Brazil accuses US of sterilizing millions

[Guest guest]

http://www.africa2000.com/BNDX/BAO112.htm

 

 

Baobab Press --Vol. 1 Number 12

 

BRAZIL LAUNCHES INQUIRY INTO

U.S. POPULATION ACTIVITIES

The charge: millions sterilised

to meet U.S. political objectives

 

 

A U.S.-sponsored program that resulted in the sterilisation of nearly

half

of Brazil's women has prompted a formal congressional inquiry,

sponsored by

more than 165 legislators from every political party that is

represented in

the Brazilian legislature. The investigation was initiated after

information

about a secret U.S. National Security Council memorandum on American

population control objectives in developing countries was published

in the

Jornal de Brasilia, Hova do Povo (Rio de Janeiro), Jornal do Brasil,

and

other major newspapers in early May.

 

That U.S. foreign policy document, officially known as National

Security

Study Memorandum 200 or NSSM 200, detailed a plan to target thirteen

large

de- veloping nations with intensive efforts to promote population

" policies'' that would allow the U.S. to run massive birth control and

sterilisation projects in those countries.

 

Brazil, the study said, was placed on the list of thirteen target

nations

because it " clearly dominates the continent [south America]

demographically,'' and its population was projected to equal that of

the

United States by the turn of the century. This, said the report which

was

jointly prepared for the National Security Council (NSC) in 1974 by

the

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Departments of State and

Defence

(DOD), and the Agency for International Development (USAID),

suggests " a

growing power status for Brazil in Latin America and on the world

scene over

the next 25 years.''

 

The NSC report listed twelve other nations whose growth could give

them

increased political influence, and which were also to be targeted

under the

international population program. Those are: Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia,

Pakistan, Indonesia, Turkey, Bangladesh, India, Thailand, the

Philippines,

Mexico and Colombia.

 

The document, which is over 200 pages in length, was written after a

proposed " world population plan of action'' was denounced by large

numbers

of African and Latin America nations, by the Vatican, and by the

entire

socialist bloc (with the exception of Romania), during a UN population

conference held in Bucharest in 1974.

 

The formerly-classified strategy document was approved as an integral

part

of American foreign policy in 1975 by Brent Scowcroft, who served as

then-

President Gerald Ford's security advisor. He occupies the same office

today

under George Bush.

 

Reports about the document, as well as about the Brazilian inquiry,

have

since appeared in every part of Brazil and throughout Central and

South

America.

 

Brazil's Ministry of Health, which had begun an investigation into the

sterilisation program even before the American population strategy

documents

were disclosed, has revealed that 44 percent of all Brazilian women

between

the ages of 14 and 55 have been permanently sterilised. The older

women

apparently had the operation done when the program started, nearly two

decades ago. News reports charge that many of these women underwent

the

operation without their knowledge or consent.

 

Benedita da Silva of the Workers Party (PT), who represents the

residents of

impoverished sections of Rio de Janeiro known as favelas, will head

the

legislative investigation. According to some reports, as many as 90

percent

of all Brazilian women of African descent have been sterilised. If

true,

this would nearly eliminate future generations of black people in

Latin

America's largest nation. Brazil's black population is reported to be

second

in size only to Nigeria's. At least half of Brazil's 154 million

people are

believed to be of African ancestry.

 

The sterilisation program in Brazil, like those just now beginning in

dozens

of African nations, started as a relatively small, " voluntary'' family

planning campaign, which publicly stressed spacing children rather

than

reducing population growth. It quickly and quietly escalated, however,

taking advantage of unfavorable economic conditions -- themselves

largely

imposed through the policies of the U.S. and other developed

countries -- to

press for limitations in family size.

 

The massive sterilisation activities were mainly orchestrated by

BEMFAM, the

Brazilian affiliate of the London-based International Planned

Parenthood

Federation, according to news reports.

 

Several private U.S. population contractors, operating with funds

from the

U.S. Agency for International Development, are also involved. These

include

the Pathfinder Fund, the Johns Hopkins University Population

Communication

Services project, Family Health International, the John

Snow " Enterprise''

program, the Program for the Introduction and Adaptation of

Contraceptive

Technology (PIACT), and the Association for Voluntary Surgical

Contraceptive. All have current activities both in Brazil and in

numerous

African nations. Some of the Brazilian programs funded through these

groups

are subcontracted to BEMFAM, while other projects are run by the USAID

contractors through paid contacts at Brazilian universities, family

planning

clinics, firms, and individuals.

 

In recent years, Brazilian officials have begun to raise objections

to the

level of population activities in their country. A large shipment of

condoms

from USAID was held up in customs for over a year and then seized by

Brazilian agents as contraband, according to a report released in

late 1989

by the Office of the Inspector General at USAID. The same report

advised

that Brazilian authorities had complained that the level of U.S.

population

assistance had become " overwhelming and unnecessary.''

 

Last summer, health officials began the investigation that showed the

incredibly high sterilisation rate. That information coincided with

the

revelations about U.S. intentions to curb births in developing

countries.

 

Aside from advocating a strategy to contain the political influence

of large

and rapidly growing developing countries, the document stressed the

need to

maintain orderly, pro-U.S. leadership in countries that

supply " strategic

and critical'' materials needed for normal U.S. military and

industrial

operations. The NSC report stated that the U.S. " will require large

and

increasing amounts of minerals from abroad, especially from less

developed

countries. That fact gives the U.S. enhanced interest in the

political,

economic, and social stability of the supplying countries. Wherever a

lessening of population pressures through reduced birth rates can

increase

the prospects for such stability, population policy becomes relevant

to

resource supplies and to the economic interests of the United

States.''

 

It advised, too, that the relatively young populations characteristic

of

societies with high birthrates give momentum to nationalist movements

because young people can more easily be persuaded to attack foreign

investments and other influences seen as " imperialistic.''

 

The document also detailed a strategy for persuading leaders in the

developing world to cooperate with the population program, urging that

various agencies of the United Nations, the U.S. Information Agency,

the

World Bank, and USAID collaborate with other industrial country

donors to

influence leaders of targeted " LDCs'' [less-developed countries]. " We

should

give higher priorities in our information programs world-wide for

this area

[population control] and consider expansion of collaborative

arrangements

with multilateral institutions in population education programs,'' it

said.

