reference list

August 6, 2003

I stumbled upon the reference list below while looking

for something else. While probably not of much use in its present

form to most list members, I found interesting tidbits so I am

passing it on. URL at the very end.

Alobar

Reference List

1. Lenz, P. H., Watkins, T., & Bierenbaum, M. (1991). Effect of

dietary menhaden, canola and partially hydrogenated soy oil

supplemented with vitamin-e upon plasma lipids and platelet

aggregation. Thrombosis Research , 61(3), 213-224.

Male fisher rats were fed chow diets for two weeks after which they

were divided into seven groups of ten rats each and fed 20% canola,

20% menhaden, 20% partially hydrogenated soy oil (phso) or chow only,

with or without 500 mg/kg dietary vitamin e in chow containing 2%

cholesterol for six weeks. Triglycerides were lower in the menhaden

group and were essentially the same in the e supplemented groups as

in their unsupplemented cohorts. Plasma cholesterol was higher in the

canola, and lower in the menhaden, groups, compared to the phso

group. Cholesterol was the same in the e supplemented groups as in

their unsupplemented cohorts. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactant

substances (tbars) were higher in the menhaden group, compared to the

chow group. Vitamin e supplementation lowered tbars in the menhaden

and phso groups, compared to the unsupplemented cohorts. Collagen

induced platelet aggregation was lower in both canola and menhaden

groups, compared to the phso group. Vitamin e supplementation lowered

collagen induced platelet aggregation only in the phso group.

Thrombin induced platelet aggregation was lower in the canola group,

compared to the phso group. Vitamin e supplementation did not affect

thrombin induced platelet aggregation compared to unsupplemented

cohorts. Plasma vitamin e levels were lowest in the menhaden

supplemented group compared to all other groups not receiving e,

suggesting a greater requirement for e in this group. Finally,

vitamin e supplementation raised the plasma e levels in all groups

except the menhaden group when compared to unsupplemented cohorts.

Unsaturated Fatty-Acids/ Fish/ Rat/ Linolenate/ Tocopherol/ N-3.

2. Inui, K., Fukuta, Y., Ikeda, A., Kameda, H., Kokuba, Y., & Sato,

M. (1996). The nutritional effect of a-linolenic acid-rich emulsion

with total parenteral nutrition in a rat model with inflammatory

bowel disease. Ann Nutr Metab, 40(4), 227-233.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional effect

of perilla oil emulsion (POE) in a rat model with inflammatory bowel

disease (IBD) induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. POE and

soybean oil emulsion (SOE) were infused at 20% of nonprotein energy

during 7 days' total parenteral nutrition (TPN). After infusion of

test solutions, body weight gain and cumulative nitrogen balance in

the POE group were significantly higher than those in the fat-free

TPN (FF) group after infusion of test solutions. Moreover, those in

the POE group were higher than those in the SOE group, but no

significant difference was observed between the POE and SOE groups.

In the POE group, total cholesterol and phospholipid concentration in

the plasma was significantly decreased compared with the FF and SOE

groups. Triglyceride concentration in the plasma did not

significantly differ between the POE, SOE and FF groups. Plasma lipid

peroxide concentration in the POE group was significantly lower than

that in the SOE group, but it was not different from the FF group. In

fatty acid composition in the plasma total lipids, linoleic acid in

the POE and SOE groups and alpha-linolenic acid in the POE group were

significantly increased compared with those in the FF group.

Arachidonic acid (AA) in the POE and FF groups were significantly

decreased compared with that in the SOE group. Otherwise,

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the POE group was significantly

increased compared with that in the SOE and FF groups. EPA/AA ratio

in the POE group was significantly increased compared with the SOE

group. The thickness and damage score of the colon were significantly

depressed in the POE group compared with the SOE group. These results

suggest that POE has a superior nutritional effect and improves

inflammation in the IBD.

3. Yamazaki, K., Fujikawa, M., Hamazaki, T., Yano, S., & Shono, T.

(1992). Comparison of the conversion rates of alpha-linolenic acid

(18:3(n - 3)) and stearidonic acid (18:4(n - 3)) to longer

polyunsaturated fatty acids in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1123(1),

18-26.

The delta 6-desaturase reaction is regarded to be the rate-limiting

step in the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2(n - 6)) to arachidonic

acid (20:4(n - 6)). The same is probably also the case with the

conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3(n - 3)) to eicosapentaenoic

acid (20:5(n - 3)). However, there are very few in vivo studies that

directly compared the conversion rate between 18:3(n - 3) and

stearidonic acid (18:4(n - 3)), which is the delta 6-desaturated

product of 18:3(n - 3). We compared this rate by feeding rats on a

lipid-free diet supplemented with lard (9%, w/w) and 18:3(n - 3)

ethyl ester (1%) diet or on a diet containing lard (9%) and 18:4(n -

3) ethyl ester (1%). A lard (10%)-supplemented diet was used as the

control diet. The fatty acid compositions of total phospholipids,

triglycerides and free fatty acids of both liver and plasma were

measured after 1 or 3 weeks on different diets. The molar ratio of

20:5(n - 3) of most lipid fractions was about 2-fold higher in rats

fed the 18:4(n - 3)-supplemented diet than in rats fed the 18:3(n -

3)-supplemented diet. 18:4(n - 3) was found in the liver lipid

fraction in only a very small amount, even in the 18:4(n -

3)-supplemented groups. Thus, desaturation at C-6 is suggested to be

the rate-limiting step in the conversion of 18:3(n - 3) to 20:5(n -

3).

*Fatty Acids, Omega-3 --Metabolism --ME/ *Fatty Acids,

Unsaturated --Metabolism --ME/ *Linolenic Acids --Metabolism --ME/

Body Weight/ Diet/ Fatty Acids, Nonesterified --Blood --BL/ Fatty

Acids, Unsaturated --Blood --BL/ Kinetics/ Phospholipids --Blood --BL

/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred Strains.

4. Horby Jorgensen, M., Lassen, A., & Fleischer Michaelsen, K.

(1995). Fatty acid composition in Danish infant formula compared to

human milk. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition, 39(2), 50-54.

There is increasing awareness that dietary fatty acids are not only a

source of energy, but also have metabolic and functional roles. The

fatty acid composition of infant formulas is therefore of interest.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with GREATER THAN OR EQUAL 20

C atoms (VLCPUFA) have an effect on neural and visual development and

growth; content of, and ratio between linoleic and ALPHA-linolenic

acid in the diet are also of importance for the synthesis of VLCPUFA.

The aim of this study was to analyse the fatty acid composition of 13

infant formulas, intended for term infants, on the Danish market

(spring 1993). (6 of the formulas analysed were standard whey

predominant formulas and 7 were special formulas (5 protein

hydrolysates, 1 follow-up and 1 casein predominant formula).) All 6

standard formulas complied with Danish legislation regarding content

of linoleic acid. Only 4 of the 13 formulas had a

linoleic/ALPHA-linolenic ratio between 5 and 15, which is approx. the

ratio found in human milk, and the ratio recommended for infant

formula by the ESPGAN Committee on Nutrition. There was some

deviation in other fatty acid classes from the composition of human

milk. This was especially true for formulas where medium chain fatty

acids triglycerides were added, or where corn oil was used as the

main fat source. As long as knowledge on the effect of individual

fatty acids is limited, it is recommended that infant formulas be

manufactured to contain a fatty acid composition as close to that of

human milk as possible. It is suggested that this can be achieved by

using a blend of suitable fat sources. AS(ALR).

Fatty Acids--Milk Infant Formulas, Fatty Acids Composition Of

Denmark/ Infant Foods--Milk Infant Formulas, Fatty Acids Composition

Of Denmark/ Acids/ Lipids/ Processed Foods.

5. Woods, J., Ward, G., & Salem, N. J. (1996). Is docosahexaenoic

acid necessary in infant formula? Evaluation of high linolenate diets

in the neonatal rat. Pediatr Res, 40(5), 687-694.

Neural accretion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is thought to play an

important role in the neural development of human infants. The lack

of DHA in infant formulas contributes to the lowered neural accretion

of DHA observed in formula-fed infants relative to those breast-fed.

We hypothesized that lowering the dietary linoleic acid (LA) to

alpha-linolenic acid (LNA) ratio may lead to increases in the level

of DHA in the developing brain and retina. Lowering the LA to LNA

ratio from 10:1 to 1:1 and to 1:12 in the artificially reared (AR)

neonatal rat pup resulted in a significant increase in the percentage

of brain DHA between AR dietary groups. The brain level of DHA in the

AR group fed a 1:12 ratio was similar to that of a dam-reared

reference group. However, levels of DHA in the retina of all AR

groups were significantly lower than that of the (chow fed)

dam-reared group. It appears that LNA may serve as an adequate

substrate for the accretion of DHA in the brain, but not the retina

of the developing rat. In both the brain and the retina, levels of

arachidonic acid in the AR pups fed the 1:1 ratio were similar to

that of the dam-reared group. However, levels in the 1:12 group were

significantly reduced. The addition of long chain n-3 polyunsaturates

such as DHA to infant formula may therefore be necessary for adequate

neural DHA accretion and optimal neural development.

6. Xiuwei Yang, & Dick, T. A. (1994). Dietary ALPHA-linolenic and

linoleic acids competitively affect metabolism of polyunsaturated

fatty acids in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). J of Nut, 124(7),

1133-1145.

Effects of various levels of dietary 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid) and

18:3n-3 (ALPHA-linolenic acid) on the growth, feeding, body

composition, and metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver

and muscle of Arctic charr were investigated. Fish were fed 8 or 12

casein-based semipurified diets in 2 separate experiments for 12 or

14 wk, respectively. Low levels of dietary 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3

supplemented with pure methyl esters or linseed (flax) oil had an

additive effect on fish growth. Whereas 18:2n-6 was converted to

20:4n-6 and 22:5n-6 in the absence or presence of dietary 18:3n-3,

the dominant product of 18:3n-3 conversion was consistently 22:6n-3.

High levels of dietary 18:3n-3 markedly inhibited the conversion of

18:2n-6. Inhibition of dietary 18:2n-6 on 18:3n-3 conversion was

noted only when the ratio of dietary 18:2n-6 to 18:3n-3 changed from

1.0 to 1.5. Feeding diets rich in 18:3n-3 led to a marked

accumulation of 18:3n-3 and 18:4n-3 in fish muscle but a negligible

change in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, regardless of the level of 18:3n-3 in

the diets. (From En summ.). SBI.

Fishes--Arctic Char, Feed Fatty Acids & Fatty Acids Composition Of/

Fatty Acids--Arctic Char, Feed Fatty Acids & Fatty Acids Composition

Of / Feeds--Arctic Char, Feed Fatty Acids & Fatty Acids Composition

Of/ Lipids/ Acids/ Sea Foods.

7. Jorgensen, M. H., Lassen, A., & Michaelsen, K. F. (1995). Fatty

acid composition in Danish infant formula compared to human milk.

Scandinavian J of Nutrition/Naringsforskning, 39(2), 50-54.

There is increasing awareness that dietary fatty acids are not only a

source of energy, but also have metabolic and functional roles.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with more than or equal to 20

carbon groups (VLCPUFA) have an effect on neural and visual

development and growth, and it has been shown that the content of,

and the ratio between, the precursors linoleic and alpha -linolenic

acid in the diet are of importance for the synthesis of VLCPUFA. The

aim of the present study was to analyse the fatty acid composition of

13 infant formulae (6 standard and 7 special) on the Danish market

during spring 1993 intended for full-term infants. All 6 standard

formulae complied with Danish legislation regarding content of

linoleic acid. However, only 4 of the 13 formulae had a linoleic:

alpha -linolenic ratio between 5 and 15, which is approximately the

ratio found in human milk, and the ratio recommended for infant

formulae by the ESPGAN Committee on Nutrition. There was some

deviation in the other fatty acid classes from the composition of

human milk. This was especially the case in formulae where

medium-chain fatty acids triglycerides were added, or where maize oil

was used as the main fat source.

Cows/ Linolenic Acid/ Linoleic Acid/ Polyenoic Fatty Acids/ Maize

Oil/ Triacylglycerols/ Fats/ Sources/ Infant Formulae/ Fatty Acids/

Composition/ Human Milk/ Comparisons/ Man.

8. Khotimchenko, S. V., Vaskovsky, V. E., & Przhemenetskaya, V. F.

(1991). Distribution of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids in

different species of Gracilaria . Phytochemistry, 30(1), 207-209.

The fatty acid compositions of Gracilaria verrucosa, G.

bursa-pastoris, G. debilis and Gracilaria sp. were determined.

Arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids predominated among the fatty

acids. The arachidonic: eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in algae of the

genus Gracilaria fell into three categories. The fatty acid content

in G. verrucosa was not influenced significantly by environmental

factors. An error in the identification of several morphologically

similar Gracilaria species as G. verrucosa may be responsible for the

discrepancy in the literature data about the arachidonic and

eicosapentaenoic acid contents in this species. Possible pathways of

eicosapentaenoic acid biosynthesis from arachidonic or from

..alpha.-linolenic acids in red algae are discussed.

Fatty Acids/ Gracilaria/ Eicosapentaenoic Acid/ Arachidonic Acid/

Fatty Acid Composition/ Taxonomy.

9. Cigolini, M., Targher, G., Seidell, J. C., Schiavon, R., Tonoli,

M., Muggeo, M., & De Sandre, G. (1996). Plasma factor VII and its

relation to adipose tissue fatty acids and other atherogenic risk

factors in healthy men. Eur J Clin Invest, 26(3), 247-53.

In this study the authors examined the relationships of plasma factor

VII (F-VII) to adipose tissue fatty acid composition, as an objective

index of the habitual dietary fat intake, as well as to a number of

other atherogenic risk factors in 60 healthy male volunteers (aged 38

years). Significant positive correlations were found between plasma

F-VII [measured as antigen (F-VIIAg) and coagulant activity, using

bovine thromboplastin (F-VIIbt)] and body mass index (BMI),

waist-thigh girth ratio (WTR), cigarette smoking and plasma

triglyceride concentration. After adjustment for BMI, only plasma

triglycerides remained positively correlated with F-VII (r = 0 center

dot 27, P = 0 center dot 03, and r = 0 center dot 29, P < 0 center

dot 01, for F-VIIbt and F-VIIAg respectively). A significant positive

relation was found between F-VII and the total proportion of fatty

acid as monounsaturated fatty acid (r = 0 center dot 26, P < 0 center

dot 05, for F-VIIAg), whereas inverse relations were found between

F-VII, the total proportion of fatty acid as polyunsaturated fatty

acid (r = -0 center dot 26 and r = -0 center dot 25, P < 0 center dot

05, for F-VIIbt and F-VIIAg respectively), polyunsaturated-saturated

fat ratio (r = -0 center dot 25, P < 0 center dot 05, for F-VIIbt)

and, more significantly, between F-VII and adipose-tissue

alpha-linolenic acid (r = -0 center dot 29, P < 0 center dot 01, for

F-VIIbt and r = -0 center dot 49, P < 0 center dot 001, for F-VIIAg).

All these correlations remained significant after matching for BMI.

In a multiple linear regression analysis, only adipose tissue

alpha-linolenic acid was a negative and independent predictor of

F-VIIAg (P = 0 center dot 004) and, at borderline significance, of

F-VIIbt (P = 0 center dot 061) when allowance was made for BMI, WTR,

smoking and plasma triglycerides. In conclusion, this study shows

significant relations between F-VII and adipose tissue fatty acid

composition in healthy male individuals; it supports the possibility

that adipose tissue poly-unsaturated fatty acids, derived from

dietary intake, play a role in the relation between F-VII and

coronary heart disease (CHD), thus suggesting that high dietary

polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (especially alpha-linolenic acid)

may reduce the risk for CHD by an improvement of a number of risk

factors, including a lowering of plasma F-VII (both activity and

antigen).

10. Zhong, Z., Gao, W., Kauffman, F. C., & Thurman, R. G. (1989).

Effect of fatty acids on formation, distribution, storage, and

release of benzo(a)pyrene phenols and glucuronides in the isolated

perfused rat liver. Cancer Res, 49(8), 2012-2016.

The hydroxylation of benzo(a)pyrene and conjugation, storage, and

release of benzo(a)pyrene phenols and glucuronides by the perfused

rat liver were studied in the presence and absence of acute addition

of physiological concentrations of common dietary fatty acids.

Long-chain fatty acid acyl CoA compounds (palmitoyl CoA, oleoyl CoA,

linolenoyl CoA; 50 .mu.M) inhibited hydroxylation of benzo(a)pyrene

by isolated microsomes by about 45% however, long-chain fatty acids

did not affect overall rates of hydroxylation of benzo(a)pyrene by

the perfused liver at concentrations ranging up to 300 .mu.M. The

medium-chain acyl CoA compound, octanoyl CoA, also did not affect

benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation in microsomes or liver. Although fatty

acids did not alter rates of hydroxylation, the ratio of free

benzo(a)pyrene phenols to glucuronides (F/G ratio) increased about

60% in livers perfused with long-chain fatty acids (palmitate,

oleate, linolenate). Inhibition of glucuronidation was not observed

with the medium-chain fatty acid, octanoate.

Fatty Acids/ Effects On/ Benzo(A)Pyrene/ Derivatives/ Formation/

Distribution/ Storage/ Release/ Liver/ Rats.

11. Barroeta, A. C., & Xalabarder, A. (1994). Importance of

composition of fats (omega-3, omega-6) in animal nutrition.

Alimentacion Equipos y Tecnologia, 13(3), 55-59.

Interest in the health effects of OMEGA-3 fatty acids has recently

increased. A review of the nutritional role of these acids is

presented under the headings: OMEGA-3 and OMEGA-6 Polyunsaturated

acids; Functions of OMEGA-3 fatty acids; Source of OMEGA-3 fatty

acids; Dietary recommendations for fatty acids; and How to increase

OMEGA-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Foods rich in PUFA

include flax, rapeseed, and soybean oils which are rich in

ALPHA-linolenic acid, and certain fish meals (anchovy, sardine,

herring, menhaden) and oils which are rich in OMEGA-3 and OMEGA-6

PUFA and are a good source of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and

docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. It has been shown that the composition

of fats in monogastric animals can be altered by modifications to

their diet; supplementation of the diet of hens with fish meal and

oil raised the EPA + DHA content of edible meat to 0.3 g/100 g. It is

considered that the average Western diet contains less OMEGA-3 PUFA

than is recommended for an appropriate lipid balance in the diet, and

that such levels might be increased by increasing these fatty acids

in meat, poultry and eggs through appropriate animal nutrition. JMa.

Nutrition--Fatty Acids, Nutrition Aspects Of Polyunsaturated, Review/

Reviews--Fatty Acids, Nutrition Aspects Of Polyunsaturated/ Fatty

Acids --Nutrition Aspects Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Review/

Acids/ Lipids/ Nutrition.

12. Seidell, J. C., Cigolini, M., Deslypere, J. P., Charzewska, J., &

Ellsinger, B. M. (1991). Polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose

tissue in European men aged 38 years in relation to serum lipids,

smoking habits, and fat distribution. Am J Epidemiol, 134(6),

583-589.

