Soy story, mainstream news

[Guest guest]

Dear Members;

 

Hopefully you don't mind this long post sharing about Soy. Ayurveda

reports that most forms are energetically cold and astringent as well

as " processed " to loose the life force, plus sweet in taste, giving

vata increasing and difficult to digest properties. The Weston Price

Foundation, (though offering in their cookbook some not good food

combining as well as favoring non-vegetarian diet), are VERY good at

doing their homework with, see 35 citations for the article, and I

tend to listen to them with open mind. The study they speak of had

quite a few subjects. Hitting the mainstream news, the real soy

story, now. Note it is Japanese-American, not Japanese men in the study.

 

If you want to print this out, you might want to save to desktop and

clean up the extra line breaks first!

 

Namaste, Ysha

 

" Tofu Shrinks Brain! "

 

by John MacArthur

through the Weston A. Price Foundation

 

 

No science fiction scenario, this sobering soybean revelation is

for real.

But how did the " poster bean " of the '90s go wrong? Apparently, in

many ways--none of which bode well for the brain.

 

In a major ongoing study involving 3,734 elderly

Japanese-American men,

those who ate the most tofu during midlife had up to 2.4 times the

risk of

later developing Alzheimer's disease. As part of the three-decade long

Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, 27 foods and drinks were correlated with

participants' health. Men who consumed tofu at least twice weekly

had more

cognitive impairment than those who rarely or never ate the

soybean curd.1, 2

 

" The test results were about equivalent to what they would have

been if they

were five years older, " said lead researcher Dr. Lon R. White from the

HawaiiCenter for Health Research. For the guys who ate no tofu,

however,

they tested as though they were five years younger.

 

What's more, higher midlife tofu consumption was also associated

with low

brain weight. Brain atrophy was assessed in 574 men using MRI

results and in

290 men using autopsy information. Shrinkage occurs naturally with

age, but

for the men who had consumed more tofu, White said " their brains

seemed to

be showing an exaggeration of the usual patterns we see in aging. "

 

 

Phytoestrogens--Soy Self Defense

 

Tofu and other soybean foods contain isoflavones, three-ringed

molecules

bearing a structural resemblance to mammalian steroidal hormones.

White and

his fellow researchers speculate that soy's estrogen-like compounds

(phytoestrogens) might compete with the body's natural estrogens for

estrogen receptors in brain cells.

 

Plants have evolved many different strategies to protect

themselves from

predators. Some have thorns or spines, while others smell bad,

taste bad, or

poison animals that eat them. Some plants took a different route,

using

birth control as a way to counter the critters who were wont to munch.

 

Plants such as soy are making oral contraceptives to defend

themselves, says

Claude Hughes, Ph.D., a neuroendocrinologist at Cedars-Sinai

Medical Center.

They evolved compounds that mimic natural estrogen. These

phytoestrogens can

interfere with the mammalian hormones involved in reproduction and

growth--a

strategy to reduce the number and size of predators.

 

 

Toxicologists Concerned About Soy's Health Risks

 

The soy industry says that White's study only shows an association

between

tofu consumption and brain aging, but does not prove cause and

effect. On

the other hand, soy experts at the National Center for Toxicological

Research, Daniel Sheehan, Ph.D., and Daniel Doerge, Ph.D.,

consider this

tofu study very important. " It is one of the more robust,

well-designed

prospective epidemiological studies generally available. . . We

rarely have

such power in human studies, as well as a potential mechanism. "

 

In a 1999 letter to the FDA (and on the ABC News program 20/20),

the two

toxicologists expressed their opposition to the agency's health

claims for

soy, saying the Honolulu study " provides evidence that soy (tofu)

phytoestrogens cause vascular dementia. Given that estrogens are

important

for maintenance of brain function in women; that the male brain

contains

aromatase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol; and

that

isoflavones inhibit this enzymatic activity, there is a

mechanistic basis

for the human findings. " 3

 

Although estrogen's role in the central nervous system is not well

understood, White notes that " a growing body of information

suggests that

estrogens may be needed for optimal repair and replacement of neural

structures eroded with aging. "

 

One link to the puzzle may involve calcium-binding proteins, which are

associated with protection against neurodegenerative diseases. In

recent

animal studies at Brigham Young University's Neuroscience Center,

researchers found that consumption of phytoestrogens via a soy

diet for a

relatively short interval can significantly elevate phytoestrogen

levels in

the brain and decrease brain calcium-binding proteins.4

 

 

Concerns About Giving Soy to Infants

 