 

It warned, however, that there was a " danger that some LDC leaders

will see

developed country pressures for family planning as a form of economic

or

racial imperialism; this could well create a serious backlash.'' The

U.S.,

it added, " can help to minimise charges of an imperialist motivation

behind

its support of population activities by repeatedly asserting that such

support derives from a concern with (a) the right of the individual to

determine freely and responsibly their number and spacing of

children ...

and (b) the fundamental social and economic development of poor

countries.''

It also recommended that U.S. foreign service and diplomatic

personnel " be

alert to opportunities for expanding our assistance efforts and for

demonstrating to their leaders the consequences of rapid population

growth

and the benefits of actions to reduce fertility.''

 

The secret document also noted that it is " vital'' that officials

avoid

giving the impression of " an industrialised country policy to keep

their

strength down'' because this could " create a serious backlash adverse

to the

cause of population stability.''

 

The study also suggested that, where diplomatic initiatives fail to

persuade

leaders their populations should be reduced, " mandatory programs may

be

needed and ... we should be considering these possibilities now.''

Specific

forms of coercion proposed in the study were limited to food

rationing and

" taking account of family planning performance'' in foreign assistance

payments.

 

The document further advised that in countries where leaders had

raised

strong objections to population control plans -- specifically

including

Brazil, Nigeria, and Ethiopia -- population funds " would have to come

from

other donors and/or from private and international organisations,''

although

these groups would receive contributions from USAID. In other words,

at

least in those countries, the U.S. planned to conceal its funding of

such

" private'' population activities.

 

Nations in Asia and Latin America took most of the pressure in the

early

1970s, largely because African leaders were strongly opposed to

population

control. But by the early 1980s, the World Bank had revised its

guidelines

for funding consumable supplies, and began promoting population

reduction

projects as an integral part of development loans in Africa and as a

condition for credit.

 

Today, most African nations have adopted formal policies that state

birthrates are " too high.'' While such official statements do not

necessarily translate into actions, they nonetheless open the door to

further diplomatic maneuvers and pressure tactics by foreign

governments and

international lending agencies. Eventually, such pressure is intended

to

bring about the kind of coercive " family planning'' programs in

Africa were

enacted in India (and which are credited, at least in part, with the

1984

assassination of Indira Gandhi) and those now under investigation in

Brazil.

 

Still, there are several African nations that have not yet even

produced

these formal policy statements: Mozambique, Somalia, Angola, Tchad,

Congo,

Gabon, Libya, Sudan, Namibia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire,

Guinee,

Mali, Mauritania and Togo among them. And in others, there are strict

rules

that make such statements unenforceable by Western governments and

their

private intermediaries; sterilisation, for example, is a criminal

offense in

Ethiopia, according to a study of national policies done by the UN

several

years ago.

 

The action of Brazil's legislature is an example of an effective

response

that comes too late. Already about 25 million Brazilian women have

permanently, and, in many cases unwillingly, been deprived of the

capacity

to bear children.

 

Said Heraclio Salles, one of Brazil's most respected journalists and

colum-

nists: " They have given and are giving millions of women procedures

that do

not differ in their final objectives from those employed by the nazis

under

the Hitler regime to affect the removal of the Jewish population.''

 

COPYRIGHT U.S.A. 1991

BAOBAB PRESS

 

 

----

------

----

 

FROM THE UNITED NATIONS DATABASE

A U.S. $67 million program, funded by USAID and implemented by the

Pathfinder Fund, includes (among scores of others) a " PAMPA'' project

to

implement " psycho-social assistance'' with emphasis on " family

planning'' in

Sao Paulo, Brazil; a joint Pathfinder- BEMFAM program to survey adult

attitudes on birth control and to sponsor a Latin American population

conference; and a program to " continue participation in the shaping

of the

national discussion on population issues'' with an emphasis on the

impact of

such discussions on Brazil's new Constitution. In Nigeria, Pathfinder

has an

even larger number of current activities, including the training of

medical

personnel to perform birth control procedures in just about every

state, as

well as projects to " improve knowledge, attitude and practice of

family

planning'' among both rural and urban women. It funneled

approximately $2

million from USAID into a national family planning campaign in

Zimbabwe

between 1987 and 1990, and has contributed large amounts of money to

similar

projects in Kenya and Tanzania, with smaller activities in several

other

African nations. The Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception

(formerly Assn. for Voluntary Sterilisation) conducts activities

primarily

to promote methods that cause permanent infertility. It has U.S. $80

million

in AID contracts, with numerous activities both in Brazil and

Nigeria; it

has made several recent payments to universities, hospitals and family

planning associations in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia,

Zimbabwe,

Rwanda, Malawi, Burundi, Zaire, Mali, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. The

PIACT

program funds publications and media projects, as well as

contraceptive

distribution networks in Brazil. It conducts similar activities in

about a

dozen African states.

 

Source: United Nations Population Fund Inventory of Population

Projects in

Developing Countries Around the World

 

 

 

This news release is based on published reports in Jornal de Brasilia,

Jornal do Brasil, Hova do Povo (Brazil), El Financiero, El Dia

Latinoamericano (Mexico), and other newspapers in Brazil, Colombia and

Mexico which appeared between 1 May 1991 and mid-July. Information on

the

U.S. National Security Council population memorandum is taken from the

document itself, titled " Implications of Worldwide Population Growth

for

U.S. Security and Overseas Interests,'' which is on file at the

National

Archives in Washington, D.C. Other material comes from reference books

published by the U.S. government, the United Nations and the World

Bank.

Permission to reprint, to translate, or to edit this article is

granted to

editors and publishers. This news service is sponsored entirely by

private,

voluntary donations, and no compensation is requested or expected from

users. For more information about this story or about the Baobab

Press,

please contact us at P. O. Box 43345, Washington, DC 20010--U.S.A.