Fat biopsies were taken from 327 men aged 38 years from five

different European communities in 1988-1989. Linoleic acid content

varied widely (F = 110.6, p less than 0.001) and was lowest in men

from Poland (8.6%) and highest in men from Belgium (16.7%). Adipose

tissue content of alpha-linolenic acid was subject to less variation

(F = 13.9, p less than 0.001) and was lowest in men from Italy (0.5%)

and highest in men from Sweden and the Netherlands (0.9%). In

analysis combining information from all centers, linoleic acid was

negatively correlated to low density lipoprotein cholesterol (r

= -0.15, p less than 0.01) and total cholesterol (r = -0.17, p less

than 0.01). alpha-Linolenic acid was negatively correlated to serum

triglycerides only (r = -0.14, p less than 0.05). These fatty acids

were not related to body mass index, waist/hip ratio, or smoking

habits. The authors conclude that there are major differences in the

fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in different European

populations but that these do not explain the significant differences

in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum triglycerides

among the different populations.

*Adipose Tissue --Chemistry --CH/ *Fatty Acids,

Unsaturated --Analysis --AN/ *Lipids --Blood --BL/ *Smoking/ Adipose

Tissue --Anatomy and Histology --AH/ Adult/ Anthropometry/ Body

Composition/ Body Mass Index/ Europe/ Hip/ Linoleic

Acids --Analysis --AN/ Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol --Blood --BL/

Triglycerides --Blood --BL.

13. Ferretti, A., & Flanagan, V. P. (1996). Antithromboxane activity

of dietary alpha-linolenic acid: a pilot study. Prostaglandins Leukot

Essent Fatty Acids, 54(6), 451-455.

Two decades of research conclusively demonstrated the antithrombotic

properties of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

present in lipids from marine fishes. Most American consumers,

however, given their preference for meat, will not realize the

benefits of a fish-rich diet. Could alpha-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3)

be similarly effective via modulation of the synthesis of vasoactive

eicosanoids, i.e., thromboxane and prostacyclin? The present pilot

study is a contribution toward answering this question. We determined

that the urinary excretion of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 declined by

34% from baseline level 7 weeks after the n-6/n-3 ratio of dietary

PUFA was reduced from 28:1 to 1:1. The excretion of

2,3-dinor-6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha was similarly affected. The

dietary adjustment was brought about by substituting measured amounts

of canola and flaxseed oils (3:1) for measured amounts of olive and

corn oils (3:1) in an otherwise fat-free basal diet. This study

demonstrates that dietary alpha-linolenic acid is an effective

modulator of thromboxane and prostacyclin biosynthesis. Therefore, we

can expect that the eicosanoid-mediated effects of alpha-linolenic

acid are similar to those elicited by marine lipids.

polyunsaturated fatty acids/ Canola / Flaxseed oil/ alpha-linolenic

acid / Fish.

14. Ikemoto, S., Takahashi, M., Tsunoda, N., Maruyama, K., Itakura,

H., & Ezaki, O. (1996). High-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and

obesity in mice: differential effects of dietary oils. Metabolism,

45(12), 1539-1546.

Mice fed a high-fat diet develop hyperglycemia and obesity. Using

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model mice, we

investigated the effects of seven different dietary oils on glucose

metabolism: palm oil, which contains mainly 45% palmitic acid (16:0)

and 40% oleic acid (18:1); lard oil, 24% palmitic and 44% oleic acid;

rapeseed oil, 59% oleic and 20% linoleic acid (18:2); soybean oil,

24% oleic and 54% linoleic acid; safflower oil, 76% linoleic acid;

perilla oil, 58% alpha-linolenic acid; and tuna fish oil, 7%

eicosapentaenoic acid and 23% docosahexaenoic acid. C57BL/6J mice

received each as a high-fat diet (60% of total calories) for 19 weeks

(n = 6 to 11 per group). After 19 weeks of feeding, body weight

induced by the diets was in the following order: soybean > palm > or

= lard > or = rapeseed > or = safflower > or = perilla > fish oil.

Glucose levels 30 minutes after a glucose load were highest for

safflower oil (approximately 21.5 mmol/L), modest for rapeseed oil,

soybean oil, and lard (approximately 17.6 mmol/L), mild for perilla,

fish, and palm oil (approximately 13.8 mmol/L), and minimal for

high-carbohydrate meals (approximately 10.4 mmol/L). Only palm

oil-fed mice showed fasting hyperinsulinemia (P < .001). By stepwise

multiple regression analysis, body weight (or white adipose tissue

[WAT] weight) and intake of linoleic acid (or n-3/n-6 ratio) were

chosen as independent variables to affect glucose tolerance. By

univariate analysis, the linoleic acid intake had a positive

correlation with blood glucose level (r = .83, P = .02) but not with

obesity (r = .46, P = .30). These data indicate that (1) fasting

blood insulin levels vary among fat subtypes, and a higher fasting

blood insulin level in palm oil-fed mice may explain their better

glycemic control irrespective of their marked obesity; (2) a

favorable glucose response induced by fish oil feeding may be

mediated by a decrease of body weight; and (3) obesity and a higher

intake of linoleic acid are independent risk factors for

dysregulation of glucose tolerance.

hyperglycemia/ obesity/ mice/ Metabolism/ glucose tolerance.

15. Surette, M. E., Croset, M., Lokesh, B. R., & Kinsella, J. E.

(1990). The fatty acid composition and Na+-K+ ATPase activity of

kidney microsomes from mice consuming diets of varying

docosahexaenoic acid and linoleic acid ratios. Nutr Res, 10(2),

211-218.

Includes references.

Male mice (CD-1 type) were fed for 14 days diets containing 4 grams

of ethyl esters of linoleic acid (LA) per 100 g of diet supplemented

with 0, 0.4, 0.8 or 4 g of ethyl ester of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

The total fat content of the diets was adjusted to 10% by weight by

adding a 1:1 mixture of tristearin and triolein. Kidney microsomes

from these mice were prepared and analysed for fatty acid content and

Na+-K+ATPase activity. Feeding the lowest amount of DHA, representing

a 1:10 dietary DHA/LA ratio, resulted in an increase in DHA content

from 6.5 to 17 mole % of phospholipids from microsomes compared to

diets without DHA. Higher dietary DHA levels did not result in

further increases in tissue DHA levels. DHA feeding also caused a

slight increase in phospholipid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The

increase in the tissue DHA and EPA levels was accompanied by a

decrease in arachidonic acid levels. Dietary DHA resulted in a

decrease in the specific activity of kidney microsomal Na+- K+ATPase

from 508 +/- 70 to 261 +/- 25 ug PO4- min-1 mg protein-1 in mice

consuming 4 g DHA per 100 g diet.

DNAL QP141.A1N88.

diet-/ fish-oils/ docosenoic-acid/ linoleic-acid/ ratios-/ kidneys-/

microsomes-/ fatty-acids/ composition-/ enzyme-activity/ sodium-/

potassium-/ atpase-/ mice-.

16. Applegate, T. J., & Sell, J. L. (1996). Effect of dietary

linoleic to linolenic acid ratio and vitamin E supplementation on

vitamin E status of poults. Poultry Sci, 75(7), 881-890.

Includes references.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary

linoleic to linolenic acid (LO:LN) ratio and dl-alpha-tocopheryl

acetate (TA) supplementation on selected characteristics of the liver

and brain cerebellum and on vitamin E status of turkey poults from

hatch through 22 d of age. In Experiment 1, 1-d-old poults were fed

diets containing no supplemental TA (0E) or 150 IU TA/kg diet (150E).

Poults fed the 150E diet had greater (P < 0.001) concentrations of

alpha tocopherol (TOC) in the liver and plasma than those fed the 0E

diet from 7 to 22 d of age. The 150E diet, however, did not

completely overcome the decrease in liver and plasma TOC

concentrations observed at these ages. The 150E diet had no effect on

poult BW, feed efficiency, or on the weight, protein, lipid, or fatty

acid concentrations of the liver. Thiobarbituric acid reactive

substances assay of liver and hemolysis assay of red blood cells

(RBC) showed that the 150E diet decreased the susceptibility of liver

and RBC to in vitro peroxidation at 13 and 22 d of age. In Experiment

2, 1-d-old poults were fed the 0E and 150E diets in a complete

factorial arrangement with decreasing ratios of LO:LN (10, 5, and 1).

Dietary LO:LN ratio had no effect on RBC hemolysis or cerebellum TOC

concentration. As the ratio of LO:LN decreased, the arachidonic acid

content of liver and cerebellum lipids decreased. Ratios of n-6 to

n-3 fatty acids in liver and cerebellum were directly related to

dietary LO:LN at 13 and 22 d of age.

DNAL 47.8-Am33P.

poults-/ linoleic-acid/ linolenic-acid/ alpha-tocopherol-/

blood-plasma/ vitamin-e-acetate/ liver-/ age-differences/

body-weight/ feed- conversion/ lipid-peroxidation/ encephalomalacia-/

deficiency-diseases/ diet-/ sunflower-oil/ linseed-oil/ tallow-/

fatty-acids/ hemolysis-/ ratios-/ cerebellum-/ vitamin-deficiencies.

17. Cleland, L. G., James, M. J., Gibson, R. A., Hawkes, J. S., &

Betts, W. H. (1990). Effect of dietary oils on the production of n-3

and n-6 metabolites of leukocyte 5-lipoxygenase in five rat strains.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1043(3),

253-258.

The effect of dietary oils, including linseed and fish oil on the

relative rates of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and LTB5 production by rat

peritoneal exudate cells in 5 rat strains was studied. Whereas there

was an association between membrane phospholipid concentrations of

fatty acid precursors (arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic

acid (EPA)) and the rate of synthesis of their respective

5-lipoxygenase products (LTB4 and LTB5), the rate of LTB4 synthesis

was a combined function of AA and EPA values. A strong linear

relation (correlation coefficient = 0.99) was observed between the

ratio of EPA:AA in the cell membrane phospholipids and the ratio of

LTB5:LTB4 produced by these cells in vitro. This association was

independent of genetic (strain) variability and was independent of

the source of EPA, that is, dietary EPA or EPA endogenously

synthesized from dietary alpha -linolenic acid.

Leukotrienes/ Synthesis/ Oils/ Rats.

18. Nakashima, Y., Yuasa, S., Hukamizu, Y., Okuyama, H., Ohhara, T.,

Kameyama, T., & Nabeshima, T. (1993). Effect of a high linoleate and

a high alpha-linolenate diet on general behavior and drug sensitivity

in mice. J Lipid Res, 34(2), 239-247.

Semi-purified diets supplemented with either a high linoleate (n-6)

(safflower) oil or a high alpha-linolenate (n-3) (perilla) oil were

fed to mouse mothers and their offspring through 6 weeks of age. The

proportions of n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids in brain

phospholipids reflected the n-3/n-6 balance of the diets while no

difference was found in phospholipid compositions or

cholesterol/phospholipid ratios. In the elevated plus maze task, the

total number of entries into the open- and enclosed-arms was smaller

and the time spent in the dark enclosed arms tended to be longer in

the perilla group than the safflower group. The time required to

reach a safe platform in Morris's water maze test was less in the

perilla group, but no significant difference was observed in the

entries into the arms darkened with a movable cover in Y-maze

dark-preference task. The safflower group was more sensitive to

pentobarbital; the anesthesia onset time was less and the anesthetic

time was longer than in the perilla group. Increased locomotion

induced by scopolamine injection was less in the safflower group as

compared with the perilla group. These results indicate that in mice

the dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance affects the n-3/n-6

ratio of brain phospholipid acyl chains and that this is accompanied

by general behavioral changes as well as changes in sensitivities to

drugs known to affect behavior.

*Behavior, Animal --Drug Effects --DE/ *Dietary

Fats --Pharmacology --PD/ *Linoleic Acids --Pharmacology --PD/

*Linolenic Acids --Pharmacology --PD/ Analgesia/ Brain --Drug

Effects --DE/ Brain --Metabolism --ME/ Cholesterol --Metabolism --ME

/ Diazepam --Pharmacology --PD/ Dietary Fats --Administration and

Dosage --AD/ Ether, Ethyl --Pharmacology --PD/ Fatty Acids,

Unsaturated --Metabolism --ME/ Linoleic Acids --Administration and

Dosage --AD/ Linolenic Acids --Administration and Dosage --AD/ Mice/

Mice, Inbred ICR/ Motor Activity --Drug Effects --DE/ Muscle

Relaxation --Drug Effects --DE/ Pentobarbital --Pharmacology --PD/

Phospholipids --Metabolism --ME/ Scopolamine --Pharmacology --PD.

19. Bordoni, A., Lopez Jimenez, J. A., Spano, C., Biagi, P. L.,

Horrobin, D. F., & Hrelia, S. (1996). Metabolism of linoleic and

alpha-linolenic acids in cultured cardiomyocytes: effect of different

N-6 and N-3 fatty acid supplementation. Mol Cell Biochem, 157(1/2),

217-222.

Includes references.

The metabolites of linoleic (LA) and alpha-linolenic (ALA) acids are

involved in coronary heart disease. Both n-6 and n-3 essential fatty

acids (EFAs) are likely to be important in prevention of

atherosclerosis since the common risk factors are associated with

their reduced 6-desaturation. We previously demonstrated the ability

of heart tissue to desaturate LA. In this study we examined the

ability of cultured cardiomyocytes to metabolize both LA and ALA in

vivo, in the absence and in the presence of gamma linolenic acid

(GLA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) alone

or combined together. In control conditions, about 25% of LA and

about 90% of ALA were converted in PUFAs. GLA supplementation had no

influence on LA conversion to more unsaturated fatty acids, while the

addition of n-3 fatty acids, alone or combined together,

significantly decreased the formation of interconversion products

from LA. Using the combination of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs, GLA seemed to

counterbalance partially the inhibitory effect of EPA and DHA on LA

desaturation/elongation. The conversion of ALA to more unsaturated

metabolites was greatly affected by GLA supplementation. Each

supplemented fatty acid was incorporated to a significant extent into

cardiomyocyte lipids, as revealed by gas chromatographic analysis.

The n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio was greatly influenced by the different

supplementations; the ratio in GLA+EPA+DHA supplemented

cardiomyocytes was the most similar to that recorded in control

cardiomyocytes. Since important risk factors for coronary disease may

be associated with reduced 6-desaturation of the parent EFAs,

administration of n-6 or n-3 EFA metabolites alone is likely to

achieve optimum results.

DNAL QD501.M63.

linoleic-acid/ linolenic-acid/ lipid-metabolism/

eicosapentaenoic-acid/ docosenoic-acids/ metabolites-/

isotope-labeling/ polyenoic-fatty-acids/ composition-/ cell-culture/

myocardium-/ rats-/ docosahexaenoic-acid/ fatty-acid-desaturation/

fatty-acid-elongation.

20. Ghafoorunissa, & Pangrekar, J. (1993). Vegetables as sources of

alpha-linolenic acid in Indian diets. Food Chem, 47(2), 121-124.

references.

Total lipids were extracted from fresh vegetables, legumes (dry

beans) and fenugreek seeds and the fatty acid compositions were

determined. The dry beans and fenugreek seeds contain high amounts of

both linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids. Rajmah and cowpea provide

more alpha-linolenic acid as compared to bengal gram and peas

(linoleic/alpha-linolenic ratio less than or equal to 1.7 and 5.0

respectively). Fenugreek seeds contain approximately 2%

alpha-linolenic acid. On an average the green leafy vegetables

provide about seven times more alpha-linolenic acid than fresh beans

and other vegetables. In cereal pulse-based lacto-vegetarian diets,

inclusion of plant foods rich in alpha-linolenic acid on a regular

basis can make important contributions to the intake of n-3 fatty

acids and may ensure a better nutritional status of these fatty

acids.

<DNAL> TX501.F6.

Diets/ Vegetables/ Fenugreek/ Seeds/ Dried Foods/ Beans/ Linolenic

Acid/ Comparisons/ Nutrient Sources/ Food Composition-Horticultural

Crop Products(Q505).

21. Carnielli, V. P., Wattimena, D. J., Luijendijk, I. H., Boerlage,

A., Degenhart, H. J., & Sauer, P. J. (1996). The very low birth

weight premature infant is capable of synthesizing arachidonic and

docosahexaenoic acids from linoleic and linolenic acids. Pediatr Res,

40(1), 169-174.

Infants fed formulas devoid of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

(LCP) exhibit low plasma LCP concentrations and have poorer retinal

and neurologic development in comparison with their human milk-fed

counterparts. It is not known whether the low plasma LCP

concentrations result from an impaired biosynthetic capacity, a high

need or a low dietary intake. With stable isotope technology and high

sensitivity tracer detection using gas chromatography-isotope ratio

mass spectrometry we measured the conversion of [13C]linoleic acid

(C18:2n-6) and [13C]linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) into their longer chain

derivatives in five 1-mo-old formula-fed preterm infants (birth

weight 1.17 +/- 0.12.kg and gestational age 28.4 +/- 1.3 wk).

Carbon-13-labeled linoleic acid and inolenic were mixed with the

formula and administered continuously for 48 h. Both tracers were

rapidly incorporated in plasma phospholipids, and their metabolic

products including arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic

acid (C22:6n-3) became highly enriched. We demonstrate that the

preterm infant is capable of synthesizing LCP from their 18-carbon

precursors, and our data do not support the hypothesis that a reduced

delta 6 desaturation is a main factor leading to low arachidonic acid

and docosahexaenoic acid levels.

Infants/ Polyunsaturated fatty acids/ Infant forumla.

22. Jeffery, N. M., Sanderson, P., Sherrington, E. J., Newsholme, E.

A., & Calder, P. C. (1996). The ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated

fatty acids in the rat diet alters serum lipid levels and lymphocyte

functions. Lipids, 31(7), 737-745.

Previous studies have reported that feeding rats diets rich in fish

oils, which contain high proportions of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty

acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, results in

lowering of blood lipid levels and suppression of lymphocyte

functions tested ex vivo and in vivo. The effects of other n-3 PUFA,

such as alpha-linolenic acid, which is found in high proportions in

linseed oil, are not as well documented. Therefore, in the present

study, weanling male rats were fed for six weeks on one of five

high-fat (20% by weight) diets made by mixing together sunflower and

linseed oils; the resulting blends had n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios of 112.5:1

(pure sunflower oil), 14.8:1, 6.5:1, 0.81:1, and 0.33:1 (pure linseed

oil); the levels of all other components in the diet were identical.

The final body weight and total dissectable fat were lowest in rats

fed the pure linseed oil diet. Serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol and

nonesterified fatty acid concentrations decreased as the n-6/n-3 PUFA

ratio of the diet decreased. The fatty acid composition of the serum

and of spleen lymphocytes was influenced by the diet fed-there was a

progressive decrease in the proportions of linoleic and arachidonic

acids and a progressive increase in the proportion of alpha-linolenic

acid as the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of the diet decreased.

Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were detected in the serum

but not in spleen lymphocytes. Inclusion of alpha-linolenic acid in

the diet resulted in significant suppression of spleen lymphocyte

proliferation in response to the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A and in

spleen lymphocyte natural killer cell activity, both measured ex

vivo. The localized graft vs. host response, a measure of

cell-mediated immunity in vivo, progressively decreased as the

n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of the diet decreased. Thus, this study shows that

dietary alpha-linolenic acid results in lowered blood lipid levels

and suppressed lymphocyte functions ex vivo and in vivo. With respect

to these effects, alpha-linolenic acid is as potent as dietary fish

oil.

23. Koletzko, B. (1992). Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in

the diets of premature infants. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series., v.

28 , 135-146.

series analytic: Polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition /

edited by U. Bracco and R.J. Deckelbaum. Discussion by workshop

participants, p. 144-146. Includes references.

This chapter examines guidelines on the feeding of premature infants

which recommend dietary supply of linoleic and partly also of

alpha-linolenic acid but not of any other essential fatty acids. It

examines biosynthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in

the human neonate and the intrauterine supply; intake from human milk

and formulas; and the use of fish oil supplements.