The most serious problem with soy may be its use in infant

formulas. " The

amount of phytoestrogens that are in a day's worth of soy infant

formula

equals 5 birth control pills, " says Mike Fitzpatrick, a New Zealand

toxicologist. Fitzpatrick and other scientists believe that infant

exposure

to high amounts of phytoestrogens is associated with early puberty

in girls

and retarded physical maturation in boys.5

 

A study reported in The Lancet found that the " daily exposure of

infants to

isoflavones in soy infant-formulas is 6-11 fold higher on a

bodyweight basis

than the dose that has hormonal effects in adults consuming soy

foods. "

(This dose, equivalent to two glasses of soy milk per day, was

enough to

change menstrual patterns in women.6 In the blood of infants tested,

concentrations of isoflavones were 13,000-22,000 times higher than

natural

estrogen concentrations in early life.7 )

 

 

Soy Interferes with Enzymes

 

While soybeans are relatively high in protein compared to other

legumes,

they are a poor source of protein because other proteins found in

soybeans

act as potent enzyme inhibitors. These " anti-nutrients " block the

action of

trypsin and other enzymes needed for protein digestion. Trypsin

inhibitors

are large, tightly folded proteins that are not completely deactivated

during ordinary cooking and can reduce protein digestion.

Therefore, soy

consumption may lead to chronic deficiencies in amino acid uptake.8

 

Soy's ability to interfere with enzymes and amino acids may have

direct

consequence for the brain. As White and his colleagues suggest,

" isoflavones

in tofu and other soyfoods might exert their influence through

interference

with tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanisms required for optimal

hippocampal

function, structure and plasticity. " 2

 

High amounts of protein tyrosine kinases are found in the

hippocampus, a

brain region involved with learning and memory. One of soy's primary

isoflavones, genistein, has been shown to inhibit tyrosine kinase

in the

hippocampus, where it blocked " long-term potentiation, " a mechanism of

memory formation.9

 

 

Tyrosine, Dopamine, and Parkinson's Disease

 

The brain uses the amino acids tyrosine or phenylalanine to

synthesize the

key neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, brain chemicals

that

promote alertness and activity. Dopamine is crucial to fine muscle

coordination. People whose hands tremble from Parkinson's disease

have a

diminished ability to synthesize dopamine. An increased incidence of

depression and other mood disorders are associated with low levels of

dopamine and norepinephrine. Also, the current scientific consensus on

attention-deficit disorder points to a dopamine imbalance.

 

Soy has been shown to affect tyrosine hydroxylase activity in animals,

causing the utilization rate of dopamine to be " profoundly

disturbed. " When

soy lecithin supplements were given throughout perinatal

development, they

reduced activity in the cerebral cortex and " altered synaptic

characteristics in a manner consistent with disturbances in neural

function. " 10

 

Researchers at Sweden's Karolinska Institute and at the National

Institutes

of Health are finding a connection between tyrosine hydroxylase

activity,

thyroid hormone receptors, and depleted dopamine levels in the

brain--particularly in the substantia nigra, a region associated

with the

movement difficulties characteristic of Parkinson's disease.11,12,13

 

Soy Affects the Brain via the Thyroid Gland

 

Tyrosine is crucial to the brain in another way. It's needed for

the body to

make active thyroid hormones, which are a major physiological

regulator of

mammalian brain development. By affecting the rate of cell

differentiation

and gene expression, thyroid hormones regulate the growth and

migration of

neurons, including synaptic development and myelin formation in

specific

brain regions. Low blood levels of tyrosine are associated with an

underactive thyroid gland.

 

It is well known that isoflavones in soy products can depress thyroid

function, causing goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) and autoimmune

thyroid

disease. In the early 1960s, goiter and hypothyroidism were

reported in

infants fed soybean diets.14 Scientists at the National Center for

Toxicological Research showed that the soy isoflavones genistein and

daidzein " inhibit thyroid peroxidase-catalyzed reactions essential to

thyroid hormone synthesis. " 15

 

Japanese researchers studied effects on the thyroid from soybeans

administered to healthy subjects. They reported that consumption of as

little as 30 grams (two tablespoons) of soybeans per day for only

one month

resulted in a significant increase in thyroid stimulating hormone

(TSH),

which is produced by the brain's pituitary gland when thyroid

hormones are

too low. Their findings suggested that " excessive soybean

ingestion for a

certain duration might suppress thyroid function and cause goiters in

healthy people, especially elderly subjects. " 16

 

Thyroid Hormones and Fetal Brain Development

 