 

 

 

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/healthnet/SAsia/depop/Chap2.

html

 

 

1984

Time has come to resist the population control activities

 

Welcome to this international tribunal on reproductive rights. We are

all

here today to start the conference concerning population control

programs

indifferent countries of the world, say in Asia, Africa, Latin-

America and

countries in Europe. We will share our experiences of these programs

specific to our own countries. No doubt, we speak different languages

and

come from different cultural and historical back-rounds, but I

believe and

perhaps you will also agree, that the basic ideology of population

control

is the same for all of us. Because, first of all it did not originate

in our

specific countries, it came from abroad. The ideology, the money and

the

contraceptives all are there from abroad which we received along with

the

'aid for development'. Therefore, the problems related to each of us

and the

counter arguments to the ideology of population control are going to

be the

same for all of us. We identify with each other and feel the

necessity of

having a conference of this sort to formulate our strategy for future

action. The greatness of the tribunal is that it has brought women

from all

over the world to discuss about the most serious political issue of

population control and is addressing the crucial questions of drug

dumping

by multinational companies. Sterilisation abuse, contraceptive abuses

and

the ideology and practices of population control affects women in the

third

world countries as well as in the developed countries. It has become

clear

that it is women who have to take the lead in the protest against

this and

also to take part in the democratic revolution taking shape in most

of these

countries. Women must participate and liberate themselves as person!

It is

very encouraging to see today that so many women have come from

different

parts of the world which means that the movement is taking the

international

character. We must pursue this trend to take it to its logical

conclusions.

 

Now, if you permit, I will take some time to give an overview of the

political theme of the population control with specific reference to

Bangladesh, because Bangladesh has now become one of the biggest

population

control program in the country leading towards 'depopulation' and is

moving

in line with the chances in the international population policies. I

am

sure, most of you who are from the Third World countries will find

amazingly, how that is similar to the population control programs in

your

own countries. Nothing new will perhaps be known from the history of

population control in Bangladesh: we have known most of it from the

experiences of Puerto Rico, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, etc. But

certainly

this attempt will help us to clarify our position on depopulation and

the

composition of the foreign interventionist policies on women in all

the

countries of the world. We do not want that control any more.

 

All types of societies practice some sort of birth control,

Bangladesh is no

exception. Neither are the societies in Africa, Latin America or any

country

in Asia. People practiced birth control like coitus interruptus,

abstinence,

moral restraint, or indigenous method of abortion for generations.

These

birth control practices served the particular need specific to a

certain

phase of social development of the individual and their families and

consequently the need of the society in general. The social norm and

reproductive behaviour correspond to these needs. This fact, although

known

to ethnographers for long, is being mentioned here for uneducated

intellect

of the west exposed heavily to the propaganda of population

controllers and

for population explosion theorists. Due to this unhealthy exposure an

image

has been successfully constituted in the west that " overpopulated "

societies are populous because they breed like animal. A vegetative

non-human existence has been continually projected. The poverty and

under

development in the third world societies are explained by their inert

thing-like reproductive behaviour: they are poor, because they breed

too

many. Horrifyingly, the west has noticed that these animals are

breeding

unknowingly to the extent of exploding the global availability of

subsistence.

 

The reasons that population control is being practised in all third

world

countries are mostly that of the fear of taking over the majority of

poor

over the rich minority both at national and international level, the

fear of

taking over the black majority over the white minority and the fear of

taking over the working- class over the bourgeoisie class. The

resource

distribution in the world is uneven and now the developed nations

seem to be

worried about the fact that they do not have enough people to enjoy

their

resources. They are found to be selectively encouraging an increase

in their

own countries, and among the whites in countries like Africa. This

shows

that the issue of populations control is selective and is because the

developed nations do not want to redistribute the resources through

improving the international economic relations between the countries

and

through changes in the social and economic structure within the

countries,

they resort to limit the number of the future revolutionaries.

 

In the forthcoming World Population Conference to be held in Mexico

(1984),

the World Bank is going to alarm the world (as they always did

before, and

already World Development Report has done it) with the message that

high

rates of population growth are holding back economic and social

development

in many of the poorer countries. The World Bank therefore is going to

put

its authority as the most powerful international development agency

behind

the case for bringing population policy into the centre of debate on

development planning. The World Bank President A. W. Clausen says in

the

foreword to the report that " failure to act now to slow population

growth is

likely to mean lower quality of life for millions of people. In the

poorest

countries, poverty contributes to high mortality and even higher

fertility. "

Of course, no specific measures are being taken to eradicate the

poverty

except by cutting down the number of poor people through forced

reduced

births. The argument in favour of family planning on the part of the

donors

is that, " it is remarkably cheap and highly cost-effective. "

 

As we know the United States government and the private foundations

like

Rockefeller and Ford Foundations are working actively for population

control

abroad. For years, they have worked through the private organisations

and

the governments in many developing countries to control the population

growth rate. In Bangladesh, for example, USAID is one of the largest

donors

in the population control program, next to the World Bank, and

suggests

explicitly that to achieve the desired decline in the population

growth rate

the government should handle the problem by

 

" suspending the normal rules, by going outside the usual government

procedures and resorting to any and all socially acceptable measures

which

seem likely to work " . Interestingly enough, while USAID has been

pursuing to

adopt a policy equivalent to crisis management, the paper prepared

for the

Mexico Conference by the US government says that, " the population was

a

challenge, it need not have been a crisis. " The paper surprises

everybody

when it says that " more people do not mean less growth, that is

absurd on

its face " . Indeed, the paper further says, " both in American

experience and

in the economic history of the most advanced nations, populations

growth has

been an essential element in the economic progress. "

 

However, we need not to be convinced with the argument put forward by

the

United States, we have our own explanations and analysis. But what is

interesting here is that United States does believe that population

is not

the problem. The US government, by putting argument against population

control, is in fact responding to the anti-abortionist lobby in the

USA,

because President Reagan has to yield to these pressures in the

election

year. Also the USA is not going to support coercive sterilisation

programs

on paper, of course). We know that according to the US Foreign

Assistance

Act of 1961, no US money can be paid for inducing sterilisation

operation,

too. But according to our experiences in Bangladesh , we know that the

incentive money for sterilisation is paid by the USAID in the name of

the

compensation charges to the clients. In a country like Bangladesh

where more

than 80 percent of the people are living below poverty line and many

people

are without work during most of the time of the year, (he money paid

for

undergoing sterilisation operation is certainly not a " compensation "

rather

it is an inducement to take sterilisation in return for money. Now,

incentive money is also being offered to the clients of Copper-T and

the

government is also planning to offer incentives to the acceptors of

Depo-Provera.