<DNAL> RC620.A1N47.

Long Chain Fatty Acids/ Polyenoic Fatty Acids/ Premature Infants/

Diet/ Lipid Metabolism/ Infant Feeding/ Infant Formulas/ Human Milk -

Fish Oils/ Supplements/ Biosynthesis/ omega-3 fatty acids/ omega-6

fatty acids/ Diet And Disease(T300)/ Physiology Of Nutrition(T200)/

Human Medicine(X380).

24. Suzuki, K., Ohmori, T., Okada, T., Oguri, K., & Kawamura, E.

(1994). Effect of an increase of dietary linseed oil on fatty acid

composition and alpha -tocopherol in hen's egg yolk. Nippon Eiyo

Shokuryo Gakkaishi = Journal of the Japanese Society of Nutrition and

Food Science, 47(1), 23-27.

The effects of supplementing the rations of laying hens (Dekalb XL-L)

with linseed oil on the lipid composition of egg yolk were

investigated. Hens were fed on rations containing 5 levels (0, 1, 2,

4 and 5.9%) of linseed oil for more than 35 days. Variations in the

level of linseed oil had no effect on the contents of total lipid,

neutral lipid and polar lipid in egg yolk. However, analysis of the

fatty acid composition of the total egg yolk lipid showed that, with

increasing levels of dietary linseed oil, the contents of

alpha -linolenic acid (18:3, omega 3) and eicosapentaenoic acid

(20:5, omega 3) increased, while the contents of oleic acid and

arachidonic acid (20:4, omega 6) decreased. The egg yolk from the 1%

linseed oil group contained a higher concentration of docosahexaenoic

acid (22:6, omega 3) and a lower concentration of linoleic acid

(18:2, omega 6) in comparison with the 0% linseed oil group; a

further increase in the level of dietary linseed oil gave the same

values as those in the 1% group. Consequently, the ratios of omega 3

and omega 6 fatty acids in the total egg yolk lipid in the 0, 1, 2, 4

and 5.9% linseed oil groups were 0.11, 0.31, 0.44, 0.69 and 0.92,

respectively. The concentrations of alpha -tocopherol in egg yolk

from the 0 and 1% linseed oil groups were similar, but linseed oil

supplementation at levels of more than 2% significantly reduced the

alpha -tocopherol contents. The omega 3/ omega 6 ratio of fatty acids

in the feed containing 1% linseed oil was 0.43.

Hens/ Fatty Acids/ Composition/ Egg Yolk/ Linseed Oil/ Intake/

Alpha -Tocopherol/ Fowls.

25. Leece, E. A., & Allman, M. A. (1996). The relationships between

dietary alpha-linolenic:linoleic acid and rat platelet

eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids. Br J Nutr, 76(3), 447-452.

Increased dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) may be

desirable to enrich tissue eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) but

competition between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for enzymes involved in

elongation and subsequent acylation will determine the relative

proportions of phospholipid fatty acids. The aim of the present study

was to examine the effects of altering the dietary ALA:linoleic acid

(LA) ratio on rat platelet EPA and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6)

concentrations. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diets containing 30%

total energy as fat with approximately 10% each of saturated,

monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids with one of the

following ALA:LA values; 1:7, 1:4, 1:1 or 1.3:1 (nine rats per

group). After 4 weeks, blood was withdrawn from the abdominal aorta

and platelet fatty acids analysed. The proportion of EPA was greater

at the 1:1 and 1.3:1 ratios compared with the 1:7 and 1:4 (P < 0.05),

and a decrease in AA was observed (P < 0.05) at the higher ratios. It

was established that the platelet EPA:AA value increased (P < 0.05)

as the dietary ALA:LA value increased.

26. Valsta, L. M., Salminen, I., Aro, A., & Mutanen, M. (1996).

Alpha-linolenic acid in rapeseed oil partly compensates for the

effect of fish restriction on plasma long chain n-3 fatty acids. Eur

J Clin Nutr, 50(4), 229-235.

Includes references.

Objective: To examine the ability of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in

low erucic acid rapeseed oil (RO) to compensate for the effects of a

restriction in fish intake on plasma fatty acid composition. Design

and subjects: Two times* 6 weeks' randomized dietary intervention was

used with blind crossover design in 40 healthy unconfined women and

men (age 20-46 y). Interventions: Subjects were assigned to two fish

restricted diets, namely RO diet and Trisun-sunflower oil (TSO) diet,

with similar proportions of saturated:monounsaturated:

polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.5:17.5:8.5% of total energy, En%),

but differing in their ALA content (2.2 and 0.3 En%) and n-6:

n-3-ratio (3:1 and 23:1, respectively). The fatty acid compositions

of plasma triglycerides (TG), cholesterol esters (CE), and

phospholipids (PL) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Dietary

intake was evaluated based on 3- to 7-day food records. Results: The

proportion of TG and CE ALA decreased on the TSO diet (from 1.6% to

0.9% and from 0.9% to 0.4%, respectively, P < 0.001) and increased on

the RO diet (from 1.7% to 3.4% and from 0.9% to 1.3%, respectively, P

< 0.001) compared to the baseline level. The proportion of

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in all three plasma fractions decreased

on the TSO diet but not on the RO diet. The proportions of

docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA) decreased on both experimental diets and

there was no difference in CE DHA between the diets. PL

docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and PL DHA remained at a higher level on

the RO diet compared to the TSO diet (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05,

respectively). Conclusions: ALA is metabolized to EPA in humans to a

significant extent. The degree to which rapeseed oil (ca 50 g/day)

affects the.

DNAL QP141.A1J68.

dietary-fat/ rapeseed-oil/ fish-/ food-intake/ fat-restricted-diets/

experimental-diets/ linolenic-acid/ long-chain-fatty-acids/

blood-plasma/ men-/ women-.

27. Galli, C., Sirtori, C. R., Mosconi, C., Medini, L.,

Gianfranceschi, G., Vaccarino, V., & Scolastico, C. (1992). Prolonged

retention of doubly labeled phosphatidylcholine in human plasma and

erythrocytes after oral administration. Lipids, 27(12), 1005-1012.

The plasma kinetics of a preparation of dilinoleoyl

phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) specifically labeled with 3H in the

choline moiety and with 14C in the 2-fatty acid (FA) were evaluated

in six healthy volunteers after oral administration. Retention of

both isotopes in plasma exceeded expectations, with a half-life in

the elimination phase of 172.2 h for 3H and 69.7 h for 14C. Up to 60

d after administration, there were still significant levels of

radioactivity present in plasma. The relative stability of the

[14C]FA label was demonstrated by the retention for more than 12 h of

an isotope ratio close to that of the compound administered. The 14C

label of DLPC remained in position-2, as assessed by cleavage of

plasma phospholipids with phospholipase A2. The [3H]choline label

showed an early incorporation into high density lipoproteins and

subsequently into low density lipoproteins (LDL); conversely, the 14C

radioactivity was rapidly incorporated into triacylglycerols that

were mainly associated with very low density lipoproteins.

Radioactivity measurements revealed that both isotopes remained the

longest time in LDL. In red blood cell (RBC) lipids, [3H]choline

radioactivity accumulated over time, with a plateau after 48 h,

whereas FA radioactivity accumulated more rapidly and was followed by

a progressive decay. Analysis of the isotope ratio in these cells

suggested an early incorporation of lyso products followed by rapid

transfer of FA from plasma. The RBC maintained considerable

radioactivity for a prolonged time, thus acting as a possible

reservoir for the DLPC administered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250

WORDS).

*Erythrocytes --Metabolism --ME/

*Phosphatidylcholines --Pharmacokinetics --PK/

*Plasma --Metabolism --ME/ Administration, Oral/ Adult/

Choline --Blood --BL/ Choline --Pharmacokinetics --PK/ Isotope

Labeling/ Linolenic Acids --Blood --BL/ Linolenic

Acids --Pharmacokinetics --PK/ Lipids --Blood --BL/

Lipoproteins --Blood --BL/ Phospholipases A --Metabolism --ME/ EC

3.1.1.- (Phospholipases A).

28. Olubajo, O., Marshall, M. W., Judd, J. T., & Adkins, J. T.

(1986). Effects of high- and low-fat diets on the bioavailability of

selected fatty acids, including linoleic acid, in adult men. Nutr

Res, 6(8), 931-955. charts.

Literature review.

Extract: Thirty men, 34 to 61 years old, were fed four diets as

follows: diet I - 43% of calories from fat (%FC) with a

polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio of 0.3; diet II -

25% FC, P/S 0.3; diet III - 43% FC, P/S 1.0; diet IV - 25% FC, P/S

1.0 to study the effects of level and type of fat and of fiber intake

on the excretion of selected fatty acids, including linoleic acid

(LOA). Each of the four diets was fed for two 6-week periods (after

7-day pre-study and 21-day stabilization periods), with a random

switchover at the end of the first 6-week period. Diets, urine, and

feces were analyzed during the last 7 days of each period. Of the

saturated fatty acids, stearic acid had the lowest apparent

digestibility in all diets. The digestibility of oleic acid was high

and was similar for all diet groups despite differences in intakes.

LOA excretion was slightly higher (0.81 and 0.86 g/day) with diets

III and IV, in which men ate 44 and 24 g of LOA/day, than with diets

I and II (0.46 and 0.56 g/day) in which men had 20 and 12 g LOA/day,

respectively. Those amounts of LOA excreted represented, however,

only a small portion of that eaten. LOA was slightly less digestible

in diets II and IV (95.5% and 96.5%), in which the men ate more fiber

(11.4 g/day), than in diets I and III (97.7% and 98.2%) in which the

men ate less fiber. LOA digestibility was reduced by decreasing fat

content of the diet in both high and low P/S diets. Whether those

small differences are of physiological importance remains to be seen.

Otherwise, this finding emphasizes the need for more research to

investigate whether greater absolute amounts of LOA are required when

low-fat diets are fed.(author).

DNAL QP141.A1N88.

diet-/ fat-consumption/ polyunsaturated-fatty-acids/

saturated-fatty-acids/ ratios-/ linoleic-acid/ stearic-acid/

oleic-acid/ digestibility-.

29. Kanazawa, A., Hayashi, M., & Fujimoto, K. (1995). Lipid profiles

of cerebral gray matter and livers of macaque monkeys macaca

fascicularis and macaca fuscata fuscata - a comparative study during

development. Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology C-Pharmacology

Toxicology & Endocrinology, 110(3), 253-260.

The lipid and fatty acid profiles in cerebral gray matter and livers

were studied in macaque monkeys (macaca fascicularis is and m.

Fuscata fuscata) of different ages, in cerebral gray matter, the

phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (pc/pe) ratio decreased

in animals more than 3 years old, while the

cholesterol/lipid-phosphorus ratios and the unsaturation indices

increased, as compared with those in fetuses and newborns, the level

of 22:6n-3 in pe of cerebral gray matter increased up to 3 years old,

mainly by replacing 20:4n-6, whereas the level in phosphatidylserine

did not change significantly with age. The hepatic lipid-phosphorus

levels and pc/pe ratios were lower in newborns than in animals more

than 3 years old, the level of 22:6n-3 in liver phospholipid did not

change, while that of 20:4n-6 was lower in animals more than 3 years

old than in newborns.

Author Keywords: Docosahexaenoic Acid/ Arachidonic Acid/ Phospholipid

/ Cholesterol/ Cerebral Cortex/ Liver/ Macaca Fuscata Fuscata/ Macaca

Fascicularis/ Fatty-Acid Composition/ Linolenate-Linoleate Balance/

Thin-Layer Chromatography/ Learning-Ability/ Rhesus-Monkeys/ Brain

Lipids/ Tissue/ Rats/ Phospholipids/ Metabolism.

30. Gerbi, A., Zerouga, M., Debray, M., Durand, G., Chanez, C., &

Bourre, J. M. (1993). Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on

functional characteristic of Na+/K(+)-ATPase isoenzymes in whole

brain membranes of weaned rats. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1165(3),

291-298.

The influence of dietary fatty acids on Na+ sensitivity and ouabain

affinity of Na+/K(+)-ATPase isoenzymes of whole brain membranes were

studied in weaned rats fed for two generations with diets either

devoid of alpha-linolenic acid (sunflower oil diet) or rich in

alpha-linolenic acid (soya oil diet). The (n--3) deficiency induced

by the sunflower oil diet led to an increase in the (n--6)/(n--3)

molar ratio in whole brain membranes. Na+/K(+)-ATPase isoenzymes were

discriminated on the basis of their differential affinities for

ouabain. In rats fed sunflower oil diet, the ouabain titration

displayed three inhibitory processes with markedly different

affinities: low affinity (alpha 1); high affinity (alpha 2); and very

high affinity (alpha 3). Membranes of rats fed soya oil diet

exhibited only two inhibitory processes, i.e., low affinity (likely

alpha 1+ alpha 2) and high affinity (likely alpha 2+ alpha 3) with

the low affinity form intermediate between the sunflower alpha 1 and

alpha 2 forms, and the high affinity form intermediate between the

sunflower alpha 2 and alpha 3 forms. In fact, the Na+ response shows

that the three isoenzymes have different Na+ sensitivities.

Regardless of the diet, alpha 1 has a similar Na+ sensitivity (less

than 1 mM), whilst alpha 2 and alpha 3 are more sensitive in soya oil

membranes compared to sunflower oil membranes (5.1 vs. 7.2 mM and

about 11 vs. 22.5 mM, respectively). Thus, sodium appears to be a

better criterion of heterogeneity than ouabain.

*Brain --Drug Effects --DE/ *Dietary Fats,

Unsaturated --Pharmacology --PD/ *Isoenzymes --Metabolism --ME/

*Linolenic Acids --Pharmacology --PD/ *Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging

ATPase --Metabolism --ME/ Brain --Enzymology --EN/ Dose-Response

Relationship, Drug/ Fatty Acids --Analysis --AN/ Linolenic

Acids --Deficiency --DF/ Membranes --Drug Effects --DE/

Membranes --Enzymology --EN/ Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging

ATPase --Antagonists and Inhibitors --AI/

Ouabain --Pharmacology --PD/ Plant Oils --Administration and

Dosage --AD/ Rats/ Rats, Wistar/ Sodium --Pharmacology --PD/ Soybean

Oil --Administration and Dosage --AD/ EC 3.6.1.37

(Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase).

31. Bjerve, K. S. (1991). Omega 3 fatty acid deficiency in man:

implications for the requirement of alpha-linolenic acid and

long-chain omega 3 fatty acids. World Rev Nutr Diet, 66, 133-142.

*Dietary Fats --Administration and Dosage --AD/ *Fatty Acids,

Omega-3 --Administration and Dosage --AD/ *Linolenic

Acids --Administration and Dosage --AD/ Fatty Acids,

Omega-3 --Physiology --PH/ Linolenic Acids --Physiology --PH.

32. Indu, M., & Ghafoorunissa. (1992). N-3 fatty acids in indian

diets--comparison of the effects of precursor (alpha-linolenic acid)

vs product (long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids). Nut

Research, 12(4/5), 569-582.

references.

Studies were conducted in human volunteers maintained on habitual

Indian diets to determine (a) the effective dose of long chain n-3

polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) needed for hypolipidemic

and antithrombotic effects and (b) the efficacy of the use of

alphalinolenic acid (ALNA), the precursor of LC n-3 PUFA, as a

substitute for fish oils. Keeping the levels of linoleic acid

constant, the levels of fatty acids were altered either in the form

of LC n-3 PUFA or as ALNA. The results show that while 1.4g LC n-3

PUFA may be needed for hypotriglyceridemic effects, 0.6g appears to

be sufficient for antithrombotic effects as judged by increase in LC

n-3 PUFA levels in plasma and platelet phospholipids, and decrease in

platelet aggregation. ALNA supplementation decreased plasma

cholesterol levels but, had no effect on triglycerides. The increase

in the levels of LC n-3 PUFA in plasma and platelet phospholipids was

accompanied by a decrease in platelet aggregation, suggesting that

ALNA rich vegetable oils used as a single source of visible fat in

Indian diets, is beneficial. On the basis of the absolute increase in

LC n-3 PUFA in plasma phospholipids with ALNA and LC n-3 PUFA

supplementation, it was calculated that 3.7g ALNA may have biological

effects similar to 0.3g LC n-3 PUFA. Therefore, it appears that

replacement of part of the vegetable oil intake with mustard/rapeseed

oil, so as to furnish n-6/n-3 ratio around 8, may be a feasible

approach to ensure beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids in

vegetarians. Further, it also ensures a balanced intake of the other

fatty acids.

<DNAL> QP141.A1N88.

Diet/ Fatty Acids/ Linolenic Acid/ Dosage Effects/ Experimental

Diets/ Peanut Oil/ Fish Oils/ Rapeseed Oil/ Blood Lipids/

Cholesterol/ High Density Lipoprotein/ Low Density Lipoprotein/ Very

Low Density Lipoprotein/ Triacylglycerols/ Platelets/ Blood Plasma/

Phospholipids/ Men/ omega-3 fatty acids/ Food Composition(Q500).

33. Navarro, M. D., Periago, J. L., Pita, M. L., & Hortelano, P.

(Reprint). (1994). The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in rat

tissue lipids increase in response to dietary olive oil relative to

sunflower oil. Lipids, 29(12), 845-849.

In the present study, changes in phospholipid compositions of liver

microsomes, erythrocyte membranes, platelets, aorta, cardiac muscle

and brain of rats fed olive oil were compared with those of rats fed

sunflower oil. Four groups of rats starting at weaning were fed for

four weeks a basal diet containing 5 or 25% olive oil or sunflower

oil. We found that oleic acid was higher and linoleic acid was lower

in membrane phospholipids of olive oil fed rats compared to sunflower

oil fed rats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 series were

markedly elevated in all tissues of rats on the olive oil diets

relative to those on the sunflower oil diets. The results are

consistent with a lower linoleic/linolenic acid ratio induced by the

olive oil diets, suggesting a positive correlation between olive oil

ingestion and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in cell and

tissue lipids. The study suggests that an adequate intake of olive

oil may enhance the conversion of n-3 fatty acids.

Corn-Oil/ Platelet Phospholipids/ Mediterranean Diet/ Plasma-Lipids/

Brain Lipids/ Lipoproteins/ Linolenate/ Retina/ Omega-3-Fatty-Acids/

Atherosclerosis.

34. Zhen-Yu, C., Menard, C. R., & Cunnane, S. C. (1995). Moderate,

selective depletion of linoleate and alpha -linolenate in

weight-cycled rats. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory,

Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 37(2), R498-R505.

In rats, the response of adipose tissue composition to a single

weight cycle (24-48 h of fasting followed by refeeding) is

characterized by a decrease primarily in linoleate and

alpha -linolenate, with little or no change in other fatty acids. We

tested the hypothesis that during successive weight cycles caused by

repeated fasting and refeeding, the depletion of linoleate and

alpha -linolenate from whole body stores would be exacerbated despite

their adequate availability during the refeeding period. Four

complete weight cycles (24-h fasting followed by 72-h ad libitum

refeeding) induced a significant quantitative decrease in total n-3

and n-6 polyunsaturates, particularly linoleate and

alpha -linolenate, and a simultaneous increase in the accumulation of

palmitate, palmitoleate, and oleate in carcass total lipids and in

perirenal and epididymal adipose tissue. A significant positive

relationship was observed between the increasing ratio of

saturates+monounsaturates to n-3+n-6 polyunsaturates in adipose

tissue and the number of weight cycles (r=+0.96, P<0.0001). The

percentage of linoleate and alpha -linolenate in adipose tissue was

inversely related to the number of weight cycles. We conclude that,

despite providing adequate n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates in the diet

during the refeeding period, weight cycling in young growing rats

causes a moderate, selective depletion of linoleate and

alpha -linolenate from tissue stores.

