U.S. NUCLEAR POLICY AND DEPLETED URANIUM

[Guest guest]

U.S. NUCLEAR POLICY AND DEPLETED URANIUM

 

TESTIMONY AT THE JUNE 28, 2003, PUBLIC HEARING FOR

 

THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR WAR CRIMES IN AFGHANISTAN

 

CHIBA, CHIBA PREFECTURE, JAPAN

 

BY

 

LEUREN MORET <leurenmoretleurenmoret

 

PRESIDENT, SCIENTISTS FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

 

CITY OF BERKELEY ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSIONER

 

PAST PRESIDENT, ASSOCIATION FOR WOMEN GEOSCIENTISTS

 

We are gathered here today through the efforts of Professor Akira MAEDA and

Haruhisa TAKASE. I would like to thank both of them, and the many citizens

and supporters in Japan, who have made this important event possible. We,

the people of the global community, must hold our governments and elected

officials responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity, for these

two issues are impossible to separate. Because health connects all

species, we are all effected by what happens, even in distant countries.

 

Today I will describe the intimate connection between U.S. nuclear policy

and depleted uranium, and the devastating effects they have had on the

health of all species and the devastation of the environment which supports

all life. Tragically, Afghanistan is just one of the countries devastated

for all future generations by the use of depleted uranium weaponry in U.S.

military aggressive actions dictated by U.S. foreign policy.

 

Heat not a furnace for your foe so hot

That it do singe yourself.

 

William Shakespeare (1564­1616)

 

I am an independent scientist with a background in the geosciences. My

hope and inspiration comes from my work with scientists and radiation

specialists around the world to educate and inform the citizens of the

world about the health and environmental effects from radiation

exposure. In my professional career, I have worked at two nuclear weapons

labs, the Lawrence Berkeley Lab where the transuranium elements were

discovered to build the first atomic weapons, and the Lawrence Livermore

Lab where nuclear weapons development continues.

 

After working on the cleanup and disposal of high level nuclear waste, I

became a whistleblower in 1991 at the the Lawrence Livermore Lab. After

observing an entrenched pattern of science fraud, theft, graft, corruption,

lack of concerns for safety and security, discrimination against women and

minorities, and severe retaliation practices, I drove out the lab gate one

day, dropped off my badge and my beeper and never went back.

 

I realized after only two years at the lab, that the culture of nuclear

weapons was a culture of insanity. What species on earth kills its young

generation after generation? What species on earth sacrifices its young

for the false notion of security?

 

At the end of the millenium which gave birth to nuclear weapons, I visited

the Peace Museums in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the 2000 World

Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs as the guest of

Gensuikin. That visit to Japan changed my life when I finally understood

the horrific effects of nuclear weapons. In 1991, in the first Gulf War,

the United States broke a 60 year taboo and introduced depleted uranium to

the battleground, a radiological weapon which is truly a weapon of

indiscriminate killing and mass destruction.

 

Now that we know both, we must ask a question - which is worse, the

horrific effects of flash annihilation from an atomic bomb or slow

mutilation forever from depleted uranium weapons?

 

Today I have a clear conscience, the satisfaction of acting as a citizen

scientist instead of a prositute for the military or corporations, and have

hope for the future. I know that the people of the world are the only ones

who can stop the insanity of nuclear proliferation and radioactive

contamination of the environment which supports all life. With good

information the citizens of the world can make good decisions. My purpose

now with other independent radiation specialists who have joined together

as the World Committee on Radiation Risk is to provide good information

about the health and environmental effects of radiation to the global

community.

 

DECLASSIFIED MEMO TO GENERAL L.R. GROVES, OCTOBER 30, 1943:

 

 

BLUEPRINT FOR DEPLETED URANIUM

 

A classified memo1 dated October 30, 1943, was sent to General L.R. Groves

from Dr. A.H. Compton, Dr. James B. Conant, and Dr. H.C. Urey, three of the

most competent physicists working under General Groves on the Manhattan

Project. This memo, written nearly two years before the atomic bombs were

dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was a recommendation that radiological

materials be developed for use as a military weapon on the battlefield. It

is a blueprint for depleted uranium weaponry.

 

This memo which is now declassified, was given to me by Major Doug Rokke, a

physicist and former head of the U.S. Army Depleted Uranium Weapons

Project. He is a Gulf War I veteran and is now suffering from depleted

uranium exposure with severe health effects refered to as Gulf War

Syndrome. My work is inspired by the hibakusha around the world who, like

Doug, have told me their stories.