 

The history of population control program in Bangladesh starting-

from1952

is an example of the external intervention into the reproductive

behaviour

of a society. The country had just liberated itself from the long

history of

British colonisation, and during this time period new political and

economic

interventions from the United States were showing up in many of the

Latin

American countries as well. The first intervention in Bangladesh was

made

through the formation of private organisation called Bangladesh Family

Planning Association. The organisation received most of its funds from

abroad, and a nominal support was received from the government (of

Pakistan). Internationally, interventionists had not yet finished

setting up

their operational structure. The Planned Parenthood Federation of

America

had just organised into an international operation in 1948, to become

International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF). To add scientific

legitimacy to population control pro-rams, the Population Council was

established. The initial strategy of operation was that the private

organisations were to operate informally. Their primary task would be

to

keep an eye on certain elites in foreign governments and eventually to

establish formal programme. The concern for the growing pressure of

population on the resources of the planet was expressed in a

conference on

World Population in Rome in the year 1954, held under the auspices of

the

United Nations. From 1965, the official government program of

population

control started in the country by recruiting large number female

family

planning workers to motivate couples (women in particular) and to

distribute

contraceptives. After the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan, the

country went through massive population control program and much more

with

experimental programs and dumping Planning programs. During the

Bucharest

Conference on Population in 1974, consensus grew about the necessity

of

having development programs along with the family planning programs,

including health services to the people. The multisectoral development

programs were developed with the funds from the World Bank and the

UNFPA and

was part of the overall development strategy of the World Bank in the

Third

World countries. After 1980, the program has taken its drastic shape

with

the major emphasis on sterilisation, and the clinical methods as

temporary

methods of contraception.

 

Integrating women into development activities became important

concern of

the policy makers with the primary assumptions that if women are

economically liberated, they will have decision making power about the

family size. Let me assure you, that the necessity of abolition of

patriarchal relation was not posited in these assumptions. Women,

however,

received much attention from then on, not because they recognise

women as

person, but because it was easy to put the burden of population

control on

women and dump all the harmful contraceptives into their bodies. The

examples of the use of Depo-Provera pills. IUDs prove that the

concern for

women's health was never an issue; rather women fell into the trap of

not

wanting to bear the burden of pregnancy, they had the option of only

accepting contraceptives. The fact that the maternal mortality is

very high

in many of the poor countries like Bangladesh the justification for

pushing

harmful contraceptives was made valid. The health hazards caused by

contraceptives were overlooked, but Maternal and Child Health Care

services

are provided to create a favourable condition for the acceptance of

contraceptives by women.

 

In societies where western family planning is not accepted, it is

again

women who face the burden of social resistances and the pressures. For

example: in Bangladesh, many women are refused for burial after death

because they were sterilised. Moreover, due to contraceptive side-

effects of

excessive bleeding and weakness, women who are earning- their

livelihood

through working, outside their houses, are gradually becoming out of

work,

which means starvation to most of them. Not only that, in a family

women are

the crucial labour force for doing household works and the post

harvest

works in the rural families. Under the conditions, where women

maintain

their credibility by giving birth to male children and doing necessary

works, the acceptance of contraceptive methods aggravates their

vulnerable

situation and even they are thrown out of their husband's houses.

 

Another most important aspect of the population control program in

countries

of the world is that it is simply a process of marketing of

contraceptives

produced by the multinational drug manufacturers, like Ortho, Syntex,

Searle, Upjohn etc., who are interested in having markets for their

products

both in their own country and abroad. Therefore, women in the

developed

countries are also victimised as their sisters in the poor countries.

But

since the drug administration in the developed countries are strict,

the

poor countries become the dumping ground for the banned and harmful

drugs.

The cases of Dalkon Shield IUD of A.H. Robins, Depo-Provera of Upjohn

and

the Pills of Syntex are well known to everybody. Not only that, the

poorer

countries also provide the laboratory for the test of new drugs with

the

guinea pigs, called women. Initially pills were tested on women in

Latin

American countries, and now Norplant (a subdermal implant) is being

tested

and even used in Finland, Thailand, Dominican Republics, Brazil etc.

Under

the current US law, new drugs and other important pharmaceuticals

cannot be

exported for sale abroad until they received approval for marketing

in the

US by Federal Drug Administration(FDA) or US Department of

Agriculture. This

ban on exports has had a significant adverse impact upon the US

economy and

on the international competitive position of the American firms.

Therefore,

the drug industry is seeking federal legislation which would allow to

export

and manufacture of drugs which are not approved for use in the United

States. This is called the Export Bill, which if it is passed, is

going to

legitimize the criminal marketing behaviour of the drug industry. This

situation is very alarming for the developing countries and therefore

resistance must be developed within our own countries to have a strong

Import-Bill, which will not allow any banned drugs.

 

It therefore becomes evident that the time has come to resist the

population

control activities and resist the suppressions in the developing

countries.

And for that, women must take the lead in the movement against

external

interventions.

 

With this, I open the tribunal sessions for the week and hope to have

a

lively discussion on the crucial issues of population policies.

 

Wish you all good luck for the week.

 

[Opening Speech at the International Women & Health Meeting No. 4 and

Women's International Tribunal & Meeting on Reproductive Rights 22-28

July

1984. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.]

 

Chapter 3 ]http://www.cato.org/dailys/05-15-99.html

 

 

May 15, 1999

 

Don't Fund UNFPA Population Control

 

by Stephen Moore

 

Stephen Moore is director of fiscal policy studies at the Cato

Institute.

 

Within the next week or so Congress will vote on whether to restore

$60

million of U.S. taxpayer funding over the next two years for the

United

Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). For at least 30 years the UNFPA has

been a

complicit partner in some of the most unspeakably brutal population

control

programs around the globe -- including China's genocidal one-couple,

one-child policy. Almost universally, women and children -- at least

hundreds of thousands of them -- have been the victims of this

fanatical

crusade. The UNFPA should not be re-funded. It should be universally

condemned for the evil acts in which it has participated.

 

These days almost no sane person gives any credence to the population

bomb

hysteria that was all the rage in the 1960s and 1970s. Every

prediction of

massive starvations, eco-catastrophes of biblical proportions and

$100 a

barrel oil has been discredited by the global economic and

environmental

progress of the past quarter century. Intellectually, the Malthusian

limits

to growth menace is stone dead.

 

But within the Clinton-Gore State Department, Malthusianism

flourishes. The

Clinton administration still allocates almost $300 million a year to

international population control -- or what is euphemistically

described

these days as " family planning. " In countries ranging from India to

Mexico

to Nigeria to Brazil, the basic human right of couples to control

their own

fertility and determine their own family size has been trampled upon

by the

state, thanks in larger part to flows of dollars and deluges of false

limits-to-growth propaganda supplied by the American government.