Adipose Tissue/ Refeeding/ Fasting/ Energy Metabolism/ Linolenic

Acid/ Linoleic Acid/ Rat.

35. Richieri, G. V., Ogata, R. T., & Kleinfeld, A. M. (1992). A

fluorescently labeled intestinal fatty acid binding protein.

Interactions with fatty acids and its use in monitoring free fatty

acids. J Biol Chem, 267(33), 23495-23501.

The fatty acid-binding protein from rat intestine (I-FABP) has been

covalently modified with the fluorescent compound Acrylodan.

Acrylodan was found to label Lys27, one of the few amino acid

residues found by x-ray diffraction studies to change orientation

upon fatty acid (FA) binding to I-FABP. Binding of FA to this

Acrylodan-modified I-FABP (ADIFAB) induces a large shift in

fluorescence emission wavelength from 432 to 505 nm. As a

consequence, the ratio of emission intensities provides a direct

measure of the concentration of FA bound to the protein. Binding of

FA is well described by single site equilibrium for FA concentrations

below the critical micelle concentration. ADIFAB dissociation

constants (Kd) determined at 37 degrees C and at concentrations below

the critical micelle concentration for oleate, palmitate, linoleate,

arachidonate, and linolenate were, respectively, 0.28, 0.33, 0.97,

1.6, and 2.5 microM. The variation of these Kd values with FA

molecular species is highly correlated with the solubility of the FA

in water, suggesting that all these FA bind with a similar

conformation in the I-FABP binding site. The ADIFAB response together

with the measured equilibrium constants allows a direct determination

of the concentration of long chain free fatty acid (FFA) in the

concentration range, depending upon the FA molecular species, between

1 nM and > 20 microM. As an example of its use as a probe to measure

FFA levels, ADIFAB is used here to monitor the time course for FFA

release from IgE receptor- and ionomycin-activated rat basophilic

leukemia (RBL) cells.

*Carrier Proteins --Metabolism --ME/ *Fatty Acids --Metabolism --ME/

*Fatty Acids, Nonesterified --Analysis --AN/ *Fatty Acids,

Nonesterified --Metabolism --ME/ *2-Naphthylamine --Analogs and

Derivatives --AA/ Animals, Newborn/ Carrier Proteins --Genetics --GE/

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/ Cloning, Molecular/ Fluorescent

Dyes/ Gene Library/ Intestines --Metabolism --ME/ Micelles/ Peptide

Fragments --Isolation and Purification --IP/ Peptide Mapping/ Rats/

Recombinant Proteins --Metabolism --ME/ Spectrometry, Fluorescence/

Substrate Specificity.

36. Chevalier, A., Demaison, L., Grynberg, A., & Athias, P. (1990).

Influence of phospholipid polyunsatured fatty acid composition on

some metabolic disorders induced in rat cardiomyocytes by hypoxia and

reoxygenation. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 22(10), 1177-1186.

The influence of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

composition on lactate production, energy status, enzyme leakage and

cell defences against oxygen free radical production was studied in

cultured rat ventricular myocytes during hypoxia and reoxygenation.

After 4 days in a conventional serum-supplemented medium, the

cardiomyocytes were incubated for 24 h in synthetic media containing

either linoleate and arachidonate (SM6 Medium) or linolenate and

eicosapentaenoate (SM3 Medium) as unique source of PUFA. The fatty

acid n-6/n-3 ratio of phospholipid was 13.1 in SM6 cells and 0.9 in

SM3 cells. Hypoxia induced an increase in lactate production, severe

decreases in ATP and ADP, leakage of cellular lactate dehydrogenase

and reduction of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase

activities. Reoxygenation of hypoxic cells reduced lactate production

to normal aerobic values and allowed slight resynthesis of ATP from

AMP. However, lactate dehydrogenase release was not stopped by

reoxygenation, and decreases in superoxide dismutase and glutathione

peroxidase activities were not avoided. The majority of the

biochemical parameters measured during normoxia, hypoxia and

reoxygenation were not significantly affected by changes in the fatty

acid composition of membrane phospholipids, except for reduced

superoxide dismutase activity which appeared earlier in SM3 cells

during hypoxia. We conclude that the sarcolemmal PUFA composition of

cultured rat ventricular myocytes does not significantly influence

altered cell metabolism elicited by hypoxia and reoxygenation.

*Fatty Acids, Unsaturated --Metabolism --ME/

*Myocardium --Metabolism --ME/ *Phospholipids --Metabolism --ME/

Adenine Nucleotides --Metabolism --ME/ Anoxia --Metabolism --ME/

Cells, Cultured/ Energy Metabolism/ Lactate

Dehydrogenase --Metabolism --ME/ Lactates --Metabolism --ME/ Rats/

Superoxide Dismutase --Metabolism --ME/ EC 1.1.1.27 (Lactate

Dehydrogenase)/ EC 1.15.1.1 (Superoxide Dismutase).

37. Bell, J. G., Dick, J. R., & Sargent, J. R. (1993). Effect of

diets rich in linoleic or alpha -linolenic acid onphospholipid fatty

acid composition and eicosanoid production in Atlantic salmon (Salmo

salar). Lipids, 28(9), 819-826.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts, mean weight about 86 g,

were given diets rich in linoleic acid (sunflower oil, SO),

alpha -linolenic acid (linseed oil, LO) or long-chain polyunsaturated

fatty acids (fish oil, FO) for 12 weeks. In the liver phospholipids

(PL) of fish given SO, concentrations of 18:2n-6, 20:2n-6, 20:3n-6

and 20:4n-6 were significantly increased compared with the other

diets. In choline PL, ethanolamine PL and phosphatidylserine (PS),

22:4n-6 and 22:5n-6 were significantly increased with SO. In liver PL

from fish given LO, 18:2n-6, 20:2n-6 and 20:3n-6 were significantly

increased but 20:4n-6, 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-6 were similar or

significantly decreased compared with fish given FO. Liver PL from

fish given LO had increased 18:3n-3 and 20:4n-3 compared with both

other treatments, whereas ethanolamine PL and phosphatidylinositol

(PI) also had increased 20:5n-3. In fish given LO, 22:6n-3 was

significantly lower in choline PL, PS and PI than in fish given FO.

There were broadly similar changes in gill PL. Production of

12-lipoxygenase metabolites in isolated gill cells stimulated with

the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 was significantly less in fish given SO or

LO than in those given FO. The

12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic:12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14,17-eicosap

en taenoic acid ratio was significantly increased in stimulated gill

cells from fish given SO. Mean values for thromboxane B2 and

prostaglandin E2were increased, but not significantly so, in fish

given SO.

Fatty Acids/ Composition/ Phospholipids/ Linoleic Acid/ Intake/

Atlantic Salmon.

38. Freese, R., Mutanen, M., Valsta, L. M., & Salminen, I. (1994).

Comparison of the effects of two diets rich in monounsaturated fatty

acids differing in their linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid ratio on

platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost, 71(1), 73-77.

The effect of dietary linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid ratio on human

platelet aggregation in vitro was investigated using low-erucic acid

rapeseed oil and high-oleic acid sunflower oil as the major fat

sources. In a cross-over study 20 healthy male subjects, average age

29 year (range 20-46 yr), followed experimental rapeseed oil (RO) and

Trisun-sunflower oil (TSO) diets after their habitual diet for six

weeks. Subjects were provided most of the fat containing foods but

were allowed to eat other foods almost freely. Fatty acid

compositions of the diets calculated from dietary records were as

follows (saturated/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids): RO

diet 12.4/18.6/8.9% of total energy (en%) (linoleic/alpha-linolenic

acid ratio 2.8) and TSO diet 11.8/17.8/8.3 en%

(linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid ratio 28), respectively. Plasma

cholesterol ester fatty acid composition proved compliance to the

experimental diets. Platelet aggregations induced by ADP (1, 2 and 3

microM) or thrombin (0.12, 0.15 and 0.18 NIH/ml) were significantly

enhanced and collagen-(1.5, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/ml) induced

aggregation tended to be enhanced after the TSO diet compared with

the RO diet. After the TSO diet platelet aggregation was enhanced

from the level of the habitual diets by one thrombin (0.18 NIH/ml),

one collagen (1.5 micrograms/ml) and all three ADP concentrations.

The diets had no effect on antithrombin III activity. Results show

that platelet aggregation in vitro decreases as the ratio of linoleic

acid to alpha-linolenic acid decreases in diets rich in

monounsaturated fatty acids.

*alpha-Linolenic Acid --Pharmacology --PD/ *Dietary

Fats --Pharmacology --PD/ *Fatty Acids,

Monounsaturated --Pharmacology --PD/ *Linoleic

Acids --Pharmacology --PD/ *Platelet Aggregation --Drug Effects --DE/

Diphosphate --Pharmacology --PD/ Adult/ Antithrombin

III --Analysis --AN/ Collagen --Pharmacology --PD/ Fatty Acids,

Monounsaturated --Administration and Dosage --AD/ Linoleic

Acids --Analysis --AN/ Middle Age/ Plant Oils --Administration and

Dosage --AD/ Plant Oils --Chemistry --CH/

Thrombin --Pharmacology --PD/ EC 3.4.21.5 (Thrombin).

39. Magrum, L. J., & Johnston, P. V. (1983). Modulation of

prostaglandin synthesis in rat peritoneal macrophages with omega-3

fatty acids. Lipids, 18(8), 514-521.

In view of the finding that .omega.3 fatty acids inhibit the

synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid (20:4.omega.6)

and that among immunologically active cells, the macrophage is a

major producer of PG, we undertook a study of the effect of dietary

..alpha.-linolenic acid (18:3.omega.3) on PG synthesis in the

macrophage. Rats were fed purified diets containing either 10% corn

oil (CO) or linseed oil (LO), providing either a low (1/32) or high

(3.5/1) ratio of 18:3.omega.3 to 18:2.omega.6, respectively, for 6

weeks. Fatty acid analysis of macrophage phospholipids showed that

there was an appreciable increase in the percentage of .omega.3 fatty

acids and a decrease in the .omega.6 fatty acids in macrophages from

rats fed the LO diet.

Rats/ Macrophages/ Prostaglandin E/ Biosynthesis/ Fatty Acids/

Inhibition.

40. Pironi, L., Belluzzi, A., Gionchetti, P., Ruggeri, E., Boschi,

S., Guarnieri, C., Caliceti, U., Cenacchi, V., Barbara, L., &

Miglioli, M. (1993). Possible role of structural lipids in artificial

nutrition: comparisonof a linoleic acid-based with an oleic

acid-based enteral formula inhumans. Clin Nut, 12(Supp 1), S91-S96.

The effects of a linoleic acid (LA)-based, high LA: alpha -linolenic

acid (ALA) ratio enteral formula with those of an oleic acid

(OA)-based, low LA:ALA ratio formula, on plasma and red blood cell

membrane (RBC) phospholipid fatty acid patterns, neutrophil

superoxide anion generation, and eicosanoid production (prostaglandin

E2 and leukotriene B4) was investigated. 2 groups of 7 men who

underwent laryngectomy for malignancy received the formulas (LA-group

or OA-group) between the 1st and the 13th post-operative (po) days.

In comparison with the 1st po day, the LA-group showed an increase in

LA (P<0.02) and a decrease in arachidonic acid (P<0.02) in plasma,

and a decrease in OA (P<0.02) and an increase in LA (P<0.03) in RBC.

The OA-group showed an increase in ALA (P<0.05) in plasma, a decrease

in stearic acid (P<0.05) and an increase in LA (P<0.05) in RBC. The

amount of stearic acid and OA in RBC decreased in the LA-group

(P<0.04) but not in the OA-group. At the 14th po day, the LA-group

had lower plasma OA (P<0.01) and ALA (P<0.05), and higher LA (P<0.05)

values. The neutrophil eicosanoid production was similar between the

2 groups, whereas at the 14th po day the superoxide anion generation

was greater in the LA-group (P<0.05). The results indicate that the

LA-formula can impair the conversion of LA to its elongated

derivatives and increase the RBC membrane content of LA while

reducing the amount of saturated-monounsaturated fatty acids. The

OA-based formula maintains a better ALA nutritional status and

membrane fatty acid pattern. The LA-formula may cause an enhanced

inflammatory response.

Enteral Feeding/ Solutions/ Linoleic Acid/ Oleic Acid/ Men/ Lipids/

Nutritional State/ Eicosanoids/ Fatty Acids/ Phospholipids/ Blood/

Erythrocytes/ Free Radicals/ Membranes/ Linolenic Acid/ Neutrophils/

Composition/ Production/ Man.

41. Gann, P. H., Hennekens, C. H., Sacks, F. M., Grodstein, F.,

Giovannucci, E. L., & Stampfer, M. J. (1994). Prospective study of

plasma fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer . J Nat Cancer Inst,

86(4), 281-286.

erratum appears in J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 May 4;86(9):728].

BACKGROUND: Although some evidence suggests that dietary fat intake

is related to prostate cancer, epidemiologic studies have been

inconsistent. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to assess the association

between plasma lipid levels, particularly linoleic and

alpha-linolenic acids, and the development of prostate cancer.

METHODS: In 1982, at the start of the Physicians' Health Study, 14916

U.S. male physicians provided plasma samples, which were frozen

at -82 degrees C. Data accumulated from a series of questionnaires

were used to assess the intake of various foods. We used a nested

case-control design to compare the fatty acid compositions in plasma

from 120 men who later developed prostate cancer with 120 matched

controls who did not. Individual fatty acids were measured in plasma

as a percentage of total fatty acids, using capillary gas

chromatography. Conditional logistic regression models were used to

obtain odds ratio estimates while adjusting simultaneously for the

effects of one or more potential confounders. RESULTS: The relative

risks (RRs) of prostate cancer for men in successively higher

quartiles of plasma alpha-linolenic acid level were 3.0 (95%

confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-7.3), 3.4 (95% CI = 1.6-7.5), and 2.1

(95% CI = 0.9-4.9), compared with those with levels below the

detection threshold (P trend = .03). For linoleic acid, RRs in

successively higher quartiles were 0.7 (95% CI = 0.4-1.5), 0.8 (95%

CI = 0.4-1.6), and 0.6 (95% CI = 0.3-1.3), with the lowest quartile

as referent (P trend = .24). The effect estimates were not notably

altered by adjustment for exercise, body mass, meat and dairy

consumption, or other fatty acid levels in the plasma. The RR for

eating red meat at least five times per week compared with less than

once a week was 2.5 (95% CI = 0.9-6.7) and was little changed by

adjustment for alpha-linolenic acid, although alpha-linolenic acid

levels were correlated with intake of red meat and butter. The

association of alpha-linolenic acid levels with prostate cancer was

greater among men with low linoleic acid and reduced meat intake.

CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that low plasma levels of

alpha-linolenic acid might be associated with reduced risk of

prostate cancer, independently of high meat intake. High linoleic

acid and low marine fatty oils were not associated with increased

risk, as previously hypothesized. IMPLICATIONS: The effects of

dietary alpha-linolenic acid, particularly from vegetable sources,

warrant further study. The effects of dietary linoleic acid and

marine fatty acids seen in animal bioassays might not apply to human

prostate cancer.

*Fatty Acids --Blood --BL/ *Prostatic Neoplasms --Blood --BL/ Aged/

Case-Control Studies/ Chromatography, Gas/ Confounding Factors

(Epidemiology)/ Logistic Models/ Middle Age/ Odds Ratio/ Prospective

Studies/ Risk Factors.

42. Dyer, J. R., & Greenwood, C. E. (1991). Neural 22-carbon fatty

acids in the weanling rat respond rapidly and specifically to a range

of dietary linoleic to alpha-linolenic fatty acid ratios. J

Neurochem, 56(6), 1921-1931.

Changing the dietary ratio of the essential fatty acids (EFA), 18:2n6

and 18:3n3, while keeping the amounts of other fatty acids in the

diet constant can rapidly and specifically alter the proportions of

n6 and n3 22-carbon fatty acids in the brain of the weanling rat. A

dietary 18:2n6/18:3n3 ratio of 165 versus 1.8 caused higher n6 and

lower n3 22-carbon fatty acid levels, without changing total

22-carbon fatty acid levels, in phosphatidylethanolamine and

phosphatidylcholine from several neural membrane fractions. This was

apparent after only 2 weeks and showed no sign of plateauing after 12

weeks. Other neural fatty acids were essentially unaffected. The

three most abundant 22-carbon fatty acids responded somewhat

differently to increments in the dietary 18:2n6/18:3n3 ratio (1.8, 9,

36, and 165). Levels of 22:4n6 increased by similar absolute amounts

for each four-fold increase in dietary 18:2n6/18:3n3 ratio; in

contrast, the largest absolute changes in 22:5n6 and 22:6n3 levels

occurred as the 18:2n6/18:3n3 ratio increased from 36 to 165. This

study shows that the 18:2n6/18:3n3 ratio of diets high in fat (40% of

energy) and adequate in EFA, both typical of diets in developed

countries, can substantially and relatively quickly affect the

22-carbon fatty acids in the brain, even after the rapid accumulation

of these fatty acids during neural growth has ceased.

*Dietary Fats --Pharmacology --PD/ *Fatty Acids --Metabolism --ME/

*Linoleic Acids --Pharmacology --PD/ *Linolenic

Acids --Pharmacology --PD/ *Nervous System --Metabolism --ME/ Carbon/

Fatty Acids --Chemistry --CH/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred Strains/ Time

Factors/ Weaning.

43. Sundaresan, P. R. (1994). Sex differences in effects of dietary

flaxseed on vitamin a status in weanling sprague-dawley rats fed nrc

requirement levels of vitamin a. Experimental Biology 94, Parts I And

Ii (p. A445). Faseb Journal.

Vitamin A status was investigated in weanling male and female

Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing various concentrations of

flaxseed (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10% of the diet) for 8 weeks. Final body

weights were not significantly different among males or females.

Serum retinal levels were not different in male or female rats

compared with controls at all levels of flaxseed tested except at the

2.5% level. This level of flaxseed decreased serum retinol in both ma

les and females. In addition, levels of liver retinol (mcg/g) and

total liver retinol in all flaxseed groups were not different from

those of controls. Liver retinyl palmitate levels in males or females

also were not different from those of controls. However, levels of

liver retinol (mcg/g and total) in females were significantly higher

than those in males regardless of the level of dietary flaxseed. In

contrast, levels of retinyl palmitate (total) in males were

significantly higher than those in females at all levels of flaxseed

tested, but there were no flaxseed effects. Testicular retinol or

retinyl palmitate levels were not different in flaxseed groups

compared with those of controls. Conclusion: a distinct sex

difference in the metabolism of vitamin A was evident in rats fed

flaxseed, despite the overall lack of effect of dietary flaxseed on

vitamin A status (supported in part by NCI-IAG YO2-CN-00677).

Meeting Abstract/ Nutrition/ Metabolism.

44. Koletzko, B., Sulkers, E., Thiel, I., Van Goudoever J, & Sauer,

P. J. J. (1992). Effects of a high dietary linoleic-alpha linolenic

acid ratio in formula fed premature infants. Annual Meeting Of The

European Society For Pediatric Research (p. 627). Pediatr Res.