Thyroid alterations are among the most frequently encountered

autoimmune

conditions in children. Researchers at Cornell University Medical

Collegeshowed that the " frequency of feedings with soy-based milk

formulas

in early life was significantly higher in children with autoimmune

thyroid

disease. " 17 In a previous study, they found that twice as many

diabetic

children had received soy formula in infancy as compared to

non-diabetic

children.18

 

Recognizing the risk, Swiss health authorities recommend " very

restrictive

use " of soy for babies. In England and Australia, public health

agencies

tell parents to first seek advice from a doctor before giving

their infants

soy formula. The New Zealand Ministry of Health recommends that

" Soy formula

should only be used under the direction of a health professional for

specific medical indications. . . Clinicians who are treating

children with

a soy-based infant formula for medical conditions should be aware

of the

potential interaction between soy infant formula and thyroid

function. " 19

 

Thyroid hormones exert their influence during discrete windows of time

during development of the infant. Inappropriate hormone levels can

have a

devastating effect on the developing human brain, especially

during the

first 12 weeks of pregnancy when the fetus depends on the mother's

thyroid

hormones for brain development. After that, both maternal and

fetal thyroid

hormone levels affect the central nervous system.

 

A 1999 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine

showed that

pregnant women with underactive thyroids were four times more

likely to have

children with low IQs if the disorder were left untreated. The

study found

that 19 percent of the children born to mothers with thyroid

deficiency had

IQ scores of 85 or lower, compared with only 5 percent of those

born to

mothers without such problems.20

 

 

Thyroid, Brain, and Environmental Toxins

 

Children exposed prenatally and during infancy to common environmental

toxins like dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can suffer

behavioral, learning, and memory problems because these chemicals

may be

disrupting the normal action of thyroid hormone.21

 

Soybeans grown in the United States contain residues of the pesticide

dieldrin, an organochlorine similar to DDT. Although both

chemicals were

banned in the 1970s, dieldrin still persists in soils and is absorbed

through the roots. Today it is the most toxic residue found on

domestic

soybeans.22 In Silent Spring, Rachel Carson warned that dieldrin

is nearly

50 times as poisonous as DDT. In addition to disrupting hormones,

it can

have long delayed neurological effects, ranging from loss of memory to

mania.23 Chinese aphids were recently discovered in fields

scattered across

Wisconsin, so increased pesticide applications are likely.

 

Combinations of insecticides, weed killers, and artificial

fertilizers--even

at low levels--have measurable detrimental effects on thyroid and

other

hormones as well as on the brain.24 EPA scientists now want to

upgrade the

commonly used herbicide, atrazine, to a " likely carcinogen. " In animal

tests, atrazine attaches to sites on the hypothalamus, a crucial brain

region involved with regulating levels of stress and sex hormones.25

 

Individuals newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease were more

than twice as

likely to have been exposed to insecticides in their home,

compared to those

without the disease.26 In September 2000, The Lancet reported that

farmers

and gardeners regularly exposed to pesticides may have more than

five times

the risk of developing mild cognitive dysfunction.

 

Soy formulas for infants can contain other neurotoxins: aluminum,

cadmium,

and fluoride. Studies found that aluminum concentrations in soy-based

formulas were a 100-fold greater compared to human breast milk,27

while

cadmium content was 8-15 times higher than in milk-based

formulas.28 In an

Australian study, the fluoride content of soy-based formulas

ranged from

1.08 to 2.86 parts per million. The authors concluded that " prolonged

consumption (beyond 12 months of age) of infant formula

reconstituted with

optimally-fluoridated water could result in excessive amounts of

fluoride

being ingested. " 29 A study ofConnecticut children revealed that

mild to

moderate fluorosis was strongly associated with soy-based infant

formula

use.30

 

In May 2000, Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility released

their

report, " The Toxic Threats to Child Development. " In the section on

neurotoxins, they concluded, " Studies in animals and human populations

suggest that fluoride exposure, at levels that are experienced by a

significant proportion of the population whose drinking water is

fluoridated, may have adverse impacts on the developing brain. " 31

 

 

Iodine versus Fluorine

 

The thyroid gland uses tyrosine and the natural element iodine to make

thyroxine (T4), a thyroid hormone containing four iodine atoms.

The other,

much more biologically active thyroid hormone is tri-iodothyronine

(T3),

which has three iodine atoms. Lack of dietary iodine has long been

identified as the problem in diminished thyroid hormone synthesis.