 

The UNFPA, however, has had a particularly demon-like presence in

developing

nations. Back in the Reagan years, Congress sensibly pulled out of

the UNFPA

because of its complicity in some of the most inhumane forms of

population

containment. Today the UNFPA ludicrously maintains the fiction that

the

agency has fought coercive policies. How does one explain then, that

UNFPA

once gave an award to the Chinese government for the effectiveness of

its

genocidal one child per couple policy?

 

To this day no one knows precisely how many babies and women have

died at

the hands of the population control fanatics in China. What we do

know is

that this program will go down in history as one of the greatest

abuses of

human rights in the 20th century (see table). The Chinese

government's birth

control policy has already claimed an estimated 5-10 million victims.

I say

already because this is an ongoing genocide. An estimated 80-90

percent of

the victims have been girls. UNFPA still spends millions each year on

population control programs in China.

 

Incredibly the members of Congress leading the campaign to restore

funding

for the UNFPA tend to be " pro-choice " women -- principally Carolyn

Maloney

of New York, Cynthia McKinney of Georgia and Connie Morella of

Maryland. But

how in the world can an agency that participates in programs that

sterilize

women against their will or that tells women they have an ecological

responsibility to have only one or at most two children possibly be

called

pro-choice? Last year the U.S. Senate Committee on Human Rights heard

from

witnesses of the China population program, who related how rural

women are

forcibly strapped to steel tables in " hospitals " and their babies

aborted --

in some cases in the 7th, 8th and 9th months of pregnancy. Ms.

Maloney may

fantasize that the UNFPA promotes " reproductive rights, " but there

are quite

literally millions of women in China, India and Mexico who would beg

to

differ.

 

These programs were never about giving women reproductive choice.

Just the

opposite. Population control programs have been from their inception

about

preventing couples from having " too many " babies. Moreover,

these " family

planning " services do not promote women's and children's health; they

come

at its expense. There are many Third World hospitals that lack

bandages,

needles and basic medicines but are filled to the brim with boxes of

condoms -- stamped UNFPA or USAID.

 

Rep. Maloney believes that population control is necessary to " stop

hunger

and preserve our world's resources. " In Maloney's dim world view,

human

beings are not resources. They are destroyers of resources. Yes, the

spirit

of Malthus is alive and well in the U.S. Congress.

 

A vote for the UNFPA is a vote for a fanatical anti-people creed that

holds

that we should celebrate the planting of a tree, or a litter of three

baby

seals, but that we should regard the birth of a human couple's third

baby in

China or India or even the United States as eco-terrorism. This is a

fundamentally anti-Christian philosophy and it explains why groups

like

UNFPA, Zero Population Growth and Planned Parenthood view the Catholic

Church as " the evil empire. "

 

The cause of world hunger and environmental disasters in the world

today is

not too many people. It is too much statism. Almost all of the

greatest

ecological damage of the past 50 years was perpetrated by the

socialists

behind the iron curtain.

 

Reagan had it right when he declared 15 years ago that economic

growth is

" the best contraceptive. " The UNFPA is at best irrelevant to economic

development and probably a deterrent. To help women and children in

the

developing world, the United States should be exporting capitalism,

not

condoms.

 

Greatest Genocides of the 20th Century

 

Turkey's Slaughter of Armenians

0.5 - 1.0 million

 

Hitler's Holocaust

6 million

 

Pol Pot's Killing Fields

1 - 2 million

 

Stalin Extermination of Jews

10 million

 

Mao's Great Leap Forward

10 - 20 million

 

Chinese One-Child Policy

5 - 10 million

www.thinktwice.com

 

http://thinktwice.com/birthcon.htm

 

 

 

Are New Vaccines

Laced with Birth-Control Drugs?

 

During the early 1990s, the World Health Organization (WHO) had

been

overseeing massive vaccination campaigns against tetanus in a number

of

countries, among them Nicaragua, Mexico, and the Philippines. In

October

1994, HLI received a communication from its Mexican affiliate, the

Comite'

Pro Vida de Mexico, regarding that country's anti-tetanus campaign.

Suspicious of the campaign protocols, the Comite' obtained several

vials of

the vaccine and had them analyzed by chemists. Some of the vials were

found

to contain human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), a naturally occurring

hormone essential for maintaining a pregnancy.

 

hCG and Anti-hCG Antibodies

 

In nature the hCG hormone alerts the woman's body that she is

pregnant and

causes the release of other hormones to prepare the uterine lining

for the

implantation of the fertilized egg. The rapid rise in hCG levels after

conception makes it an excellent marker for confirmation of

pregnancy: when

a woman takes a pregnancy test she is not tested for the pregnancy

itself,

but for the elevated presence of hCG.

 

However, when introduced into the body coupled with a tetanus toxoid

carrier, antibodies will be formed not only against tetanus but also

against

hCG. In this case the body fails to recognize hCG as a friend and will

produce anti-hCG antibodies. The antibodies will attack subsequent

pregnancies by killing the hCG which naturally sustains a pregnancy;

when a

woman has sufficient anti-hCG antibodies in her system, she is

rendered

incapable of maintaining a pregnancy.(1)

 

HLI reported the sketchy facts regarding the Mexican tetanus vaccines

to its

World Council members and affiliates in more than 60 countries.(2)

Soon

additional reports of vaccines laced with hCG hormones began to drift

in

from the Philippines, where more than 3.4 million women were recently

vaccinated. Similar reports came from Nicaragua, which had conducted

its own

vaccination campaign in 1993.

 

The Known Facts

 

Here are the known facts concerning the tetanus vaccination campaigns

in

Mexico and the Philippines:

 

* Only women are vaccinated, and only the women between the ages of

15 and

45. (In Nicaragua the age range was 12-49.) But aren't men at least as

likely as young women to come into contact with tetanus? And what of

the

children? Why are they excluded?

 

* Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) hormone has been found in the

vaccines. It does not belong there -- in the parlance of the O.J.