Abstract Human Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid.

45. Garg, M. L., & Clandinin, M. T. (1992). Alpha-linolenic acid and

metabolism of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids. Nutrition,

8(3), 208-210.

Animal studies have demonstrated that dietary 18:3n-3 reduces 20:4n-6

content in plasma and tissue lipids. At megadose levels of 18:3n-3,

the reduction in phospholipid 20:4n-6 is brought about by a

combination of inhibition of desaturase activities and redistribution

of 20:4n-6 from phospholipids to neutral lipid pools. The shifting

phenomenon is not apparent when the dietary level of 18:3n-3 is low.

Dietary 18:3n-3 reduces cholesterol levels in blood and liver tissue;

however, the mechanism by which this effect is mediated is not known.

Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of dietary

18:3n-3 on cholesterol biosynthesis, storage, and mobilization into

and from the tissues and on the secretion of cholesterol into bile.

The effect of the ratio of dietary 18:2n-6 to SFA as a determinant of

20:4n-6 and lipid-lowering effects should be further explored in

human subjects. It is important to elucidate whether dietary 18:3n-3

interacts with other nutrients to modulate the parameters implicated

in the pathogenic processes. The optimum level of dietary 18:3n-3

required to obtain health beneficial effects needs to be determined.

Specific effects of dietary 18:3n-3 on low- and high-density

lipoprotein cholesterol levels also deserves further investigation

before any recommendation to achieve health benefits can be made.

*Cholesterol --Metabolism --ME/ *Dietary Fats,

Unsaturated --Metabolism --ME/ *Fatty Acids --Metabolism --ME/

*Linolenic Acids --Pharmacology --PD.

46. Jensen, C. L., Chen, H., Fraley, J. K., Anderson, R. E., & Heird,

W. C. (1996). Biochemical effects of dietary linoleic/alpha-linolenic

acid ratio in term infants. Lipids, 31(1), 107-113.

Recent statements concerning linoleic (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid

(LNA) intakes for infants include a desirable range of LA/LNA ratios.

To evaluate several dietary LA/LNA ratios, the fatty acid patterns of

plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fractions, as well as plasma

total lipid fractions, were determined shortly after birth and at 21,

60, and 120 d of age in term infants fed formula with 16% of fat as

LA and either 0.4, 0.95, 1.7, or 3.2% as LNA (LA/LNA ratios of

approximately 44, 18, 10, and 5). The content of all n-3 fatty acids

in both plasma fractions was higher at all times in infants who

received the highest LNA intake; however, the docosahexaenoic acid

(DHA) content was only half that shortly after birth or reported in

breast-fed infants of comparable ages. The LA content of plasma

lipids of all groups was higher at all times than shortly after birth

but did not differ among groups. The arachidonic acid (AA) content

was higher in infants who received the lowest LNA intake, but only

half that at birth or reported in breast-fed infants. In contrast,

the DHA content of the erythrocyte phospholipid fraction did not

differ among groups until 120 d of age when it was higher in those

who received the highest LNA intake and the AA content of this

fraction did not differ among groups at any time. These data

demonstrate that dietary LA/LNA ratios between 5 and 44 do not result

in plasma or erythrocyte lipid levels of DHA or plasma lipid levels

of AA similar to those at birth or reported by others in breast-fed

infants. However, the data indicate that the LA/LNA ratio of the

formula is an important determinant of the amounts of DHA and AA

required to achieve plasma and erythrocyte levels of these fatty

acids similar to those of breast-fed infants.

47. Giron, M. D., Mataix, F. J., & Suarez, M. D. (1992). Long-term

effects of dietary monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on

the lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes in dogs. Comp Biochem

Physiol , 102(1), 197-201.

From 3 months old, 9 and 11 dogs were given for 6 months a basal diet

supplemented with sunflower oil or olive oil. Diets contained 22.8

and 69.9% oleic acid and 59.7 and 8.7% linoleic acid and had a ratio

of linoleic: alpha -linolenic acid of 59.7 and 4.8, respectively.

Palmitic, stearic and arachidonic acids in diets were only slightly

affected by fat source. In erythrocyte membranes unsaturated fatty

acids of n-9 series were elevated in all the phospholipid fractions

analysed for olive oil-fed dogs while the n-6 fatty acids, with the

exception of arachidonic acid, were elevated in sunflower oil-fed

dogs. In the olive oil group the 20:5(n-3) acid was higher than in

the sunflower oil group. The unsaturation index and the

cholesterol/phospholipid ratio increased along the time course in the

sunflower oil group. Both increases are complementary in order to

maintain the constant fluidity of membranes.

Oleic Acid/ Linoleic Acid/ Phospholipids/ Erythrocytes/ Membranes/

Lipids/ Monoenoic Fatty Acids/ Polyenoic Fatty Acids/ Intake/ Dogs.

48. Kawasaki, M., Toyoda, M., Teshima, R., Sawada, J., & Saito, Y.

(1994). Effect of alpha-linolenic acid on the metabolism of omega-3

and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and histamine release in

RBL-2H3 cells. Biol Pharm Bull, 17(10), 1321-1325.

We examined the effect of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 (n-3))

pretreatment on the metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated

fatty acids and histamine content and release of RBL-2H3 cells.

RBL-2H3 cells grew without reduction in number when incubated with

subculture media for 3 d and then placed again in serum-free medium

with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF).

Cholesterol pullulan (10 micrograms/ml) emulsified alpha-linolenic

acid (20 micrograms/ml) was recommended as an additional form serum

free medium. We determined the fatty acid composition in all neutral

lipids, free fatty acids and all phospholipids in alpha-linolenic

acid-treated cells. In all cases the concentration of alpha-linolenic

acid and docosahexenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 (n-3)) was increased, while

linolenic acid (18:2 (n-6)) was slightly and arachidonic acid (20:4

(n-6)) was markedly decreased. Content of histamine in

alpha-linolenic acid-treated cells was remarkably lower than that of

untreated cells. Accordingly, net histamine release stimulated by

antigen or A23187 was also markedly decreased in the alpha-linolenic

acid-treated cells, as was the percent histamine release stimulated

by antigen. Results from our in vitro experiment suggest that the

anti-allergic effect of alpha-linolenic acid may be caused either by

the decrease in histamine content or by inhibition of the release of

chemical mediator resulting from changes in the fatty acid

composition.

*alpha-Linolenic Acid --Pharmacology --PD/ *Dietary Fats,

Unsaturated --Metabolism --ME/ *Fatty Acids,

Omega-3 --Metabolism --ME / *Fatty Acids,

Unsaturated --Metabolism --ME/ *Histamine Liberation --Drug

Effects --DE/ Basophils --Cytology --CY/ Basophils --Drug

Effects --DE/ Basophils --Metabolism --ME/

Calcimycin --Pharmacology --PD/ Cell Division --Drug Effects --DE/

Cholesterol --Chemistry --CH/ Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/

Dinitrophenols --Pharmacology --PD/ Dose-Response Relationship, Drug/

Emulsions/ Epidermal Growth Factor-Urogastrone --Chemistry --CH/

Glucans --Chemistry --CH/ Haptens --Pharmacology --PD/ Histamine H1

Antagonists --Pharmacology --PD/ Leukemia, Basophilic,

Acute --Pathology --PA/ Lipids --Metabolism --ME/

Phospholipids --Metabolism --ME/ Rats/ Serum Albumin,

Bovine --Chemistry --CH/ Serum Albumin, Bovine --Pharmacology --PD/

Tumor Cells, Cultured.

49. Koletzko, B., Decsi, T., Durr, U., Edenhofer, S., <Editors>

Auricchio, S., & Semenza, G. (1993). Milk formulae for preterm

infants: special lipid requirements. <Document Title>Common food

intolerances 2: milk in human nutritionand adult-type hypolactasia.

Research Vol. 3.

This paper reports on some of the recommendations made by the

European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

(ESPGAN) in a recent publication on the content and composition of

lipids in infant formulae (see Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica (1991)

80, 887). The importance of medium-chain triglycerides,

polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and long-chain PUFA (LCP) in the

diet of premature infants is discussed, with particular reference to

LCP with a terminal double bond in the n-6 or n-3 position, and

whether dietary supplementation of these LCP was necessary. It is

recommended that formulae for low-birth-wt infants should contain

metabolites of both linoleic and alpha -linolenic acids at levels

approximating those typical of human milk (n-6 and n-3 LCP providing

1 and 0.5% respectively of total fatty acids), that dietary products

containing n-3 LCP only or high proportions of C20:5 n-3 should be

discouraged, and that supplementation of metabolites should aim at

achieving LCP status in the infant comparable to that of infants at

birth or infants given human milk.

Cows/ Infant Formulae/ Lipids/ Composition/ Premature Infants/ 2nd

International Symposium On Common Food Intolerances/ Man.

50. Cunnane, S. C., Ryan, M. A., Craig, K. S., Brookes, S., Koletzko,

B., Demmelmair, H., Singer, J., & Kyle, D. J. (1995). Synthesis of

linoleate and alpha-linolenate by chain elongation in the rat.

Lipids, 30(8), 781-783.

The objective was to determine whether rats could synthesize longer

chain polyunsaturates from hexadecadienoate (16:2n-6) and

hexadecatrienoate (16:3n- 3). Rats were gavaged with uniformly

13C-labelled hexadecadienoate or hexadecatrienoate, euthanized 24 h

later, and total lipids were extracted from liver and carcass. Gas

chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry was used to

measure 13C levels in individual liver, carcass, and whole body fatty

acids. 13C Enrichment was present in desaturated and chain-elongated

polyunsaturates, including linoleate, arachidonate, alpha-

linolenate, and docosahexaenoate at 12-13% of the dose of tracer

given. 13C Enrichment from hexadecatrienoate was highest in carcass

and liver alpha- linolenate, representing 3.5 and 17.9% of the total

alpha-linolenate pool, respectively. For linoleate, arachidonate, or

docosahexaenoate, the contribution of 13C did not exceed 0.2% of the

total body pool. Green leafy vegetables common in the human diet were

shown to contain up to 1.2% of total fatty acids as hexadecadienoate

and 11.6% as hexadecatrienoate. Hence, humans consuming green

vegetables probably synthesize a small proportion of their total body

content of linoleate and alpha-linolenate.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Carbon 13/

Linoleic Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Linolenic Acid --Endogenous

Compound --Ec/ Lipid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Arachidonic

Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Docosahexaenoic Acid --Endogenous

Compound --Ec/ Unclassified Drug/ Fatty Acid Synthesis/ Liver/

Carcass/ Chlorella/ Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry/ Vegetable/

Nonhuman/ Rat/ Animal Experiment/ Animal Tissue/ Article/

Hexadecadienoic Acid/ Hexadecatrienoic Acid.

51. Lee-Kim, Y. C., Kim, M. K., Chung, E. J., & Chee, K. M. (1993).

The requirement of .alpha.-linolenic acid for rat brain is minimal.

Int. Congr. Ser. - Excerpta Med., V1025, NAdvances in Polyunsaturated

Fatty Acid Research, P277-8.

Fatty Acid Brain Development Diet/ Newborn (Fatty Acids Of Brain In,

Maternal Dietary Fatty Acids Effect On)/ Lactation/ Pregnancy (Fatty

Acids Of Developing Brain Response To Dietary Fatty Acids In)/

Brain,Composition (Fatty Acids Of, In Development, Maternal Dietary

Fatty Acids Effect On )/ Fatty Acids,Biological Studies (Of Brain, In

Development, Maternal Dietary Fatty Acids Effect On).

52. Ito, K., Kikuchi, S., Yamada, M., Torii, S., & Katagiri, M.

(1992). Effect of the alpha -linolenic acid enriched diet on atopic

dermatitis. A pilot study on 6 outpatients. Japanese Journal of

Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 6(3), 87-91.

6 outpatients with atopic dermatitis were given alpha -linolenic

acid-enriched diet, reducing the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid

(linoleic acid, arachidonic acid (AA)) intake and increasing the n-3

polyunsaturated fatty acid ( alpha -linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic

acid (EPA)) intake using perilla oil to suppress the release of

chemical mediator derived from AA cascade. After 124 plus or minus

40.4 (mean plus or minus s.d.) days on this treatment, the dermatitis

improved in 3 patients, and in another patient when the diet was

continued after this study. In the phospholipid fraction in serum,

the n-3:n-6 ratio and the EPA:AA ratio were significantly increased.

Leukotriene C4 release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes by zymosan

and fresh autologous serum was significantly decreased. It is

suggested that daily meals containing alpha -linolenic acid-enriched

diet may have some benefit in the treatment of allergic diseases.

Dermatitis/ Atopy/ Diet Treatment/ Linolenic Acid/ Man.

53. Guesnet, P., Couet, C., Alessandri, J. M., Antoine, J. M., &

Durand, G. (1995). Variability in linoleic acid (18:2n-6) content and

18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio in human breast milk in France. Annales De

Pediatrie, 42(5), 282-288.

DE LA TENEUR EN ACIDE LINOLEIQUE (18:2N-6) ET DU RAPPORT

18:2N-6/18:3N-3 DES LIPIDES DANS LE LAIT DE FEMME EN FRANCE.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) accretion in neonatal nervous

tissue depends on the amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

(PUFA; 18:3n-3 and 22:6n-3) and on the 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio in the

diet of the infant. Guidelines issued for infant formulas recommend a

18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio of 5 to 15. Variations in this ratio have been

reported in human breast milk. Variations in mean PUFA content of

breast milk from 59 French women are reported in this article. Each

woman was monitored during the first three months of breast-feeding.

Mean linolenic acid and alpha-linolenic acid contents were 12-13% and

0.6% of the total fatty acid content, respectively, yielding a

18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio of more than 20. The 18:2n-6 content ranged

from 6% to 23%, and the 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio from 5 to 47. A

subgroup of women (20% of the study sample) had a high

18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio (30-35) due to a high 18:2n-6 content. This

fatty acid pattern persisted throughout the study period and was

ascribable to entrenched dietary habits. However, the breast milk

from these women contained normal amounts of n-3 PUFAs (18:3n-3 +

22:6n-3). The impact of such breast milk PUFA contents on 22:6n-3

accretion in neonatal tissues is unknown.

Linoleic Acid/ Linolenic Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Breast Milk/

Milk Level/ Central Nervous System/ Human/ Normal Human/ Article/ 037

00000000.

54. Perichon, R., & Bourre, J. M. (1995). Peroxisomal beta-oxidation

activity and catalase activity during development and aging in mouse

liver. Biochimie, 77(4), 288-293.

Liver peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity on stearate, oleate,

linoleate and alpha-linolenate was investigated as a funtion of age

in two mouse strains. Each fatty acid showed a similar beta-oxidation

activity pattern with age characterized by a rapid increase (200%)

from day 2 to 20 followed by a dramatic weaning-related decrease

(70%) from day 20 to 22. There was a new increase (260%) from day 22

to 75, then a plateau up to day 300 days, and finally an age-related

decrease (70%) from day 300 to 540, Oleic, linoleic and

alpha-linolenic acids were respectively 5-, 7.5- and 9-fold more

degraded than stearic acid. Catalase specific activity showed the

same age-related pattern as fatty acid beta-oxidation. Both mouse

strains showed the age-related decreases. The longer-lived strain

exhibited higher activity for both peroxisomal beta-oxidation and

catalase and the rate of decrease of these two activities during

aging was the same for both strains. The catalase/alpha-linolenic

acid beta-oxidation ratio was constant during adulthood and aging.

These results suggest that peroxisomal beta-oxidation and catalase

activities are closely related throughout and implications for

long-chain and very long-chain fatty acid metabolism, maintenance of

membrane fatty acid composition and anti-oxidant status during aging

are discussed.

Catalase --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Stearic Acid/ Linoleic Acid/

Oleic Acid/ Linolenic Acid/ Long Chain Fatty Acid/ Very Long Chain

Fatty Acid/ Membrane Lipid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/

Antioxidant --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Fatty Acid Oxidation/ Liver

Metabolism/ Peroxisome/ Aging/ Enzyme Activity/ Nonhuman/ Female/

Mouse/ Animal Experiment/ Animal Tissue/ Article.

55. Gibson, R. A., Neumann, M. A., Burnard, S. L., Rinaldi, J. A.,

Patten, G. S., & McMurchie, E. J. (1992). The effect of dietary

supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid on the phospholipid and

fatty acid composition of erythrocytes of marmoset. Lipids, 27(3),

169-176.

Adult male marmoset monkeys were fed eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)

as the ethyl ester in diets containing either 32% (reference diet, no

added cholesterol) or 7% (atherogenic diet with 0.2% added

cholesterol) linoleic acid (18:2n-6) for 30 wk. No changes were seen

in the level of phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine

(PE) but minor changes were observed in both the sphingomyelin (SPM)

and phosphatidylinositol plus phosphatidylserine (PI + PS) fractions

of erythrocyte lipids. The extent of total n-3 fatty acid

incorporation into membrane lipids was higher in atherogenic diets

(polyunsaturated:monounsaturated:saturated (P/M/S) ratio 0.2:0.6:1.0)

than reference diets (PMS ratio 1:1:1), and this was true for both PE

(33.4 plus or minus 1.0 vs. 24.3 plus or minus 1.1%) and PC (9.3 plus

or minus 0.5 vs. 4.9 plus or minus 0.3%). Although suitable controls

for cholesterol effects were not included in the study, earlier

results obtained with marmosets suggested that such effects were

probably small. Regardless of basic diet (atherogenic, reference),

20:5n-3 was preferentially incorporated into PE (10.8 plus or minus

0.2%, 6.0 plus or minus 0.02%) while smaller amounts were

incorporated into PC (6.9 plus or minus 0.4%, 3.2 plus or minus

0.2%). The major n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in PE in

response to dietary 20:5-3 was the elongation metabolite 22:5n-3 in

both the atherogenic (17.7 plus or minus 0.7%) and reference (14.3

plus or minus 1.0%) dietary groups; 22:6n-3 levels were less affected

by diet (4.7 plus or minus 0.3% and 3.9 plus or minus 0.2%,

respectively) The results can be interpreted to indicate an inverse

relationship between the amount of dietary 18.2n-6 and incorporation

of 20:5n-3 into erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, regardless of

whether the major dietary n-3 fatty acid was alpha -linolenate

(18:3n-3) or 20:5n-3. This interpretation is supported by theoretical

calculations.

Erythrocytes/ Membranes/ Phospholipids/ Fatty Acids/ Composition/

Eicosapentaenoic Acid/ Intake/ Linoleic Acid/ Marmosets.

56. Sugano, M., & Ikeda, I. (1991). Essential fatty acids. J Jpn Oil

Chem Soc, 40(10), 831-837.

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are linoleic acid (18: 2n-6) and

..alpha.-linolenic (18: 3n-3) acid, and a series of polyunsaturated

fatty acids (PUFAs) derived from them. The desaturation-elongation

products appear to have more potent functions than the parent

molecules. Since minimum requirement of EFAs is 1 .apprx. 1.2% of

energy intake as linoleic acid and 0.4% as .alpha.-linolenic acid,

the EFA deficiency rarely happens insofar as we eat regular meals.

The main functions of EPAs include structural constituents of the

membranes, precursors of eicosanoids and a barrier of skin

permeability. When considering the physiological effects, intake of

EFAs should be far more than the minimum requirement. EFAs

appreciably relate to the development of various degenerative

diseases such as atherosclerosis, immune dysfunction and

carcinogenesis. The amount and the balance of dietary n-6 and N-3

PUFAs are indeed important to prevent and improve these diseases.