 

It is clear from this memo that the U.S. Government and military have known

before 1943 that radioactive materials, dispersed as very fine particles on

the ground or from the air, would be an effective battlefield weapon. This

plan was recommended so that the Germans would not develop it first from

radioactive materials created by the waste of nuclear weapons

development. Depleted uranium is nuclear trash from the nuclear weapons

project.

 

In the memo, the scientists recommended dispersing the radioactive

materials in very fine particles, 0.1 microns in diameter, from the ground

or the air. It would disperse like a radioactive gas, invisible and

undetectable to the enemy. They described how increasing the amounts of

radiation dispersed would accelerate the lethality and decrease the time

until death and increase the numbers of dead.

 

It was known at that time that it would contaminate the air, water, food,

and the soil. Entry into contaminated environments was impossible without

certain exposure both to the enemy and to friendly forces. The memo

detailed the fact that no protective methods were possible to develop, and

that very fine particles would pass through all gas masks.

 

The memo also described that inhaled particles behave like a gas in the

lungs, go directly into the blood and are dispersed thoughout the tissues

of the body. The gut would also be exposed by ingesting contaminated

foods, and areas of the gut where the food sat for longer periods would

have more radiation exposure and increased damage.

 

In conclusion, it is clear from this 1943 memo, that everything was known

about the extreme hazards to health and environment of radiological

materials dispersed in fine particles on the battlefield. The fact that

depleted uranium burns at high temperatures and forms large numbers of

extremely fine particles makes it even more deadly and effective than

nearly any other material as a radiological weapon. The half-life of

depleted uranium is so great, 4.5 billion years, that environments where it

is used as a weapon will remain radioactive forever.

 

It is no accident that an international taboo prevented further use of

nuclear and radioactive weapons on the battlefield after 1945. The use of

depleted uranium in Gulf War I was a decision made by the Strategic Defense

Command in order to blur the distinction between conventional and nuclear

weapons. Because public opposition globally is so strong, the use of

depleted uranium was used as a strategy to reintroduce the use of nuclear

weapons.

 

 

LEGALITY TEST FOR WEAPONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

 

Weapons must pass four tests in order to determine that they are legal

under international law. The tests are:

 

TEMPORAL TEST ­ Weapons must not continue to act after the battle is over.

 

ENVIRONMENTAL TEST ­ Weapons must not be unduly harmful to the environment.

 

TERRITORIAL TEST ­ Weapons must not act off of the battlefield.

 

HUMANENESS TEST ­ Weapons must not kill or wound inhumanely.

 

Depleted uranium weaponry fails all four tests. For that reason it is

illegal under all treaties, all agreements and all war conventions:

 

The military use of DU violates current international humanitarian law,

including the principle that there is no unlimited right to choose the

means and methods of warfare (Art. 22 Hague Convention VI (HCIV); Art. 35

of the Additional Protocol to the Geneva (GP1); the ban on causing

unnecessary suffering and suoperfluous injury (Art. 23 §le HCIV; Art. 35 §2

GP1), indiscriminate warfare (Art. 51 §4c and 5b GP1) as well as the use of

poison or poisoned weapons.

 

The deployment and use of DU violate the principles of international

environmental and human rights protection. They contradict the right to

life established by the Resolution 1996/16 of the UN Subcommittee on Human

Rights.

 

 

Resolution on the banning of the use of depleted uranium-DU

 

Antidiscriminationnetwork MSD e.V. Berlin Berlin

22.04.2000

 

 

RESEARCH REPORT SUMMARIES 1974-1999

 

In order to develop new weapons systems for military applications, the

weapons must first be researched and tested extensively2. The development

and testing is conducted at the National Laboratories and military testing

grounds which the Army, Air Force, and other military branches have in

various locations.

 

Research summaries posted on a military website describe the research and

testing of depleted uranium weapons systems between 1974 and 1999. They

describe in detail the concerns that researchers had about exposure hazards

to personnel handling depleted uranium weapons. There are details about

the extremely small particle size formed while burning and upon impact at a

target. Animals living on the testing grounds were tested and radiation

levels were measured in the fur and the gut of the animals. It is known

that testing grounds remain radioactive from fine dust in the air and soil

long after testing has ended.