Simpson

murder trial, the vaccine has been " contaminated. "

 

* The vaccination protocols call for multiple injections -- three

within

three months and a total of five altogether. But, since tetanus

vaccinations

provide protection for ten years or more, why are multiple

inoculations

called for?(3)

 

* WHO has been actively involved for more than 20 years in the

development

of an anti-fertility vaccine utilizing hCG tied to tetanus toxoid as a

carrier -- the exact same coupling as has been found in the

Mexican-Philippine-Nicaragua vaccines.(4)

 

The Anti-Fertility Gang

 

Allied with the WHO in the development of an anti-fertility vaccine

(AFV)

using hCG with tetanus and other carriers have been UNFPA, the UN

Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, the Population Council,

the

Rockefeller Foundation, the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,

and a

number of universities, including Uppsala, Helsinki, and Ohio State.

(5) The

U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (part

of NIH)

was the supplier of the hCG hormone in some of the AFV experiments.(6)

 

The WHO begain its " Special Programme " in human reproduction in 1972,

and by

1993 had spent more than $356 million on " reproductive health "

research.(7)

It is this " Programme " which has pioneered the development of the

abortificant vaccine. Over $90 million of this Programme's funds were

contributed by Sweden; Great Britain donated more than $52 million,

while

Norway, Denmark and Germany kicked in for $41 million , $27 million,

and $12

million, respectively. The U.S., thanks to the cut-off of such funding

during the Reagan-Bush administrations, has contributed " only " $5.7

million,

including a new payment in 1993 by the Clinton administration of $2.5

million. Other major contibutors to the WHO Programme include UNFPA,

$61

million; the World Bank, $15.5 million; the Rockefeller Foundation,

$2.5

million; the Ford Foundation, over $1 million; and the IDRC

(International

Research and Development Centre of Canada), $716.5 thousand.

 

WHO and Philippine Health Department Excuses

 

When the first reports surfaced in the Philippines of tetanus toxoid

vaccine

being laced with hCG hormones, the WHO and the Philippine Department

of

Health (DOH) immediately denied that the vaccine contained hCG.

Confronted

with the results of laboratory tests which detected its presence in

three of

the four vials of tetanus toxoid examined, the WHO and DOH scoffed at

the

evidence coming from " right-to-life and Catholic " sources. Four new

vials of

the tetanus vaccine were submitted by DOH to St. Luke's (Lutheran)

Medical

Center in Manila -- and all four vials tested positive for hCG!

 

From outright denial the stories now shifted to the allegedly

" insignificant " quantity of the hCG present; the volume of hCG

present is

insufficient to produce anti-hCG antibodies.

 

But new tests designed to detect the presence of hCG antibodies in

the blood

sera of women vaccinated with the tetauns toxoid vaccine were

undertaken by

Philippine pro-life and Catholic groups. Of thirty women tested

subsequent

to receiving tetanus toxoid vaccine, twenty-six tested positive for

high

levels of anti-hCG! If there were no hCG in the vaccine, or if it were

present in only " insignificant " quantities, why were the vaccinated

women

found to be harboring anti-hCG antibodies? The WHO and the DOH had no

answers.

 

New arguments surfaced: hCG's apparent presence in the vaccine was

due to

" false positives " resulting from the particular substances mixed in

the

vaccine or in the chemicals testing for hCG. And even if hCG was

really

there, its presence derived from the manufacturing process.

 

But the finding of hCG antibodies in the blood sera of vaccinated

women

obviated the need to get bogged down in such debates. It was no longer

necessary to argue about what may or may not have been the cause of

the hCG

presence, when one now had the effect of the hCG. There is no known

way for

the vaccinated women to have hCG antibodies in their blood unless hCG

had

been artificially introduced into their bodies!

 

Why A Tetanus Toxoid " Carrier " ?

 

Because the human body does not attack its own naturally occurring

hormone

hCG, the body has to be fooled into treating hCG as an invading enemy

in

order to develop a successful anti-fertility vaccine utilizing hCG

antibodies. A paper delivered at the 4th International Congress of

Reproductive Immunology (Kiel, West Germany, 26-29 July 1989) spelled

it

out: " Linkage to a carrier was done to overcome the immunological

tolerance

to hCG. " (8)

 

Vaccine Untested by Drug Bureau

 

After the vaccine controversy had reached a fever pitch, a new

bombshell

exploded; none of the three different brands of tetanus vaccine being

used

had ever been licensed for sale and distribution or registered with

the

Philippine Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD), as required by law. The

head of

the BFAD lamely explained that the companies distributing these

brands " did

not apply for registration. " (9) The companies in question are

Connaught

Laboratories Ltd. and Intervex, both from Canada, and CSL

Laboratories from

Australia.

 

It seemed that the BFAD might belatedly require re-testing, but the

idea was

quickly rejected when the Secretary of Health declared that, since the

vaccines had been certified by the WHO -- there they are again! --

there was

assurance enough that the " vaccines come from reputable

manufacturers. " (10)

 

Just how " reputable " one of the manufacturers might be is open to some

question. In the mid-`80s Connaught Laboratories was found to be

knowingly

distributing vials of AIDS-contaminated blood products.(11)

 

Epilogue

 

At this juncture, evidence is beginning to appear from Africa.(12)

HLI has

called for a Congressional investigation of the situation, inasmuch as

nearly every agency involved in the development of an anti-fertility

vaccine

is funded, at least in part, with U.S. monies.

 

 

----

------

----

 

NOTES:

 

(1) " Abortifacient vaccines loom as new threat, " HLI Reports,

November 1993,

pp. 1-2.

 

(2) World Council Reports, 28 November 1994, pp. 4-5.

 

(3) A call placed by this writer on 5 May 1995 to the Montgomery

County

(Maryland) Health Department, Epidemology Division -- Infectious

Diseases --

Adult Immunizations, elicited the following information:

 

Q. For how long a time does the tetanus vaccination offer protection?

A. 10 years.

Q. Have you ever heard of any adult requiring three tetanus

vaccinations

within a 3 or 4 month time period, and a total of 5 vaccinations in

all

within a year or so?

A. Whaaaat! Never. No way!

 

Reports from the Philippines appear to confirm the 10-year immunity

afforded

by tetanus toxoid vaccinations: prior to the campaigns begun in 1993,

the

so-called booster shots were given only every 10 years.

 

(4) More than a score of articles, many written by WHO researchers,

document

WHO's attempts to create an anti-fertility vaccine utilizing tetanus

toxoid

as a carrier. Some leading articles include:

 

" Clinical profile and Toxicology Studies on Four Women Immunized with

Pr-B-hCG-TT, " Contraception, February, 1976, pp. 253-268.