 

According to the International Council for the Control of Iodine

Deficiency

Disorders: " Iodine deficiency has been called the world's major

cause of

preventable mental retardation. Its severity can vary from mild

intellectual

blunting to frank cretinism, a condition that includes gross mental

retardation, deaf mutism, short stature, and various other

defects. . . The

damage to the developing brain results in individuals poorly

equipped to

fight disease, learn, work effectively, or reproduce satisfactorily. "

 

This crucial role of iodine is another reason why the thyroid gland is

especially vulnerable today. Canadian researcher Andreas Schuld has

documented more than 100 studies during the last 70 years that

demonstrate

adverse effects of fluoride on the thyroid gland.32 Schuld says,

" Fluorine,

being the strongest in the group of halogens, will seriously

interfere with

iodine and iodine synthesis, forcing more urinary elimination of

ingested

iodine as fluoride ingestion or absorption increases. " (See page 21.)

 

 

Soy Inhibits Zinc Absorption

 

The high phytic-acid content in soy may also have adverse effects

on brain

function. Phytic acid is an organic acid present in the outer

portion of all

seeds which blocks the uptake of essential minerals in the

intestinal tract:

calcium, magnesium, iron, and especially zinc. Soybeans have very high

levels of a form of phytic acid that is particularly difficult to

neutralize

and which interferes with zinc absorption more completely than

with other

minerals.

 

The soy industry acknowledges the problem with the admission that

while

" one-half cup of cooked soybeans contains one mg of zinc

 

. . . zinc is poorly absorbed from soyfoods. " As for iron, " both

phytate and

soy protein reduce iron absorption so that the iron in soyfoods is

generally

poorly absorbed. " 33

 

According to unpublished documents, researchers testing soy

formula found

that it caused negative zinc balance in every infant to whom it

was given.34

Even when the diets were additionally supplemented with zinc,

there was a

strong correlation between phytate content in formula and poor growth.

 

 

Zinc and the Brain

 

Relatively high levels of zinc are found in the brain, especially the

hippocampus. Zinc plays an important role in the transmission of

the nerve

impulse between brain cells. Deficiency of zinc during pregnancy and

lactation has been shown to be related to many congenital

abnormalities of

the nervous system in offspring. In children, " insufficient levels

of zinc

have been associated with lowered learning ability, apathy,

lethargy, and

mental retardation. " 35

 

The USDA references a study of 372 Chinese school children with

very low

levels of zinc in their bodies. The children who received zinc

supplements

had the most improved performance--especially in perception, memory,

reasoning, and psychomotor skills such as eye-hand coordination. Three

earlier studies with adults also showed that changes in zinc

intake affected

cognitive function.36

 

New research has identified a specific contingent of neurons, called

" zinc-containing " neurons, which are found almost exclusively in the

forebrain, where in mammals they have evolved into a " complex and

elaborate

associational network that interconnects most of the cerebral

cortices and

limbic structures. " This suggests the importance of zinc in the

normal and

pathological processes of the cerebral cortex.37 Furthermore,

age-related

tissue zinc deficiency may contribute to brain cell death in

Alzheimer's

dementia.38

 

Not a Good Idea

 

High levels of phytoestrogens and zinc-blocking phytic acid, plus

additional

neurotoxic compounds such as dieldrin, aluminum, fluoride and cadmium

combine in soy to yield a veritable witches' brew that can have

adverse

effects on the brain during development and throughout life.

 

Unfortunately, many American are now consuming soy foods in high

amounts as

infant formula, soy milk and tofu-based products, usually as a

substitute

for nourishing animal foods. In Asia, soy is consumed in small

amounts as a

fermented condiment and not as a substitute for animal foods.

 

Asians recognize the need for " brain foods " like eggs and fish and

realize

that large amounts of soy can cause thyroid problems and inhibit

growth.

They know that for optimum mental function, soy foods are not a

good idea.

 

The original article had the following paragraph at the end and I

am adding it here (this is Sara):

 

Safe Soy

To produce soy milk, the beans are first soaked in an alkaline

solution, then heated to about 115 degrees C in order to remove as

much of the trypsin inhibitors as possible. Fallon says this method

destroys most, but not all of the anti-nutrients, however it has

the " unhappy side effect of so denaturing the proteins that they

become very difficult to digest and much reduced in effectiveness. "

Furthermore, phytates remain in soy milk to block the uptake of

essential minerals.

 

Only a long period of fermentation will significantly reduce the

phytate content of soybeans, as well as the trypsin inhibitors that

interfere with enzymes and amino acids. Therefore, fermented soy

products such as tempeh and miso (not tofu) provide nourishment that

is easily assimilated.

 

 

 

---

 

 

About the author

John D. MacArthur is a freelance writer who researches

neuroscience topics.

This report was originally published in July 2000 as " The Trouble with

Tofu. "

 

Email: macarthur

 

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