 

One research report summarizes the reason why depleted uranium was selected

by the U.S. Army over other materials less damaging to the environment ­

the cost. Because depleted uranium is the trash from the nuclear weapons

and nuclear power industries, it is a radioactive hazard and a liability to

the Department of Energy (DOE). The DOE has a million tons of depleted

uranium to dispose of. DOE made the decision to pass the radioactive trash

on to the military-industrial complex for the manufacture of weapons. By

passing the cost of disposal on to other countries, it is a savings for the

U.S. Government. In fact, by selling depleted uranium weapons to more than

20 other countries, the DOE has made disposal a highly profitable business

for the arms industry.

 

It is impossible for the U.S. Government3 to continue to deny as they have

since Gulf War I, that depleted uranium weapons cause no harm or that there

are no known health or environmental effects. The Groves memo from 1943

and Research Report summaries of investigations conducted for the military

from 1974-1999 indicate that the omnicidal* impact of depleted uranium

weapons has been known since 1943.

 

 

U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS POLICY

 

U.S. Government funding for nuclear weapons declined after Gulf War I to

the lowest level in decades4. From the lowest point in 1995, funding has

increased to a level even higher than during the Cold War. The United

States has no enemies and yet budget increases continue.

 

Stockpile Stewardship of the existing nuclear weapons arsenal is part of

the cost but new and evolving policies are emerging. Enhancing nuclear

warhead capabilities is also part of the weapons program. Rebuilding

nuclear weapons to improve accuracy, storage capability, altering the

ability of warheads to withstand changes in environment, and modifications

in where, when and how they detonate is also part of existing policy.

 

Gold plating the nuclear weapons labsdescribes the spending sprees which

are a result of large amounts of money pouring into lab budgets. When

excessive purchases of instruments and toys for the boysexceed what is

really needed to conduct competent science the laboratories become

solutions looking for a problem.

 

During a meeting in San Francisco where I gave testimony on May 15, the

University of California Board of Regents was informed by National Nuclear

Security Administrator Linton Brooks that the National Labs would be

developing nuclear bunker busters. One hour later he spoke at the

Livermore Nuclear Weapons Lab and informed personel that they would not

only be developing small nuclear bunker busters, but they would be building

large nuclear weapons as well!

 

For 60 years the University of California has been the manager of the

nuclear weapons labs at Los Alamos and Livermore. Dr. Brooks informed the

University of California at the May 15 meeting that the management contract

will now go up for bid. The University of Texas is perceived to be the

favored choice for the new management contract.

 

Is it a coincidence that the Bush family is also from Texas? In November

1991, Richard Berta, the Western Regional Inspector for the Department of

Energy at the national nuclear weapons labs told me the Pentagon exists for

the oil companies &

 

 

GULF WAR I

 

Depleted uranium was used in Gulf War I for the first time on the

battlefield in large amounts. The use of over 340 tons of depleted uranium

weaponry in Iraq in Gulf War I has had devastating results over the past

decade and the devastating effects are increasing. The battlefields were

far from the cities of southern Iraq but soldiers and downwind populations

could not escape exposure to the invisible war, depleted uranium in the

wind. Cancer, birth defects and radiation related diseases in both Gulf

War veterans and Iraqi civilians has increased to alarming levels.

 

Children born to Gulf War veterans after the war and children born to

civilians living in areas downwind from the battlefields in Iraq expose the

impact of this invisible war. In a Veterans Administration study5 of 251

Gulf War I veterans, they determined severe birth defects and diseases in

67% of the children6 born after the war. They were born without eyes,

brains, organs, legs, arms, hands, feet, or had blood and other radiation

related diseases. The Iraqi children also have birth defects and a high

incidence of leukemia. In the decade after the Gulf War, each month the

number of babies born with birth defects and mutations has increased.

 

Dr. Hari Sharma, an independent researcher, has measured the depleted

uranium levels in 71 residents of Basra who died after the war was

over. He found levels of 150 micrograms of depleted uranium per kilogram

of tissue throughout their bodies. That would amount to a very high

exposure rate, roughly estimated at 10 alpa particles per second throughout

the body. Alpha particles are the most biologically damaging form of

radiation. The radioactive decay products of depleted uranium are even

more radioactive by millions and billions of times.