 

" Observations on the antigenicity and clinical effects of a candidate

antipregnancy vaccine: B-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin

linked to

tetanus toxoid, " Fertility and Sterility, October 1980, pp. 328-335.

 

" Phase 1 Clinical Trials of a World Health Organisation Birth Control

Vaccine, " The Lancet, 11 June 1988, pp. 1295-1298. " Vaccines for

Fertility

Regulation, " Chapter 11, pp. 177-198, Research in Human Reproduction,

Biennial Report (1986-1987), WHO Special Programme of Research,

Development

and Research Training in Human Reproduction (WHO, Geneva 1988).

 

" Anti-hCG Vaccines are in Clinical Trials, " Scandinavian Journal of

Immunology, Vol. 36, 1992, pp. 123-126.

 

(5) These institutional names are garnered from the journal articles

cited

in the previous footnote.

 

(6) Lancet, 11 June 1988, p. 1296.

 

(7) Challenges in Reproductive Health Research, Biennial Report 1992-

1993,

World Health Organization, Geneva, 1994, p. 186.

 

(8) G.P. Talwar, et al, " Prospects of an anti-hCG vaccine inducing

antibodies of high affinity...(etc), " Reproductive Technology 1989,

Elsevier

Science Publishers, 1990, Amsterdam, New York, p. 231.

 

(9) " 3 DOH vaccines untested by BFAD, " The Philippine Star, 4 April

1995,

pp. 1, 12.

 

(10) " BFAD junks re-testing of controversial shot, " Manila Standard,

7 April

1995; " DOH: Toxoid vaccines are safe, " The Philippine Star, 7 April

1995.

 

(11) " Ottawa got blood tainted by HIV. " Ottawa Citizen, 4 April 1995.

 

(12) A nearly two-year old communique from Tanzania tells a familiar

story:

tetanus toxoid vaccinations, five in all, given only to women aged 15-

45.

Nigeria, too, may have been victimized; see The Lancet, 4 June 1988,

p.

1273.

 

Credit: Copyright June/July 1995 by James A. Miller, special

correspondent

for Human Life International. This article was originally published

in HLI

Reports, Human Life International, Gaithersburg, Maryland; June/July

1995,

Volume 13, Number 8. Permission to reprint granted to Thinktwice/New

Atlantean Press.

 

 

http://www.whale.to/vaccines/who.html

 

 

World Health Organisation (WHO), UN & Third World vaccination

http://www.who.int/gpv/ http://www.africa2000.com/RNDX/rndx.htm

 

" If we look closely, we realise that health for all, according to the

WHO,

means medicalization and vaccinations for all. That is to say

sickness for

all. " ---Guyliane Lanctot, M.D.

 

" AIDS and SARS are ways for epidemiologists (e.g., the CDC, WHO,

etc.) to

secure their jobs and continued funding for their agencies. No new

emerging

epidemics, maybe no CDC, no WHO, so we've got an infrastructure that

REQUIRES the " discovery " of new, threatening epidemics. And the

media pick

a new one every year. This year, it's SARS. For the past couple of

years,

it's been West Nile Virus. Next year it'll be something else. " ----

Dr Dan

Duffy DC

 

" Who's paying the WHO? Where do they get their funds? What are the

links

from the WHO to all the huge pharmaceutical Companies? Just look at

that. We

physicians are the modern slaves of the pharmaceutical industry... We

depend

on their pre-fabricated medications... They are the real

overlords... " ---Dr

Buchwald MD

 

" Dr. Robert Strecker believes the diabolic " plan " for Africa was

spelled out

in a 1972 memorandum published by the Bulletin of the World Health

Organization. The report indicated that infection with certain

retroviruses

could result in " selective damage " to the immune system, particularly

to

white blood cells known as " T-cells. " A careful study of World Health

Organization literature reveals the careful planning that went into

the

seeding of AIDS in various nations. In 1987, the WHO was publicly

accused of

unleashing the AIDS epidemic in central Africa, as a result of its

smallpox

vaccine programs. The most logical explanation to account for the

millions

of Africans infected is that the vaccines used in the WHO mass

inoculation

programs, 1960-1977, were contaminated....The evidence is

overwhelming, the

United States Government and the World Health Organization

collaborated on

the development, production and proliferation of a synthetic

biological

agent that subsequently became known as HIV and AIDS " ---Terry Wycuff

http://aidsbiowar.com/

 

" The UN is not just, as many Americans suspect, a group of incompetent

busybodies. It is, instead, a global criminal enterprise determined

to

shift power away from individuals and sovereign-nation states to a

small

band of unaccountable international elites. " --Joseph Farah (Idaho

Observer

Sept 2000) http://www.proliberty.com/observer/

http://www.worldnetdaily.com/

 

" forced me to look into the question of vaccination further, and the

further

I looked the more shocked I became. I found that the whole vaccine

business

was indeed a gigantic hoax. Most doctors are convinced that they are

useful,

but if you look at the proper statistics and study the instances of

these

diseases you will realize that this is not so . . .

My final conclusion after forty years or more in this business

[medicine] is that the unofficial policy of the World Health

Organization

and the unoffical policy of the 'Save the Children's Fund' and ...

[other

vaccine promoting] organizations is one of murder and genocide. . . .

I

cannot see any other possible explanation. . . . You cannot immunize

sick

children, malnourished children, and expect to get away with it.

You'll kill

far more children than would have died from natural infection. " ---Dr

Kalokerinos

 

" These data support the World Health Organization recommendation to

administer measles vaccine in under-developed countries as soon after

nine

months of age as possible, regardless of nutritional status or the

presence

of minor illnesses. " --

Halsey NA, et al. Response to measles vaccine in Haitian infants 6 to

12

months old. Influence of maternal antibodies, malnutrition, and

concurrent

illnesses. N Engl J Med. 1985 Aug 29;313(9):544-9. PMID: 4022091; UI:

85267950.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?

uid=4022091 & form=6 & db=m &

Dopt=b

 

CDC Genocidal Measles Vaccine Experiments on Minority Children Turn

Deadly

In an experiment to find out of they could give high-potency Edmonston

Zagreb (EZ) measles vaccine to babies as young as four months old

[completing disregarding developmental neurology and lack of

myelinization

in the nervous system of babies] in order to overwhelm their natural

maternal antibodies and replace them with vaccine-induced antibodies,

medical " researchers " at the CDC and Johns Hopkins University injected

thousands of babies in the Third World with the experimental vaccine

that

reportedly caused chronic immune suppression and the deaths of an

unknown

number of babies. Also, in the United States, with the help of Kaiser

Permanente, more than 1500 six-month old black and Hispanic babies in

inner

city Los Angeles were " enrolled " in the experiment starting in June

1990.