Desaturation of linoleic and .alpha.-linolenic acids are regulated

ingeniously and influenced by a number of factors. In addition, there

is a strong interference in the metabolism between n-6 and n-3 PUFAs.

Although enormous efforts have been paid to acknowledge the optimum

balance and composition of dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFAs, many questions

still remain to be solved.

Human Preventative Diet Atherosclerosis Immune Dysfunction

Carcinogenesis.

57. Hebeisen, D. F., Hoeflin, F., Reusch, H. P., Junker, E., &

Lauterburg, B. H. (1993). Increased concentrations of omega-3 fatty

acids in milk and platelet rich plasma of grass-fed cows. Int J Vitam

Nutr Res, 63(3), 229-233.

Epidemiological data indicate that omega-3 fatty acids protect from

cardiovascular diseases and hyperlipidemia. Cold water fish is the

major recognized source of omega-3 fatty acids but fish is not a

staple food in many countries. Since terrestrial green plants may

also represent a source of omega-3 fatty acids we tested the

hypothesis that platelet rich plasma and milk from cows feeding

exclusively on green grass contains more omega-3 fatty acids than

milk from cows fed conserved grass. The relative concentrations of

linolenic acid (18:3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and the ratio

of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (20:4) which is critical

for the formation of omega-3 derived eicosanoids were significantly

higher in milk from grass fed cows. Similar changes were seen in the

fatty acid composition of platelets. Half a liter of milk from

grass-fed cows provides approximately 191 mg 18:3 and 14 mg 20:5. In

this regard milk from grass fed cows may be nutritionally superior to

milk from cows eating conserved grass.

*Blood Platelets --Chemistry --CH/ *Cattle --Metabolism --ME/ *Fatty

Acids, Omega-3 --Analysis --AN/ *Grasses/ *Milk --Chemistry --CH/

alpha-Linolenic Acid --Analysis --AN/ Analysis of Variance/ Animal

Nutrition/ Arachidonic Acid --Analysis --AN/ Cattle --Blood --BL/

Seasons/ 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid --Analysis --AN.

58. Carroll, K. K. (1989). Upper limits of nutrients in infant

formulas: polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids. J Nutr ,

119(12S), 1810-1813.

presented at the symposium, " Upper limits of nutrients in infant

formulas, " November 7-8, 1988, Iowa City, IA. Includes 34 references.

Abstract: As upper limits for standard infant formulas, it is

suggested that n-6 fatty acids not exceed 20% of total fatty acids or

10% of total energy; that alpha-linolenic acid not exceed 3% and

eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid not exceed 1% of total

fatty acids; or that the sum of these n-3 fatty acids not exceed 2%

of total energy. Trans fatty acids are not recommended for use in

standard infant formulas. The rationale for these recommendations is

presented in each case.

<DNAL> 389.8 J82.

Infant Formulas; Nutrient Content; Polyunsaturated Fats; Linolenic

Acid; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Isomers/ docosahexaenoic acid/ omega-6

fatty acids/ omega-3 fatty acids/ Food Composition(Q500)/ Diet And

Disease(T300).

59. Bjerve, K. S., Fischer, S., & Alme, K. (1987). Alpha-linolenic

acid deficiency in man: effect of ethyl linolenate on plasma and

erythrocyte fatty acid composition and biosynthesis of prostanoids.

Am J Clin Nutr, 46(4), 570-576. charts.

Includes 34 references.

Extract: Treatment of human alpha-linolenic acid deficiency (ALAD)

with ethyl linolenate is reported. The patient's scaly dermatitis

nearly disappeared after 5-d supplementation with 0.1 mL ethyl

linolenate. Pretreatment content of various n-3 fatty acids in RBC

was 0-15% of healthy controls. After 14 d of supplementation,

cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced by 70% of pretreatment

values, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 increased three- to fourfold while

18:3n-3 and 20:5n-3 remained low, indicating a rapid elongation and

desaturation of 18:3n-3 in ALAD. Urinary excretion of PGI2-M was

approximately 10 times higher than in healthy control subjects, while

PGI3-M excretion was low. Linolenate supplementation increased PGI2-M

excretion twofold, while PGI3-M remained near detection limit.

Platelet capacity to synthesize TXA2, and urinary excretion of

TXB2+3-M were nearly unaffected by supplementation. The results

confirm that the minimal daily requirement of alpha-linolenic acid is

0.2-0.3% of total energy.(author).

DNAL-FNC 389.8-J824.

linolenic-acid/ nutrient-deficiencies/ fatty-acids/ erythrocytes-/

triglycerides-/ blood-composition/ supplements-/ thromboxanes-/ man-.

60. McGee, R. Jr. (1981). Membrane fatty acid modification of the

neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid, NG108-15. Biochim Biophys Acta ,

663(1), 314-328.

As a first step in studying the effects of membrane lipid

modification on complex cellular functions, the membrane fatty acid

composition of the neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid clone, NG108-15, was

modified. Oleate, linoleate, linolenate and arachidonate stimulated

cell growth, whereas saturated fatty acids were toxic to the cells.

Changes as large as 40-fold in the ratio of

monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane

phospholipids were produced by addition of fatty acids directly to

serum-containing culture medium. As a result of the exposure of

NG108-15 cells to unsaturated fatty acids the amount of

phosphatidylethanolamine in the cells was increased by .ltoreq.60%.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids also caused a small decrease in the

membrane cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio.|.

Neuroblastoma/ Glioma/ Hybrids/ Membrane Composition/ Lipids/ Fatty

Acids/ Modification/ Methodology/ Nervous System.

61. Guesnet, P., Antoine, J. M., Rochette de Lempdes, J. B., Galent,

A., & Durand, G. (1993). Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of

human milk in France: changes during the course of lactation and

regional differences. Eur J Clin Nutr, 47(10), 700-710.

Milk samples were collected 2-5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum

from 41 individual mothers recruited in three French cities in order

to obtain a general view of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

composition in France. Considering the overall results, linoleic acid

(18:2 n-6) represented between 11.6% and 13% of total fatty acids in

human milk. In contrast alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) accounted

only for about 0.6%, and hence the 18:2 n-6 to 18:3 n-3 ratio was

close to 20. Amounts of n-6 and n-3 long-chain PUFAs (LCPs) regularly

decreased from postpartum days 2-5 (3.09%) to day 30 (1.67%), and

then remained unchanged up to postpartum day 90; the n-6/n-3 LCP

ratio ranged between 2.5 and 2. According to regional areas, there

were significant differences (P < 0.05) only for colostrum contents

of 18:3 n-3 and LCPs, the LCP ratio remaining unchanged. These data

are discussed with regard to recent data on human milk fatty acid

composition from Western countries and to the mechanisms involved in

milk LCP balance.

*Fatty Acids, Unsaturated --Analysis --AN/

*Lactation --Physiology --PH/ *Milk, Human --Chemistry --CH/

alpha-Linolenic Acid --Analysis --AN/ Analysis of Variance/

Arachidonic Acid --Analysis --AN/ Colostrum --Chemistry --CH/

Docosahexaenoic Acids --Analysis --AN/ France/ Linoleic

Acids --Analysis --AN/ Residence Characteristics/ Sampling Studies/

Time Factors/ Tissue Banks.

62. Gavino, G. R., & Gavino, V. C. (1991). Modulation of

polyunsaturated fatty acid content of triglycerides in rat

pre-adipocytes in culture. Lipids, 26(9), 705-710.

Rat peri-renal and epididymal pre-adipocytes in culture undergoing

triglyceride (TG) accumulation were incubated with oleic (18:1),

linoleic (18:2), .alpha.-linolenic (18:3.omega.3), arachidonic (20:4)

and 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic (22:6.omega.3) acids in the

presence of 0.8 .mu.M insulin. The fatty acids were incorporated in

cellular TG with relative enrichments over control from 1.4-fold for

18:1 to greater than 40-fold for 18:3.omega.3. Greater than 80% of

fatty acids taken up were incorporated into cellular TG. The balance

was distributed, in decreasing amounts, into phospholipids,

unidentified intracellular constituents, and ketone bodies. The P/S

ratio of cellular TG was at least an order of magnitude lower than

that of the external milieu for both cell types and for all treatment

groups, including controls. Doubling the concentration of treatment

fatty acid increased its incorporation into cellular TG. However, it

did not affect the accumulation of the other fatty acids in TG.

Epididymal cells consistently acquire a higher proportion of

treatment fatty acids in cell TG than peri-renal cells.

Pre-adipocytes with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-enriched TG is

a potential model for the study of PUFA metabolism in these types of

cells.

Oleic Acid Linoleic Acid Alpha Linolenic Acid Arachidonic Acid 4 7 10

13 16 19 Docosahexaenoic Acid.

63. Alsted, A. L., & Hoy, C. E. (1992). Fatty acid profiles of brain

phospholipid subclasses of rats fed n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

of marine or vegetable origin. A two generation study. Biochim

Biophys Acta, 1125(3), 237-244.

The effects of dietary n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on

fatty acid profiles of rat brain phospholipid subclasses as well as

on heart phosphatidylethanolamine through two generations were

examined: Three groups of rats were fed 20 weight% fat diets in which

approx. 30% of the fatty acids were polyunsaturated, either 17%

linoleic acid + 13% C20(-) + C22 polyunsaturates from fish oil or 17%

linoleic + 13% alpha-linolenic acid from linseed oil or 30% linoleic

acid. The rats of the two generations were killed as adults at 18

weeks of age. The results demonstrated that fish oil was a better

source than alpha-linolenic acid for incorporation of n - 3 PUFA into

the examined phospholipids. This was seen both in brain and heart

tissue and in both generations of rats. In the brain

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) similar

fatty acid profiles were found in 1st and 2nd generation, but fish

oil was more efficient than 18:3(n - 3) in increasing the levels of

22:6(n - 3), 20:5(n - 3), 22:5(n - 3) and reducing 20:4(n - 6) and

22:5(n - 6). Fatty acid profiles of phosphatidylinositol (PI),

phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) and

phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) were affected by dietary

fats. In PIP and PIP2 of 2nd generation rats 20:4(n - 6) was reduced

from 36 to 29% following fish oil intake, whereas alpha-linolenic

acid had no effects. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was not

affected in the brain, neither was the degree of unsaturation of the

phospholipids. In heart PE the highest levels of 20:5(n - 3)(2%) and

22:6(n - 3) (36%) were observed following fish oil intake. However,

in rats fed alpha-linolenic acid a considerable increase in the level

of 22:6(n - 3) was observed from the 1st (21%) to the 2nd generation

(26%).

*Brain Chemistry/ *Dietary Fats --Metabolism --ME/ *Fatty

Acids --Analysis --AN/ *Fatty Acids, Omega-3 --Metabolism --ME/

*Phospholipids --Chemistry --CH/ Cholesterol --Analysis --AN/ Fish

Oils --Metabolism --ME/ Linolenic Acids --Metabolism --ME/

Longitudinal Studies/ Maternal-Fetal Exchange/

Myocardium --Chemistry --CH/

Phosphatidylethanolamines --Chemistry --CH/

Phosphatidylinositols --Chemistry --CH/

Phosphatidylserines --Chemistry --CH/ Plant Oils --Metabolism --ME/

Pregnancy/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred Strains/ Brain.

64. Munoz, S. F., Silva, R. A., Lamarque, A., Guzman, C. A., &

Eynard, A. R. (1995). Protective capability of dietary Zizyphus

mistol seed oil, rich in 18:3, n-3, on the development of two murine

mammary gland adenocarcinomas with high or low metastatic potential.

Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 53(2), 135-138.

The modulating effect of dietary Zizyphus mistol seed oil, rich in

the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid, on two

murine mammary gland adenocarcinomas having low (M2) and high (MM3)

metastatic abilities was investigated. Following tumor subcutaneous

inoculation, 165 BALB/c mice were fed on a semisynthetic diet

containing 5% of mistol oil which has 25% of 18:3, n-3 (mistol

group). The other group received a stock diet (C group). Tumor growth

parameters such as success of tumor implants (ST), latency time (LT),

tumor growth (TG), tumor volume (TV), survival, and number and sites

of metastases were recorded. Fatty acid profiles of liver lipids

correlated well with dietary fatty acids, with a n-3/n-6 ratio of

0.90:1 in the mistol group against 0.24:1 in the C group. None of the

tumor growth parameters were worse in the mistol group with respect

to the controls. On the contrary, survival in M2 hosts and tumor

weight in MM3-bearing mice were significantly ameliorated. A tendency

towards a diminution of total number of metastases in both types of

tumor was observed in the mistol group. From these results, it is

suggested that Z. mistol seed oil may be of potential value in

nutritional oncology.

65. Farquharson, J., Cockburn, F., Patrick, W. A., Jamieson, E. C., &

Logan, R. W. (1993). Effect of diet on infant subcutaneous tissue

triglyceride fatty acids. Arch Dis Child, 69(5), 589-593.

Having demonstrated a deficiency in infant cerebral cortex

docosahexaenoic acid of formula fed compared with breast milk fed

infants, we sought to identify why the extensive subcutaneous tissue

triglyceride fatty acid reserves in term new-born infants appeared to

be ineffectual in its prevention. In addition to 24 term and six

preterm infants who died from 'cot death', tissue was analysed from

four perinatal surgical patients and in the former the results were

correlated with dietary milk intake. The higher amounts (about 15% by

weight) of unsaturated linoleic acid supplied in the formula milks

were quantitatively incorporated into the subcutaneous tissue largely

at the expense of the saturated palmitic acid possibly compromising

adipocyte fluidity. The six preterm infants were in two formula fed

groups and there was only one significant difference, namely a higher

subcutaneous tissue concentration of alpha-linolenic acid in one of

the preterm groups, distinguishing them from their term counterparts.

This may imply that the enzymes involved in absorption and digestion

of fatty acids are mature in the preterm infant. From birth the mean

weight percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (0.4%) fell rapidly to

undetectable levels (< 0.05%) in the formula fed group after about

two months. It is therefore concluded that if breast feeding is not

possible then a minimum daily requirement of 30 mg docosahexaenoic

acid (approximately 0.2 g/100 g fatty acids) should be supplied in

formulas designed for term infants to prevent the cerebral cortical

deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid.

*Adipose Tissue --Metabolism --ME/ *Infant Nutrition/ *Sudden Infant

Death/ *Triglycerides --Metabolism --ME/ Docosahexaenoic

Acids --Metabolism --ME/ Infant/ Infant Food/ Infant, Newborn/

Infant, Premature/ Linoleic Acids --Metabolism --ME.

66. Dupont, J., White, P. J., Johnston, K. M., Heggtveit, H. A.,

McDonald, B. E., Grundy, S. M., & Bonanome, A. (1989). Food safety

and health effects of canola oil. J Am Coll Nutr, 8(5), 360-375.

Canola oil is a newly marketed vegetable oil for use in salads and

for cooking that contains 55% of the monounsaturated fatty acid;

oleic acid, 25% linoleic acid and 10% alpha-linolenate

[polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)], and only 4% of the saturated

fatty acids (SFAs) that have been implicated as factors in

hypercholesterolemia. It is expressed from a cultivar of rapeseed

that was selectively bred from old varieties in Canada to be very low

in erucic acid--a fatty acid suspected to have pathogenic potential

in diets high in the original rapeseed oil in experimental animals.

Canola oil is free of those problems. It is the most widely consumed

food oil in Canada, and has been approved for Generally Recognized as

Safe (GRAS) status by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the

United States Department of Health and Human Services. The fatty acid

composition of canola oil is consistent with its use as a substitute

for SFAs, in meeting the dietary goals recommended by many health

associations: an average diet containing about 30% of calories as fat

made up of less than 10% SFAs, 8-10% PUFAs in a ratio of linoleic to

linolenic acids between 4:1 and 10:1, the remainder being

monounsaturated fatty acids. No single oil meets these current

recommendations for ratios of PUFA/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated

fatty acid ratios as the sole source of cooking and salad oil.

*Dietary Fats --Analysis --An/ *Fatty Acids --Analysis --An/ *Fatty

Acids, Unsaturated --Analysis --An/ *Plant Oils --Analysis --An/

Consumer Product Safety/ Dietary Fats --Adverse Effects --Ae/ Plant

Oils --Adverse Effects --Ae.

67. Cunnane, S. (1992). Third Toronto essential fatty acid workshop

on alpha -linolenic acid in human nutrition and disease. Nutrition ,

8(2), 129-138.

Congress/ Fatty Acids/ Essential/ Long Chain/ Human/ Nutrition/

Linolenic Acid/ Platelet/ Feeding/ Lipids/ Cardiovascular Disease/

Treatment/ Nutrient Requirement/ Development.

68. Chan, J. K., McDonald, B. E., Gerrard, J. M., Bruce, V. M.,

Weaver, B. J., & Holub, B. J. (1993). Effect of dietary

alpha-linolenic acid and its ratio to linoleic acid on platelet and

plasma fatty acids and thrombogenesis. Lipids, 28(9), 811-817.

The effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and its ratio to

linoleic acid (18:2n-6) on platelet and plasma phospholipid (PL)

fatty acid patterns and prostanoid production were studied in

normolipidemic men. The study consisted of two 42-d phases. Each was

divided into a 6-d pre-experimental period, during which a mixed fat

diet was fed, and two-18 d experimental periods, during which a

mixture of sunflower and olive oil [low 18:3n-3 content, high

18:2/18:3 ratio (LO-HI diet)], soybean oil (intermediate 18:3n-3

content, intermediate 18:2/18:3 ratio), canola oil (intermediate

18:3n-3 content, low 18:2/18:3 ratio) and a mixture of sunflower,

olive and flax oil [high 18:3n-3 content, low 18:2/18:3 ratio (HI-LO

diet)] provided 77% of the fat (26% of the energy) in the diet. The

18:3n-3 content and the 18:2/18:3 ratio of the experimental diets

were: 0.8%, 27.4; 6.5%, 6.9; 6.6%, 3.0; and 13.4%, 2.7, respectively.

There were appreciable differences in the fatty acid composition of

platelet and plasma PLs. Nevertheless, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3

levels in PL reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets,

although very little 18:3n-3 was incorporated into PL. Both the level

of 18:3n-3 in the diet and the 18:2/18:3 ratio were important in

influencing the levels of longer chain n-3 fatty acid, especially

20:5n-3, in platelet and plasma PL. Production of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha

was significantly (P < 0.05) higher following the HI-LO diet than the

LO-HI diet although dietary fat source had no effect on bleeding time

or thromboxane B2 production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS).

*Blood Platelets --Drug Effects --DE/ *Fatty Acids,

Unsaturated --Blood --BL/ *Linoleic Acids --Pharmacology --PD/

*Prostaglandins --Biosynthesis --BI/ Adult/ Bleeding Time/ Dietary

Fats --Pharmacology --PD/ Phospholipids --Blood --BL/ cardiovascular.

69. Rigau, A. P., Lindemann, M. D., Kornegay, E. T., Harper, A. F., &

Watkins, B. A. (1995). Role of dietary lipids on fetal tissue fatty

acid composition and fetal survival in swine at 42 days of gestation.

J Animal Science, 73(5), 1371-1380.

references.