 

Living in a radioactive environment with chronic exposure to low levels of

radiation has a cumulative effect and the entire population in contaminated

areas will slowly be destroyed. Genetic defects will be passed to future

generations who will also be exposed to new sources of radiation from

contaminated air, water and food. The depleted uranium dust will cycle

through the environment and travel throughout larger regions, carried on

the atmospheric dusts which travel around the earth.

 

Following the Gulf War, Dr. Doug Rokke was in charge of the team cleaning

up the depleted uranium for the U.S. Army. He provided me with documents

detailing some of the U.S. Army directives and memorandums regarding

depleted uranium. In a document dated March 1, 1991, Los Alamos

Memorandum7he said I was directed to lieto cover up the environmental

effects of depleted uranium weaponry so that the Army can continue to use

it. He told me what right do we have to throw thousands of tons of nuclear

waste all over any country? [international Humanitarian Lawyer] Karen

Parker considers this to be indiscriminate killing &

 

The October 14, 1993, Somalia Message8is the U.S. Army Medical Care

Directive for unusual depleted uranium exposures such as inhalation or

ingestion of depleted uranium dust or smoke. This directive requires a

radiobioassay within 24 hours, nasal swipes, and analysis of gas mask

filters used by exposed personel. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. soldiers,

Iraqi soldiers, and citizens were exposed to unusual uranium

exposures. Dr. Rokke said that nothing was done for anyone.

 

Under international law, after the battle is over any medical treatment for

wounded U.S. soldiers must be provided to wounded enemy soldiers as

well. Even more important, any civilians who suffer from war exposures

must also receive medical care. If the U.S. provides medical care for its

own soldiers and does not treat enemy soldiers and/or civilians equally,

that constitutes a war crime.

 

In an August 19, 1993, memorandum9 General Eric Shinseki, for the U.S.

Army Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, requires:

 

- adequate training for anyone who might come in contact with

depleted uranium contaminated equipment

 

- complete medical testing of personnel exposed to depleted uranium

contamination during the Persian Gulf War

 

- develop a plan for depleted uranium contaminated equipment recovery

during future operations

 

The Army Environmental Policy Institute (AEPI) Executive Summary10 (1995)

report to Congress addresses:

 

- the health and environmental consequences of depleted uranium

 

- remediation technologies that exist or might be developed to clean

up depleted uranium contamination

 

- ways to reduce depleted uranium toxicity

 

- how to best protect the environment from the long-term consequences

of depleted uranium use

 

Dr. Rokke informed me that the U.S. Army directives ordering medical care

and environmental cleanup after Gulf War I were given to only a few

military personel and they were not complied with. This is a violation of

both U.S. and International Laws and constitutes war crimes.

 

 

BOSNIA AND KOSOVO

 

In a recent United Nations Environmental Protection report, depleted

uranium shells and bullets left in or on the ground have lost 25% of their

mass by dissolving and are now contaminating the groundwater. Illnesses in

civilians living near contaminated areas are rising.

 

During bombing in Kosovo and Bosnia, depleted uranium was monitored in

Hungary and Greece, carried by the winds and eventually incorporating with

atmospheric dusts. It is impossible to escape exposure even for

populations hundreds and thousands of miles from battlegrounds.

 

A new study11 in Germany of Gulf War and Balkans War veterans, found

significant amounts of damage to chromosomes in these veterans. The damage

was characteristic of exposure to ionizing radiation and high linear energy

transfer particles (alpha particles).

 

 

AFGHANISTAN

 

Professor Marc Herold, from the University of New Hampshire, has

conservatively estimated that the U.S. military used more than 1000 tons of

depleted uranium weapons in the recent conflict in Aghanistan. This is

nearly three times as much as Gulf War I.

 

Dr. Andre Gsponer has provided deeply troubling information in his research

papers12 which details how and why the U.S. Government has used depleted

uranium and compares its performance to tungsten. Although the

performance of the two is close, tungsten is actually a better choice for

performance and environmental impact. He believes that the pattern of

testing different amounts of depleted uranium in each country (including

Gulf War II 1100-2200 tons) may be a way to test 4th generation nuclear

weapons without actually using them if the radiation levels are similar to

depleted uranium. This could relate to the decision by the Strategic

Defense Command to introduce the use of depleted uranium in Gulf War I and

the pressure over the last decade for new nuclear weapons development.