[ During the administration of president and ex-CIA director George

Bush.]

The study was halted in October 1991, after more than one year of

genocidal

activity, after repeated reports from vaccine trial sites in Africa

that

girl babies were dying in higher than expected numbers six months to

three

years after injection. [ A less-than-admirable population control

effort.]

http://www.cco.net/~trufax/vaccine/0696.html

 

Emerging Viruses: AIDS & Ebola. Nature, Accident or Intentional?

Interview

of Leonard G. Horowitz, D.M.D., M.A.., M.P.H. by Gary Null 1995.

 

WHO & Vaccine http://www.techmgmt.com/restore/who.htm

 

Population control http://www.new-atlantean.com/global/birthcon.html

 

Ebola & AIDS in Africa http://www.tetrahedron.org/research.htm

 

WHO reproductive research http://www.trufax.org/vaccine/v7.html

 

Book: http://home.earthlink.net/~simultrek/tmwca.htm

 

" We find that UCI-EPI as it has been generally conceived and executed

represents two major departures from the time honoured ethics and

traditions

of medicine. These are: i.that all forms of treatment should be

individualized, particularly when prescribing or injecting substances

which

carry the potential for disease, disablement, and death; and ii.the

objectively informed patient (or parent) should always have absolute

freedom

to accept or reject any given measure or therapy, and have reasonable

opportunity to consider alternatives. " --H Buttram MD (Vaccinations &

Immune

Malfunction)

 

EPI---Expanded Program on Immunization (commenced 1983)

UCI---Universal Childhood Immunization

 

HIV HYSTERIA LEADS UN TO LAUNCH ANTI-BREASTFEEDING CAMPAIGN

 

 

" But, at the highest levels of the medical cartel, vaccines are a top

priority because they cause a weakening of the immune system. I know

that

may be hard to accept, but it's true. The medical cartel, at the

highest

level, is not out to help people, it is out to harm them, to weaken

them.

To kill them. At one point in my career, I had a long conversation

with a

man who occupied a high government position in an African nation. He

told me

that he was well aware of this. He told me that WHO is a front for

these

depopulation interests. " --Jon Rappoport interview

 

[Home]

 

http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/lillithsrealm/myhomepage/MISEPIndex.html

 

 

Sterilization and Eugenics Programs Index

 

 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-FERTILITY VACCINES - Over recent decades,

researchers have been exploiting new contraceptive methods to use in

family

planning programmes in the South. Within the scope of medical

application of

modern biotechnologies, the development of anti-fertility vaccines is

a new

approach. However, these new vaccines do not really benefit the user,

says

Ute Sprenger.

A Vaccine Against Pregnancy? While in Huairou, China, for the NGO

Forum of

the Fourth World Conference on Women in Sept. 1995, Beverly Whipple,

FWHC

Executive Director, learned about a new anti-fertility " vaccine. " This

so-called " vaccine " is one of the newest birth control methods being

tested

in India, Dominican Republic, Brazil, Chile, Australia, Sweden and

other

countries.

Burn, baby Burn!!! Quinacrine sterilization campaign proceeds despite

risks

By David Morrison Population Research Institute Review,

September/October

1996.

Quinacrine -- Chemical Sterilization Banned by FDA - The Food and Drug

Administration recently hand-delivered a warning letter to Stephen

Mumford

asking him and his partner to stop distributing the drug quinacrine,

used

for the chemical sterilization of women.

Methotrexate - an experimental antimetabolic chemosterilant

Methotrexate (MTX) is a trade name for amethopterin, a substance that

neutralizes folic acid to inhibit DNA synthesis. MTX is a cancer

chemotherapy agent, and is used for the treatment of severe psoriasis

and

rheumatoid arthritis. MTX causes multiple skeletal birth defects when

taken

during weeks 8 to 10 of pregnancy. The most characteristic MTX

malformation

syndrome is a clover-leaf? skull with large head, swept-back hair,

low-set

ears, prominent eyeballs, and wide nasal bridge.

Quinacrine?s latest pushers; Group seeks to put Christian mask on an

ugly

reality By David Morrison - The Institute for Development Training

seems to

believe women should be sterilized, chemically if necessary, in the

name of

Christ.

A MISSION TO STERILIZE THE POOR QUINACRINE: CAMPAIGN OFFERS A PAINFUL,

POSSIBLY DANGEROUS DRUG TO THE WORLD. Published: Friday, July 3, 1998

BY

ALIX M. FREEDMAN, Wall Street Journal

Sterilization Abuse: A Brief History by Beth Cooper Benjamin - For

many

women, sterilization can mean permanent and empowering freedom from

the fear

of unwanted pregnancy. But for others it is not a choice.

Sterilization

abuse has earned a central place in the gruesome lore of the American

medical establishment. Although the women¹s health movement has made

great

strides in publicizing sterilization abuse, the practice continues to

claim

victims from those strata of society least prepared to fight it.

THE HUMAN LABORATORY - BBC Television: Horizon - AIR DATE 5 November

1995 -- They have been used as a human laboratory. They're just

expendable.

Who cares if a Third World woman dies?

Institutional Confinement & Sexual Sterilization - Compensation Act

Introduced : EDMONTON--The Institutional Confinement & Sexual

Sterilization

Compensation Act was introduced in the Alberta Legislature today by

Justice

Minister Jon Havelock. The legislation sets parameters for the amount

and

type of damages that a person may receive in compensation for

sterilization

under the Sexual Sterilization Act and wrongful confinement in Alberta

provincial institutions from the late 1920s to the early 1970s.

Sterilization: Implications for Mentally Retarded and Mentally Ill

Persons

(1983) - Comments on the Canadian Law Reform Commission?s Working

Paper

PTNT-04; The Law Reform Commission of Canada dealing with the

Protection of

Life Project has issued its second Working Paper: Sterilization:

Implications for Mentally Retarded and Mentally Ill Persons (1979).

--- End forwarded message ---