaks of the world. ... This Scythia of the classical writers was known as Sakadvipa in ancient Sanskrit texts. Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is an old Indo-Aryan language from the Indian Subcontinent, the classical literary language of the Hindus of India[1], a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... It is therefore clear that the Central Asian tribes living east of the Caspian Sea, north of Hindukush/Karakoram and west of China, extending as far as Siberia, all fell into the Scythic or Scythian category of the ancient Greeks. Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... http://www. ... Siberian Federal District (darker red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) arctic northeast Siberia Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the Euro-Asian Steppe. ... Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question In view of the facts presented above, the historical situation, so far as the Kambojas are concerned, appear to be something like the following: The Kambojas were originally located across the Hindukush in Transoxiana in the Scythian cultural belt of the classical writers. The KambojaRishika expressions of Sanskrit texts indisputably prove this fact. The reference to Sakas and Kambojas jointly fighting Mahabharata war under supreme command of Sudakshina of Kamboja also explains this fact. With passage of time, a section of the Kamboja had crossed the Hindukush and had also planted colonies in cis-Hindukush region in Kunar/Swat valleys, and as far as Rajauri, west of Kashmir. This was the Kamboja country of Mahabharata. Since this region was close to Indo-Aryans, therefore, these cis-Hindukush Kambojas got exposed to dominant Vedic culture and thus became somewhat Indo-Aryans. The Transoxian Kambojas i.e the Parama-Kambojas of Mahabharata, on the other hand, being located in pure Iranian or Scythic cultural belt, continued as usual, to follow the Iranian culture, customs, manners and language. This explains as to why the ancient Kambojas, though dominantly attested to be Iranians, still betray some glimpses of Indo-Aryan culture and customs. The Hindu Kush or Hindukush ( & #1607; & #1606; & #1583; & #1608; & #1705; & #1588; in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD... Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... There is mention of Rishikas in the Mahabharata, Brhat Samhita, Markendeya Purana and Ramayana etc. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is an old Indo-Aryan language from the Indian Subcontinent, the classical literary language of the Hindus of India[1], a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Saka is also the name of a town in Hiroshima, Japan; for information on this town, see Saka, Hiroshima. ... Kambojas are a very ancient people of north-western parts of ancient Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... Sudakshina Kamboja is the third king of the Kambojas referred to in the Mahabharata. ... The Hindu Kush or Hindukush ( & #1607; & #1606; & #1583; & #1608; & #1705; & #1588; in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... Kunar river is located in Afghanistan and Pakistan. ... Swat River flows from Karakorum Mountains to flows into Kabul River in Swat, Sarhad, Pakistan. ... Rajauri is a town and a notified area committee in Rajauri district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... The Indo-Aryans make up 74% of the population of India and are the creators of the concept of the Aryan race. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... Ancient Sanskrit literature reveals that like the Madras/Uttara Madras and the Kurus/Uttara Kurus, the ancient Kambojas also had, at least two settlements. ... See also Kambojas Parama KambojasUttara Madras YavanasSakas Ethnic classification of the Scythians Kambojas are a very ancient people of north-western parts of ancient Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Ancient Sanskrit literature reveals that like the Madras/Uttara Madras and the Kurus/Uttara Kurus, the ancient Kambojas also had, at least two settlements. ... The Uttaramadra was the northern branch of the Madra people numerously referenced in ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature. ... ... Saka is also the name of a town in Hiroshima, Japan; for information on this town, see Saka, Hiroshima. ... References MahabharataJatakaNiruktam by YaskaJournal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1911, 1912Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, Sir G. A. Grierson Das Folk Der Kamboja bei Yaska, Dr E. Kuhn, First Series of Avesta, Pahlavi and Ancient Persian Studies in honour of the late Shams-ul-ulama Dastur Peshotanji Bahramji Strassberg and Leipzig, pp 213-14; cf: J. Bloch, Indo-Aryan, Paris, 1965, p 330; Also Lit. Gesch, 9 169, p 363, WeberEarly Eastern Iran and Atharvaveda, Persica-9, 1980, fn 81, 83, Dr M. WitzelThe Purana, Vol V, No 2, July 1963, Dr D. C. Sircar The Afghans (Peoples of Asia), W. J. VogelsangThe Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 3, E. YarshaterAncient Kamboja', in Iran and Islam, Bailey, H. W. etcThe Cultural Heritage of India, 1962 (Foreign Elements in Indian Population, Dr Debala Mitra) Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, Dr J. L. KambojBhartya Itihaas ki Mimansa, Dr J. C. VidyalnkarBhartya Itihaas ki Ruprekha, Dr J. C. VidyalnkarMarkendeya PuranaGlory of the Divine Mother (Devi Mahatmyam), Trans: Sri Sankaranarayanan The Afghans (Peoples of Asia), 2001, W. J. Vogelsang and Willem Vogelsang Categories: Kambojas | Ancient peoples | Iranian peoples | Indo-Iranian peoples Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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