Eighty-six crossbred (Duroc X Yorkshire) gilts were used in two

trials to assess the effect of supplemental dietary fats during early

gestation on fetal survival, fetal development, and fatty acid (FA)

composition in gilt plasma and fetal head and body at d 37 to 45

after breeding. Three diets contained 4% (wt/wt) added fat either as

coconut, soybean (SO), or menhaden oils (MO). A fourth diet

containing corn starch approximately isoenergetic to the quantity of

the oils was used as a control. Across both trials, fetal survival

percentage did not differ (P > .10) according to treatment, but in

Trial 2 fetal survival was higher (P < .06) for gilts fed the MO diet

than for gilts fed the control diet. The FA composition of plasma of

gilts at slaughter and the conceptus tissues were similar; both were

influenced by the FA composition of the diets. The ratio of n-3:n-6

FA was higher in conceptus tissue than in maternal plasma and the

ratio was higher (P < .05) for the MO diet than for the other diets.

Subsequently, a total of 46 multiparous females were used in three

trials to further evaluate the effects of MO on percentage of fetal

survival relative to the corn starch control diet; the results

demonstrated no differences (P > .10) in percentage of fetal survival

due to the addition of MO. The high percentage of fetal survival

observed in gilts on all the treatments and the unequal ovulation

rate in sows on different on diets precluded definitive conclusions

regarding the effects of supplemental oil on fetal survival. Further

research is necessary to determine whether an altered dietary FA

composition, and the resultant altered FA composition of fetal

tissues, contributes to improved fetal survival; however, SO, a

supplier of the 18-carbon omega-3 FA alpha-linolenic acid, did not

provide the same FA composition in plasma and conceptus tissue that

MO, a supplier of preformed long-chain omega-3 FA (20:5n-3 and

22:6n-3), provided.

<DNAL> 49 J82.

Gilts/ Pregnancy/ Dietary Fat/ Soybean Oil/ Menhaden Oil/ Fatty

Acids/ Maize Oil/ Polyenoic Fatty Acids/ Fetus/ Blood Plasma/

Survival/ Chemical Composition/ Tissues/ omega-3 fatty acids/ Animal

Nutrition(L500)/ Animal Physiology And Biochemistry(L600)/ Animal

Reproduction(L210).

70. Kotamaki, M., & Laustiola, K. E. (1993). Effect of monitored

smoking cessation on plasma lipid profiles. J Smok Relat Disord,

4(3), 219-226.

The effect of monitored smoking cessation or plasma fatty acid

composition and blood rheology was studied in 10 male subjects.

Cessation of smoking was monitored by analysing nicotine metabolites

in urine, while haematological and lipid parameters were analysed

after three and eight weeks of cessation. We report a significant

increase in total cholesterol, HDL and HDL/LDL ratio. Both the weight

of the subjects and the body mass index increased significantly.

Saturated fatty acids increased significantly after three weeks in

the TG fraction and after eight weeks in the cholesteryl ester

fraction, implying an effect of dietary alteration. The ratios of

unsaturated/saturated and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids

decreased significantly. There were also significant increases in

stearic acid, arachidonic acid and palmitoleic acid, and significant

decreases in linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic

acid. The results revealed that smoking cessation led to a

significant increase in HDL cholesterol, despite the increase in body

weight and plasma saturated fatty acids. These results also imply

both direct and indirect effects of smoking cessation on lipoproteins

the fatty acid composition of different lipid fractions. However, a

longer follow-up period including dietary data will be needed to

evaluate the stable alterations in the fatty acid composition of

different lipid fractions after smoking cessation.

Fatty Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Nicotine/

Cholesterol --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ High Density Lipoprotein

Cholesterol --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Low Density Lipoprotein

Cholesterol --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Saturated Fatty

Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Cholesterol Ester --Endogenous

Compound --Ec/ Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/

Unsaturated Fatty Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Stearic

Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Arachidonic Acid --Endogenous

Compound --Ec/ Palmitoleic Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Linoleic

Acid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Docosahexaenoic Acid --Endogenous

Compound --Ec/ Triacylglycerol --Endogenous Compound --Ec/

Phospholipid --Endogenous Compound --Ec/ Smoking Cessation/ Lipid

Blood Level/ Fatty Acid Blood Level/ Blood Rheology/ Cholesterol

Blood Level/ Lipid Composition/ Weight Gain/ Triacylglycerol Blood

Level/ Phospholipid Blood Level/ Human/ Male/ Normal Human/ Adult/

Article.

71. Lands, W. E. M., Hamazaki, T., Yamazaki, K., Okuyama, H., Sakai,

K., Goto, Y., & Hubbard, V. S. (1990). Changing dietary patterns. Am

J Clin Nutr, 51(6), 991-993. charts.

Includes 24 references.

Abstract: Previously traditional dietary patterns in Japan are no

longer typical. The current changing conditions provide an

oppportunity to examine more closely some important health conditions

associated with the changed lifestyle and concentrations of dietary

total fat and saturated fatty acid, and the ratio of n-3 to n-6

polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet.

DNAL-FNC 389.8-J824.

diet-/ fat-consumption/ eating-patterns/ saturated-fats/

polyunsaturated-fats/ prostaglandins-/ carcinoma-/

cardiovascular-diseases/ japan-/ usa-.

72. Gibson, R. A., Makrides, M., Neumann, M. A., Simmer, K.,

Mantzioris, E., & James, M. J. (1994). Ratios of linoleic acid to

alpha-linolenic acid in formulas for term infants. J Pediatr, 125(5

Pt 2), S48-55.

Commercial infant formulas with a ratio of linoleic acid (LA) to

alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) of 10:1 or higher are nutritionally

inadequate; the tissue levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are lower

and the visual function indices are reduced in infants who are fed

these formulas. All the evidence points to using LA:ALA ratios of

less than 8:1, but there has been only one study in infants that used

formulas with reduced LA:ALA ratios, and only biochemical indices

were monitored. There is a need for both short-term studies to

establish the ratios of LA to ALA that will make possible the

accumulation of DHA to levels close to those in breast-fed infants

and long-term trials to determine the effects of such fat blends on

growth and development.

*alpha-Linolenic Acid --Analysis --AN/ *Breast Feeding/ *Child

Development --Physiology --PH/ *Docosahexaenoic

Acids --Metabolism --ME/ *Infant Food --Analysis --AN/ *Infant

Nutrition --Physiology --PH/ *Linoleic Acids --Analysis --AN/ *Milk,

Human --Chemistry --CH/ *Vision --Physiology --PH/ alpha-Linolenic

Acid --Pharmacology --PD/ Caloric Intake/ Infant/ Infant, Newborn/

Linoleic Acids --Pharmacology --PD/ Nutritional Requirements/

Nutritive Value/ Time Factors.

73. Ferrier, L. K., Caston, L. J., Leeson, S., Squires, J., Weaver,

B. J., & Holub, B. J. (1995). Alpha-linolenic acid and

docosahexaenoic acid-enriched eggs from hens fed flaxseed: influence

on blood lipids and platelet phospholipid fatty acids in humans. Am J

Clin Nutr, 62(1), 81-86.

This study was undertaken to examine the effects that consumption of

eggs from hens fed diets containing flaxseed would have on plasma and

platelet lipids of male volunteers. Feeding diets containing 0%, 10%,

and 20% ground flaxseed to Leghorn pullets provided a marked

progressive increase in n-3 fatty acid content as alpha-linolenic

acid (alpha-LNA) (28, 261, and 527 mg/egg) and docosahexaenoic acid

(DHA) (51, 81, and 87 mg/egg) but no alteration in the cholesterol

concentration of the egg yolk. Twenty-eight male volunteers, divided

into three groups, were fed four eggs per day for 2 wk according to a

cyclic Latin-square design. No statistically significant changes were

observed in total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol,

or plasma triglyceride concentrations. Significant increases in total

n-3 fatty acids and in DHA content (which rose from 1.5 to 2.0% by wt

or 33% overall), and a significant decrease in ratio of n-6 to n-3

fatty acids were found in platelet phospholipids of subjects

consuming eggs from flaxseed-fed hens. Health and Welfare Canada in

1990 set recommended intakes for dietary n-3 fatty acids and for the

ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, which are not being met currently by

the overall population. Eggs modified by the inclusion of flaxseed in

the laying hens' diet could provide an important nutritional source

of n-3 fatty acid.

Eggs/ Hens/ Fatty acids/ alpha-linolenic acid/ Flaxseed/

docosahexaenoic.

74. Martinez, M. (1992). Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids

during early human development. J Pediatr, 120(4 Pt 2), S129-S138.

Long-chain fatty acids are analyzed in tissues from infants whose

cause of death was not neurologically related. Total n-3 and n-6

polyunsaturated and n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid amounts increased

in the whole forebrain during the prenatal and postnatal periods up

to at least 2 years of age. The most abundant brain polyunsaturated

fatty acids were docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3), arachidonic

acid (AA) (20:4n-6), and adrenic acid (22:4n-6). In neonates

receiving total parenteral nutrition for several days, the DHA/AA

ratio was outside the normal range in the liver but within the normal

range in the brain. Two other children received total parenteral

nutrition for many months, but only the one born at 29 weeks of

gestation had a low brain DHA/AA ratio. Another infant, born at 25

weeks of gestation, had been fed milk formulas containing high

linoleate/alpha-linolenate ratios for 4 months. This infant had less

DHA and a lower DHA/AA ratio in both the brain and the retina than

had term infants. These data suggest that preterm infants are

especially at risk for the effects of dietary fatty acid imbalances.

*Brain Chemistry/ *Fatty Acids, Unsaturated --Analysis --AN/ *Infant,

Premature --Growth and Development --GD/ *Liver --Chemistry --CH/

Arachidonic Acid --Analysis --AN/ Brain --Growth and

Development --GD/ Docosahexaenoic Acids --Analysis --AN/ Fetal

Development/ Fetus --Chemistry --CH/ Infant/ Infant Food/ Infant,

Newborn/ Infant, Premature --Physiology --PH/ Parenteral Nutrition,

Total.

75. Richieri, G. V., Anel, A., & Kleinfeld, A. M. (1993).

Interactions of long-chain fatty acids and albumin: Determination of

free fatty acid levels using the fluorescent probe ADIFAB. Biochem,

32(29), 7574-7580.

Equilibrium binding of long-chain fatty acids (FA) with albumin from

human serum (HSA), bovine serum (BSA), and murine serum (MSA) has

been studied by measuring the equilibrium levels of free fatty acids

(FFA). FFA levels were measured directly, using a new fluorescent

probe composed of acrylodan- derivatized intestinal fatty acid

binding protein (ADIFAB). Measurements of (FFA) were done as a

function of the ratio of total FA to total albumin (v) for v values

between 0 and 6, at pH 7.4 and 37 degreeC. Under conditions observed

in normal human physiology (v less than or equal to 2), (FFA) values

of the most abundant serum FA (palmitate, stearate, oleate) in

equilibrium with human or bovine albumin are less than 15 nM. These

values are considerably smaller than the generally quoted values of

(FFA) in equilibrium with albumin: more than 20-fold for palmitate

and more than 50-fold for oleate. FFA levels were found to increase

monotonically with for all three albumins and all FA. In most cases

(FFA) increased, for the same chain length, with increasing degree of

acyl chain unsaturation, suggesting that FA aqueous solubility may

play a significant role in the equilibrium between FA association

with albumin and the aqueous phase. (The highest FFA levels

(similar3000 nM), for example, were observed for linolenate (18:3) at

the maximum v value (6).) Although aqueous-phase solubility of the FA

may be important in understanding the interaction between FA and

albumin, protein structure, as reflected in differences among the

three albumins, also significantly affects the equilibrium. For

example, overall, affinities for murine albumin were lower (higher

(FFA) values) than for human and bovine albumins. Specific

differences were also observed in the relative affinities of the

three albumins for different FA. Oleate binds more tightly than

palmitate to human and murine albumins, while the reverse is true for

bovine. The measured binding isotherms are in all cases well

described by a multiple stepwise equilibrium model with six

association constants. In most cases, the association constant for

the first site is greater than or equal to that of succeeding sites.

In a few instances, however, in particular for arachidonate binding

to human albumin, the results (a smaller constant for the first than

the second site) suggest that binding may involve positive

cooperativity. It is also shown that the binding isotherms generated

by the multiple stepwise model, are themselves well described by a

linear plus exponential function, thereby allowing FFA levels to be

estimated by simple calculation.

Fatty Acid/ Albumin/ Fluorescent Dye/ Bovine Serum Albumin/ Fatty

Acid Blood Level/ Binding Affinity/ Binding Site/ Human/ Nonhuman/

Mouse/ Controlled Study/ Priority Journal/ Article.

76. Suzuki, K., Omori, T., & Kawamura, E. (1995). Change in ratio of

omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids in human plasmaafter intake of hen's

egg rich in alpha -linolenate. Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi =

Journal of the Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food Science, 48(4),

271-275.

Eggs rich in a alpha -linolenate (LNA) were produced by supplementing

the feed of laying hens (Dekalb XL-L) with 2% linseed oil. 4 students

19-21 years old with low omega 3/ omega 6 ratios of fatty acids (less

than 0.11) in plasma were selected from 94 female students. They had

a low fish consumption, but usually ate eggs daily. During the study,

they added 2 eggs rich in LNA (LNA-Egg) daily to their ordinary diet

for 3 weeks. Then plasma cholesterol (CHL), triacylglycerol (TG) and

fatty acid composition were compared with those during the basal

period. Plasma CHL and TG in LNA-Egg-fed students tended to decrease

in comparison with their basal values. Analysis of plasma fatty acid

composition showed that the percentage of docosahexaenoic acid was

significantly increased, and that those of LNA and ecosapentaenoic

acid tended to increase after dietary supplementation with LNA-Eggs.

LNA-Egg supplementation of the diet for 3 weeks reduced the level of

plasma arachidonic acid but no significant effect was observed on the

level of plasma linoleic acid. Consequently, the ratio of omega 3 to

omega 6 fatty acids in plasma was elevated from 0.07 plus or minus

0.03 to 0.16 plus or minus 0.08 (P<0.01) after intake of LNA-Eggs for

3 weeks. It is concluded that LNA-Eggs may be a useful dietary

component for increasing the ratio of omega 3 to omega 6 fatty acids

in subjects with a low fish intake.

Fish/ Consumption/ Diet/ Women/ Fatty Acids/ Blood/ Eggs/ Linolenic

Acid/ Intake/ Man.

77. Abbey, M., Clifton, P., Kestin, M. B. B., & Nestel, P. (1990).

Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins,

lecithin:cholesterolacyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein

activity in humans. Arteriosclerosis, 10(1), 85-94.

A group of 33 mildly hypercholesterolaemic men were stratified into 3

groups on diets closely matched except for the polyunsaturated fatty

acid supplement. The 1st group received linoleic acid (safflower oil)

14 g/day; the 2nd group, alpha -linolenic acid (linseed oil) 9 g per

day; and the 3rd group, n-3 fatty acids (fish oil) 3.8 g per day.

Only fish oil lowered plasma triacylglycerols (by 24% at 6 weeks,

P<0.05 compared with safflower oil). Very low density lipoprotein

(VLDL) apoprotein (apo) B, triacylglycerol and cholesterol all fell

significantly with the fish-oil diet (P<0.01). Low density

lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol fell by 0.18 and 0.10 mmol/litre,

respectively, with the safflower-oil and linseed-oil diets, but rose

by 0.24 mmol/litre with the fish-oil diet (P<0.05). There was a

strong correlation between the changes in VLDL triacylglycerol and

LDL cholesterol with the fish-oil diet (r=-0.84, P<0.002). High

density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol fell slightly in all 3 groups

(P<0.02 with the linseed-oil diet only). However, the apo A-I/A-II

ratio rose by 5% (P<0.05), and the HDL2/HDL3 protein ratio increased

by 28% with the fish-oil diet (P<0.005). Fish oil reduced the

capacity for transfer of cholesteryl ester between LDL and HDL by 23%

(P<0.02 compared to baseline), reduced plasma lecithin:cholesterol

acyltransferase activity by 21% (P<0.05), and reduced maximal

stimulated thromboxane production by 9% (P<0.05). Thus, fish oil

produced 3 potentially beneficial changes: significant decreases in

VLDL concentration and in thromboxane production, and an increase in

the HDL2/HDL3 ratio. The increase in the average HDL particle size

probably reflected reduced cholesteryl ester acceptor capacity within

the smaller pool of VLDL, as well as the decline in lipid transfer

activity in plasma involving transfer protein itself, LDL and HDL.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid/ Hypercholesterolaemia/ Treatment/ Linoleic

Acid/ Linolenic Acid/ Fish Oils/ Docosahexaenoic Acid/ Man.

78. Thompson, V. J., & Yeh, Y. Y. Desirable linoleate to linolenate

ratio in maternal diet to enhance tissue accretion of (n-6) and (n-3)

fatty acids in suckling rats. Experimental Biology 95, Part I .

1995 April 9-13 Atlanta, Georgia, Usa Faseb Journal.

Milk is a major source of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic

acid (DHA) which are required for newborns. In the present study,

three groups of pregnant rats were fed experimental diets from 15

days of gestation through lactating period. AIN-76 diets containing

15% fat were used. Diet 1 contained no LN, diet 2 and diet 3

contained same amount of LN with LA/LN ratio of 6 and 4,

respectively. At age of 17-19 days suckling rats were sacrificed for

analysis of tissue fatty acid AA, increased DPA level and had no

effect on DHA in milk. Diets 2 and 3 lowered LA levels in red blood

cells (RBC), brain, heart, lung and adipose tissue, and decreased AA

level only in brain and lung. The levels of EPA were elevated in

plasma, RBC, lung, kidney, and liver, while DHA levels were increased

in plasma, RBC, brain, liver, and heart in the groups that received

LN. Consequently, AA/DHA ratios in tissues of LN supplemental groups

decreased slightly. However, the ratios were the same between the two

supplement groups. It is concluded that a LA/LN ratio of 6 in

maternal diet is desirable to ensure adequate accretion of AA and DHA

in tissues, especially the brain, of the suckling rat.

Meeting Abstract/ Arachidonic Acid/ Docosahexaenoic Acid/ Fatty

Acids/ Phospholipids/ Brain.

79. Orlowski, G., Brand, R., & Pohlau, D. (1995). Nutrient intake in

patients with multiple sclerosis. Aktuelle Ernahrungsmedizin, 20(4),

207-214.

Nutrient intake of 30 multiple sclerosis patients (23 to 54 years

old) whose diet was monitored by a 7-day weighing protocol is

described. Evaluation of this study showed that energy intake was

below DGE (German Nutrition Society) recommendations. Average body

mass index was within the standard range. Intakes of vitamins D and

E, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid, calcium, zinc and dietary

fibre were significantly below recommended levels. The diet of female

patients contained low amounts of thiamin and iron. A considerable

percentage of patients did not attain recommended dietary intakes of

linoleic and alpha -linolenic acids. It was concluded that nutrition

of patients with multiple sclerosis can be improved with conventional

foods, provided that nutrient density of the diet is increased, and

that individual nutrition counselling should be given to multiple

sclerosis sufferers.

Nutritional State/ Nutrient Requirements/ Vitamins/ Minerals/ Trace

Elements/ Adults/ Multiple Sclerosis/ Diet Studies.

80. King, M. E., & Spector, A. A. (1978). Effect of specific fatty

acyl enrichments on membrane physical properties detected with a spin

label probe. J. Biol Chem. 253(18), 6493-6501.

The fatty acyl composition of the Ehrlich ascites cell plasma

membrane was modified by exposure of intact cells to media containing

various fatty acids during short term, stationary culture.