 

The impact on the wildlife in Afghanistan has been devastating. Not only

is the environment contaminated with depleted uranium, but the Afghanis

have been forced to hunt rare and endangered species in order to eat the

meat and sell the skins for money. The devastating effects of depleted

uranium will occur in all species in contaminated areas. The impact on the

animals in the Iraq region was also devastating yet there was very little

reporting on it13.

 

LEAKED VIDEO FOOTAGE OF AN AC-130 SPECTRE GUNSHIP ON A COMBAT MISSION IN

AFGHANISTAN

 

The bombing of Afghanistan by U.S. military forces demonstrates the

deliberate use of illegal weapons such as bunker busters, cluster bombs and

other depleted uranium weapons systems to precision target civilian

populations, water supplies, and infrastructure. Afghanistan is a poverty

stricken underdeveloped country which poses no threat to the United States

or any other country.

 

This unauthorized leaked 7.5 minute video14 permeated the internet in the

spring of 2002. It shows the destruction from an AC-130 Spectre gunship on

a combat mission in Afghanistan. When the Pentagon was contacted for

clarification on the details of the mission, the reply was:

 

Sir,

 

In response to your query about the AC-130 video permeating the internet, I

unfortunately cannot comment on it, much more than to say it wasnt

releasedthrough any official channels and therefore we dont know who posted

it, from what mission or where (though it can be surmised from the video

where it took place).

 

Regards, LT (name suppressed), USN

 

Pentagon Room *******

 

The AC-130 gunship is a C-130 cargo plane which carries a lot of firepower

protruding from the left side:

 

Two M61 20mm Vulcan Cannons

 

One L60 40mm Bofors cannon

 

One M102 105mm howitzer

 

One L60 40mm Bofors cannon

 

One M102 105mm cannon

 

The plane circles a ground target counter-clockwise and annihilates it.

 

In the radio traffic from the AC-130 plane the crew sounds like kids

playing a video game. The crew is engaged in combat but from a safe

distance and without any threat or resistance from the human targets on the

ground. The video shows people leaving a mosque who start running for

their lives as they are fired upon. The AC-130 continues circling and

firing on individual Afghanis below. The crew sounds like redneckspicking

off varmints on a Texas ranch as they talk back and forth and fire on the

Afghanis one by one:

 

Yeah, I was trying to lead that guy & ..he was hiding behind that bank & .hes

down, hes still moving & ..I saw him fly into pieces & .

 

It is a frightening and horrifying example of the most powerful military in

the world using sophisticated satellite guided and other technology,

precision targeting some of the poorest people in the world from airplanes

far off the ground. Its like shooting fish in a barrel. This is the war

against the third world.

 

Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney (D-GA) described in Congress15 how the U.S.

military air dropped food packages to starving Afghanis. The food packages

looked very similar in size and color to unexploded cluster bomb

ordinance. How many children stepped on land mines or picked up bombs that

exploded in their hands when they were simply trying to feed themselves in

order to survive?

 

The excuses used by the United States to bomb Iraq, Bosnia and Kosovo,

Afghanistan, and recently in Iraq (for the second time), do not disguise

the fact that the countries where depleted uranium weapons have been used

are countries that contain oil resources the United States wants to control

or are neighbors to pipelines the US wants to build.

 

 

GLOBAL IMPACT OF DEPLETED URANIUM WEAPONS

 

Dr. Chris Busbys comments in a recent article16 posted on a Toronto website

sums up the global impact that radiation has had from nuclear weapons

testing and nuclear power plants. Depleted uranium weapons use is adding

to the radiation burden which is the cause of the global cancer epidemic

now on the increase:

 

If you think Cancer is a problem now, wait until more depleted uranium is

released into the world.

 

This document reports known links between exposure to low-level nuclear

radiation and cancer. Concerning the impending US war against Iraq.

 

" If Dai Williams' analysis is correct the SHOCK and AWE missile and bomb

inventory (which I can send anyone interested) is accurate. We are talking

about 1900 tons of DU (or perhaps U) which is equivalent to 60TBq of alpha

and beta particulate activity equivalent to the amount of alpha emitting

radioactive material Sellafield put into the Irish Sea each year at the

peak of its releases and about 50 times the present amount released

annually to the Irish Sea. This DU will become widely dispersed and re:

Israel I would not want to be living within 1000 miles of Baghdad. As a

crime against humanity and a weapon of mass destruction this will be in a

class of its own. "

 

 

(C.

Busby)

 

The European Committee on Radiation Risk (ECRR) concludes:

 

" The present cancer epidemic is a consequence of exposure to global

atmospheric weapons fallout in the periods 1959-1963 and that more recent

releases of radioisotopes to the environment from the operation of nuclear

fuel cycle will result in significant increases in cancer and other types

of ill health. "

 

(ISBN# 1-897761-24-4) (C. Busby) http://www.euradcom.org

 

The ECRR is based upon studies of chronic, internal exposure to low-level

nuclear isotopes in diverse populations: leukemia in children on the Irish

Sea Cost (Sellafield); Chernobyl children; and civilians and military

exposed to Depleted Uranium (DU) armaments resulting in systemic harm and

genetic damage.

 

" Using both the ECRR's new model and that of the International Committee

for Radiation Protection (ICRP), the committee calculates the total number

of deaths resulting from the nuclear project since 1945. The ICRP

calculation, based on figures for doses to populations up to 1989 given by

the United Nations, results in 1,174,600 deaths from cancer. The ECRR model

predicts 61,600,000 deaths from cancer, 1,600,000 infant deaths and

1,900,000 fetal deaths. In addition the ECRR predicts a 10% loss of life

quality integrated over all diseases and conditions in those who were

exposed over the period of global weapons fallout. "

 

CONCLUSION

 

The use of depleted uranium weapons is a crime against humanity, a crime

against all species, and a war against the earth. It is imperative that we

demand a permanent international moratorium on the sale and the use of

depleted uranium weaponry.

 

Thank you for informing and educating the citizens of the world not only

about the war crimes of President Bush in Afghanistan, but against all

humanity. I am honored to have been invited by the citizens of Japan to

give my testimony here today.

 

*omnicidal ­ the death of all life. In this sense, depleted uranium is the

war against the earth ­ air, water, soil, and all species.

 

1Letter to Congressman McDermott: Declassified 1943 memo to General L.R.

Groves ­ a blueprint for depleted uranium

 

http://www.mindfully.org/Nucs/2003/Leuren-Moret-Gen-Groves21feb03.htm

 

2Research Report Summaries on Depleted Uranium from 1974-1999, conducted at

National Laboratories and military labs.

 

http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabl1.htm#TAB%20L_Research%20Report%

20Summaries

 

3White House statement on depleted uranium scare,

 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/ogc/apparatus/index.html

 

4The Department of Energy Fiscal Year 2003 Budget Request for Nuclear

Weapons Activitiesan analysis by Dr. Robert Civiak

 

http://www.trivalleycares.org/2003budgetanalysis.asp

 

5 Depleted Uranium: Metal of Dishonor International Action Center (1999)

 

http://www.iacenter.org/depleted/mettoc.htm

 

6 LIFE Photoessay The Tiny Victims of Desert

Storm http://www.life.com/Life/essay/gulfwar/gulf01.html

 

7March 1, 1991, Los Alamos Memorandum

 

8October 14, 1993, Somalia Messageis the U.S. Army Medical Care Directive

 

9August 19, 1993, memorandum from General Eric Shinseki, Office of the

Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans

 

10 Army Environmental Policy Institute (AEPI) Executive Summary (1995)

 

11Chromosome Aberration Analysis in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Gulf War and

Balkans War VeteransH. Schroder et al., Radiation Protection Dosimetry

V.103:3, pp.211-219 (2003).

 

Discounted Casualties: The Human Cost of Depleted Uranium by Akira Tashiro

(2001)

 

http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/abom/uran/index_e.html

 

12Depleted Uranium Weapons: the Whys and WhereforesA. Gsponer

 

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0301/0301059.pdf

 

13The Animal Victims of the Gulf Warby J. Loretz, PSR Quarterly;

1991:221-225.

 

http://fn2.freenet.edmonton.ab.ca/~puppydog/gulfwar.htm

 

14Combat video of Afghani civilians targeted from an AC-130 Spectre U.S.

military plane

 

http://www.hk94.com/weblog/index.php?p=62 & c=1

 

15Rep. McKinney vilified for telling the truthby B. Fertik, San Francisco

Bay View, April 17, 2002, p.1.

 

http://www.sfbayview.com

 

16If you think cancer is a problem now, wait until more depleted uranium is

released into the worldToronto for Peace

 

http://www.torontoforpeace.org/uranium-risks.html

 

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