Differences in the fatty acyl composition of the isolated plasma

membrane fraction were most apparent in the choline

phosphoglycerides, where enrichments of 10-20% occurred after 3 h of

culture. Some modifications also were noted in the ethanolamine

phosphoglycerides, but the other membrane phospholipid fractions were

only slightly affected. These fatty acyl modifications were not

associated with any changes in either membrane phospholipid

composition or the ratio of phospholipid to cholesterol. E.s.r.

measurements with a spin-labeled stearic acid probe,

2-(10-carboxydecyl)-2-hexyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxazolidinyloxyl, revealed

that membrane lipid mobility was altered by the various fatty acyl

modifications. As compared with membranes enriched with oleate, those

enriched with linoleate, linolenate, or 12-methyl myristate exhibited

greater lipid mobility, and those enriched with myristate,

pentadecanoate, or linoelaidate exhibited less mobility. Two

transitions were detected in each membrane preparation. One occurred

at 31.degree.C and was not influenced appreciably by the changes

produced in membrane fatty acyl composition. The other occurred

between 20 and 26.degree.C and was dependent on the type of fatty

acid with which the membrane was enriched. These results indicate

that plasma membrane lipid mobility, as measured with a spin label

probe, is sensitive to relatively small changes in membrane fatty

acyl composition. Moreover, these changes occur in cells that are not

growing or dividing and appear to be produced as a result of the

rapid turnover of certain phospholipid pools in the membrane.|.

Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells/ Plasma Membranes/ Fatty Acid/

Composition / Lipid/ Structure/ Spin-Label/ Studies/ Relationship.

81. Carroll, K. K. (1985). Dietary fat in relation to mammary

carcinogenesis. Princess Takamatsu Symp, 16, 255-263.

The first evidence that dietary fat influences mammary carcinogenesis

was provided by Tannenbaum, who showed that mice fed a high-fat diet

developed spontaneous tumors more readily than those fed a low-fat

diet. Similar observations have been made with various other animal

models. Polyunsaturated vegetable oils enhance carcinogenesis more

effectively than saturated fats, because of their higher linoleate

content. Diets containing high levels of polyunsaturated fish oils do

not stimulate carcinogenesis, however, perhaps because their

polyunsaturated fatty acids belong mainly to the linolenate family.

Dietary fat acts primarily as a promoting agent, but the exact

mechanism is still unclear. The requirement for linoleate and the

fact that the fat effect can be blocked by prostaglandin biosynthesis

inhibitors suggests that it may be mediated by biologically-active

compounds derived from linoleate. Other possibilities include changes

in hormonal balance, alterations in the fatty acids of membrane

lipids, effects on the immune system, modulation of intercellular

communications, and metabolic alterations related to differences in

fat and caloric intake. Interest in the role of dietary fat in

mammary carcinogenesis has been greatly stimulated by epidemiological

evidence of a strong, positive correlation between breast cancer and

dietary fat. In these epidemiological data, total dietary fat shows a

better correlation than fat from either plant or animal sources

individually, and there is no apparent correlation with the

polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the diet. Further studies are

needed to investigate more thoroughly this apparent difference

between experimental and epidemiological data.

*Dietary Fats --Adverse Effects --Ae/ *Mammary Neoplasms,

Experimental --Etiology --Et/ Dietary Fats --Administration And

Dosage --Ad/ Fatty Acids --Adverse Effects --Ae/ Linoleic

Acids --Administration And Dosage --Ad/ Mammary Neoplasms,

Experimental --Chemically Induced --Ci.

82. Shorland, F. B. (1990). The relevance of fats to human health.

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand, 15, 118-129.

Aside from the need to provide traces of the essential linoleic acid,

fats have not been traditionally considered necessary dietary

components. However, their use as wholesome dietary constituents was

recommended without limitation. Contemporary interest in fats has

been stimulated by the suggestion that their presence in the diet

correlates with the occurrence of chronic diseases, especially

coronary heart disease and cancer, with the result that national

committees have begun to recommend that the current intakes in

western countries of about 40% of energy as fat should be

substantially reduced. Developments taking place within the past

decade have been reviewed and, in particular, it has been shown that

in addition to the physiological effects of linoleic (18:2 omega 6)

acid, alpha -linolenic (18:3 omega 3) acid and its long chain C20 and

C22 metabolites have physiological functions that are very different

from those of linoleic acid. Docosahexaenoic (22:6 omega 3) acid, for

example, is involved in vision and in brain function. Of still

greater significance has been the recognition that the prostaglandins

and leukotrienes (eicosanoids) produced from linoleic and

alpha -linolenic acids in nanogram quantities have powerful

physiological properties involving blood pressure, blood coagulation,

inflammation, tumorigenesis and immune response. In many cases the

adverse effects from the eicosanoids derived from linoleic ( omega 6)

acid are balanced by the beneficial effects of those derived from

alpha -linolenic ( omega 3) acid; a matter of considerable potential

in the control of chronic diseases.

Fats/ Health/ Reviews/ Nutrition Physiology/ Man.

83. Bourre, J. M., Dumont, O., Pascal, G., & Durand, G. (1993).

Dietary alpha-linolenic acid at 1.3 g/kg maintains maximal

docosahexaenoic acid concentration in brain, heart and liver of adult

rats. J Nutr, 123(7), 1313-1319.

We have previously determined the dietary alpha-linolenic requirement

for membrane synthesis in the developing animal. This study measures

the dietary requirement for maintaining normal membrane composition

in adult rats, as determined by 22:6(n-3) (docosahexaenoic acid)

concentration. Sixty-day-old rats, previously fed a diet containing

both linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid, were divided into nine

groups, each receiving different quantities of alpha-linolenic acid

but the same amount of linoleic acid. They were killed 4 wk after

initiation of the new diet to determine the minimum quantity of

alpha-linolenic acid required in the diet for maintaining the

22:6(n-3) tissue concentration in brain (whole tissue, myelin and

nerve endings), liver and heart. The minimal amount of dietary

alpha-linolenic acid that maintained the maximal 22:6(n-3) level and

minimal 22:5(n-6) level in tissues was considered to be the dietary

requirement. The quantity was found to be 1.30 g/kg diet (0.26% of

dietary energy). It was lower than that found for the developing

animal (0.4% of energy). At lower quantities of dietary

alpha-linolenic acid, 22:6(n-3) was replaced by 22:5(n-6) in the

organs examined, except in nervous tissue, in which 22:6(n-3) was

highly preserved.

*Brain --Drug Effects --DE/ *Docosahexaenoic Acids --Metabolism --ME/

*Heart --Drug Effects --DE/ *Linolenic Acids --Pharmacology --PD/

*Liver --Drug Effects --DE/ Administration, Oral/

Brain --Metabolism --ME/ Fatty Acids --Metabolism --ME/ Linolenic

Acids --Administration and Dosage --AD/ Liver --Metabolism --ME/

Myocardium --Metabolism --ME/ Nutritional Requirements/ Rats/ Rats,

Wistar.

84. Perez Rigau, A., Lindemann, M. D., Kornegay, E. T., Harper, A.

F., & Watkins, B. A. (1995). Role of dietary lipids on fetal tissue

fatty acid composition and fetalsurvival in swine at 42 days of

gestation. J of Animal Science, 73(5), 1372-1380.

In 2 trials, 86 Duroc x Yorkshire gilts were used to assess the

effect of supplemental dietary fats during early gestation on fetal

survival, fetal development and fatty acid (FA) composition in gilt

plasma and fetal head and body 37 to 45 days after breeding. 3 diets

contained 4% added fat by weight as coconut, soyabean (SO), or

menhaden oils (MO). A 4th diet containing maize starch approximately

isoenergetic to the quantity of the oils was used as a control.

Across both trials, percentage of fetal survival did not differ

between treatments, but in trial 2, fetal survival was higher

(P<0.06) for gilts given MO than the control diet. Plasma FA

composition of gilts at slaughter and the conceptus tissues were

similar; both were influenced by dietary FA composition. The ratio of

n-3:n-6 FA was higher in conceptus tissues than in maternal plasma

and the ratio was highest (P<0.05) for MO. Subsequently, a total of

46 multiparous sows were used in 3 trials to further evaluate the

effects of MO on percentage of fetal survival in comparison with the

maize starch control diet. Percentage of fetal survival due to the

addition of MO was not different. The high percentage of fetal

survival observed in gilts on all treatments and the unequal

ovulation rate in sows on different oil diets precluded definitive

conclusions regarding the effects of supplemental oil on fetal

survival. SO, a supplier of the C18 omega -3 FA alpha -linolenic

acid, did not provide the same FA composition in plasma and conceptus

tissue that MO, a supplier of preformed long-chain omega -3 FA

(20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3), provided.

Reproduction/ Polyenoic Fatty Acids/ Embryo Mortality/ Lipids/

Coconut Oil/ Soyabean Oil/ Menhaden Oil/ Body Composition/ Fetus/

Tissues/ Fatty Acids/ Composition/ Fats/ Sources/ Sow Feeding/

Survival/ Pigs.

85. Noguchi, A., Takita, T., Suzuki, K., Nakamura, K., & Innami, S.

(1992). Effects of casein and soy-protein on alpha-linolenic acid

metabolism in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 38(6), 579-591.

In order to study the effects of different proteins on

alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LnA) metabolism, rats were given the diet

added respectively with milk casein and soy-protein isolate (SPI) as

sources of proteins and perilla oil as a source of lipid. The results

obtained are as follows. The ratio of (C20:3 + C20:4)/C18:2 in liver

microsomal PL, liver PE fraction, and kidney PE and PC fractions was

significantly lowered by the SPI treatment when compared to the

casein treatment, similarly to the already established results. In

the liver microsomal PL and PE and PC fractions of liver and kidney

in rats treated with SPI, there was also observed a significant

decrease or a decrease tendency in the (C20:4 + C20:5)/C18:3 ratio. A

similar tendency was again shown in the sigma (n-3)M/C18:3 ratio

indicating metabolic conversion from C18:3(n-3) to C22:6. On the

other hand, contrary to the ratios of (C20:3 + C20:4)/C18:2, sigma

(n-3)M/C18:3, and (C20:3 + C20:5)/C18:3, the (C22:5 + C22:6)/C20:5

ratio which is the parameter for metabolic conversion of C20:5(n-3)

was elevated in the PE and PC fraction of liver, heart and kidney in

the SPI group compared to the casein group. Then, further analysis of

the metabolic process from C20:5 to C22:6 showed that the C22:5/C20:5

ratio increased while the C22:6/C22:5 ratio decreased in the SPI

group compared to the casein group. Based on these results, it is

assumed that the metabolic process from C18:3(n-3) to C20:5(n-3) and

from C22:5 to C22:6 is affected by SPI but that the elongation

process from C20:5(n-3) to C22:5(n-3), on the contrary, is rather

accelerated by SPI.

*Caseins --Pharmacology --PD/ *Dietary Proteins --Pharmacology --PD/

*Linolenic Acids --Pharmacology --PD/ *Vegetable

Proteins --Pharmacology --PD/ Caseins --Administration and

Dosage --AD/ Eating/ Fatty Acids --Metabolism --ME/

Lipids --Blood --BL/ Lipids --Metabolism --ME/ Liver --Anatomy and

Histology --AH/ Liver --Metabolism --ME/ Microsomes,

Liver --Metabolism --ME/ Organ Weight/

Phosphatidylcholines --Metabolism --ME/

Phosphatidylethanolamines --Metabolism --ME/

Phospholipids --Metabolism --ME/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred Strains/

Vegetable Proteins --Administration and Dosage --AD/ Weight Gain.

86. Chen, Z. Y., Menard, C. R., & Cunnane, S. C. (1995). Moderate,

selective depletion of linoleate and alpha-linolenate in

weight-cycled rats. Am J Physiol, 268(2 Pt 2), R498-505.

In rats, the response of adipose tissue composition to a single

weight cycle (24-48 h of fasting followed by refeeding) is

characterized by a decrease primarily in linoleate and

alpha-linolenate, with little or no change in other fatty acids. We

tested the hypothesis that during successive weight cycles caused by

repeated fasting and refeeding, the depletion of linoleate and

alpha-linolenate from whole body stores would be exacerbated despite

their adequate availability during the refeeding period. Four

complete weight cycles (24-h fasting followed by 72-h ad libitum

refeeding) induced a significant quantitative decrease in total n-3

and n-6 polyunsaturates, particularly linoleate and alpha-linolenate,

and a simultaneous increase in the accumulation of palmitate,

palmitoleate, and oleate in carcass total lipids and in perirenal and

epididymal adipose tissue. A significant positive relationship was

observed between the increasing ratio of saturates+monounsaturates to

n-3 + n-6 polyunsaturates in adipose tissue and the number of weight

cycles (r = +0.96, P < 0.0001). The percentage of linoleate and

alpha-linolenate in adipose tissue was inversely related to the

number of weight cycles. We conclude that, despite providing adequate

n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates in the diet during the refeeding period,

weight cycling in young growing rats causes a moderate, selective

depletion of linoleate and alpha-linolenate from tissue stores.

Rats/ Metabolism.

87. Fernandes, G., & Venkatraman, J. T. (1993). Role of omega-3 fatty

acids in health and disease. Nutr Res, 13(suppl.1), S19-S45.

Paper presented at the 5th International Meeting on Advances in

Infantile Nutrition, November 12-14, 1992, Naples, Italy.

Dietary lipid interventions have an important role in modulating the

onset of autoimmunity, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Many

studies carried out in the past have established the adverse effects

of saturated fats in humans and in animal models. Based on these

adverse effects, the consumption of vegetable oils containing both

monounsaturated omega-9 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (rich in 18:2

omega-6) is rising significantly in the United States. The increased

consumption of many vegetable oils particularly of omega-6 series is

however to be viewed as pro- inflammatory and is suspected as one of

the possible causes for the gradual rise in certain malignant tumors,

rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diseases primarily due to the

increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines although its

increased usage has reduced cardiovascular disease nearly 30% in the

United States. Diets based on omega-6 enriched oils can increase the

level of linoleic acid in tissue phosphoglycerides and are able to

reduce cholesterol levels, yet these lipids usually tend to elevate

excessive arachidonic acid (20:4 omega-6) levels. In contrast,

omega-3 fatty acid- enriched fish oil (FO) and/or omega-3 precursors

from certain vegetable oils (linolenic acid, 18:3 omega-3) are found

to provide protection against cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid

arthritis, cancer and possibly against the severity of viral

infections. Nutritional modification of cellular functions by dietary

lipids with a balanced ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids

offers an attractive avenue to correct, modify and/or prevent many

patho- physiological processes in health and disease state and to

reduce toxicity of drugs in many patients. The mediation of such

effects is thought to be primarily achieved through alterations of

cellular. In summary, the protective effects of omega-3 lipids have

been explained based on changes in eicosanoid synthesis and the

reduced risk of sudden death from cardiac arrthyhmia, increased

protection from ischemic myocardium, improved myocardial function and

reduction of other cardiovascular and autoimmune disease risks.

However, well-designed studies are still required to further define

vegetable sources, both as a supplement to infant nutrition

specifically for optimizing the development of cognitive function,

and also as preventive measure for reducing the incidence of diseases

of aging in rapidly growing elderly populations.

DNAL QP141.A1N88.

polyenoic-fatty-acids/ dietary-fat/ diet-/ fish-oils/

fat-consumption/ trends-/ monoenoic-fatty-acids/

nutrition-physiology/ infant-development/ elderly-/ fat-deficiencies/

cardiovascular-diseases/ carcinoma-/ autoimmune-diseases/

immune-response/ rheumatoid-arthritis/ nutritional- intervention/

supplements-/ enteral-feeding/ parenteral-feeding/ drug-toxicity/

literature-reviews/ omega-6-fatty-acids.

88. Watanabe, S., Sakai, N., Yasui, Y., Kimura, Y., Kobayashi, T.,

Mizutani, T., & Okuyama, H. (1994). A high alpha-linolenate diet

suppresses antigen-induced immunoglobulin E response and anaphylactic

shock in mice. J Nutr, 124(9), 1566-1573.

Mice were fed for 2 mo diets having ratios of alpha-linolenate [18:3

(n-3)] to linoleate [18:2(n-6)] of < 0.01, 0.36, 1.0 and 3.9.

Proportions of safflower seed oil and perilla seed oil were adjusted

to obtain these ratios. The dietary alpha-linolenate to linoleate

balance was reflected in the proportion of (n-3) and (n-6) highly

unsaturated fatty acids with 20- and 22-carbon chains in spleen

phospholipids, but the ratio did not affect the proportion of T

lymphocyte subsets expressing CD4 and CD8 antigens in splenic

leukocytes. The immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM responses against sheep

red blood cells when estimated as plaque-forming cells present in

spleen, were not affected significantly by the diets. However, the

serum hemagglutinin titer was slightly but significantly higher in

the high alpha-linolenate diet group [18:3(n-3)/18:2(n-6) = 3.9] than

in the dietary group with 18:3(n-3) to 18:2(n-6) ratios of 0.36 and <

0.01. In contrast, the IgE antibody response against egg albumin, as

well as the mortality from anaphylactic shock induced by a second

challenge with antigen, was significantly lower in the high

alpha-linolenate diet group [18:3(n-3)/18:2(n-6) = 3.9] than in the

high linoleate diet [18:3(n-3)/18:2(n-6) < 0.01] group. These

results, together with the reported suppressive effects of a high

alpha-linolenate diet on the formation of lipid-derived allergic

mediators, support the hypothesis that raising the (n-3) to (n-6)

ratios of diets would be effective in reducing the severity of

immediate-type allergic hypersensitivity.

89. Siguel, E. (1996). A new relationship between total/high density

lipoprotein cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids, 31

Suppl:S51-6.

Dietary and plasma fatty acids have been linked to total cholesterol

but not to the ratio of total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

(TC/HDLC). To evaluate the relationship between dietary and plasma

levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and TC/HDLC, we analyzed

cross-sectional and longitudinal data using 519 plasma samples (50%

men, 50% women) from subjects participating in the Framingham Heart

Study and results from a study feeding diets rich in either n-6

linoleic acid or n-3 alpha-linolenic acid with or without fish oil

supplements (n-3 derivatives). Values of TC/HDLC are inversely

related to the percent of plasma PUFA when both variables are

measured at the same time in different subjects, R = 0.82, P <

0.000001. PUFA in phospholipids increase in response to increased

dietary intake of different PUFA, either n-3 or n-6 or fish oils.

There was a highly significant inverse relationship between TC/HDLC

and the percent of PUFA in phospholipids, R = 0.97, P < 0.001. The

relationship was similar regardless of the source and type of dietary

fatty acids. A similar relationship existed when only the baseline

points were considered. When plasma PUFA % increases, either in

response to a diet high in PUFA or across different subjects, TC/HDLC

ratios decline. Evaluation of plasma fatty acid profiles and

increased balanced dietary intake of PUFA to bring fatty acid

profiles of subjects with low PUFA plasma levels closer to the

profile of a healthy reference group is an effective approach to

reduce high TC/HDLC. Reductions of more than 50% in TC/HDLC appear

feasible with dietary modification alone. Further research, into

fatty acid metabolic activity may determine the biochemical basis of

common dyslipidemias.

90. Mantzioris, E., James, M. J., Gibson, R. A., Cleland, L. G., &

Cunnane, S. (1995). Nutritional attributes of dietary flaxseed oil.

Am J of Clin Nut, 62(4), 841-842.

Vegetable Oil --Pharmacology --Pd/ Linolenic

Acid --Pharmacology --Pd/ Icosapentaenoic Acid --Pharmacology --Pd/

Docosahexaenoic Acid --Pharmacology --Pd/ Unclassified Drug/ Linseed

Oil --Drug Development --Dv/ Linseed Oil --Pharmacology --Pd/ Dietary

Intake/ Nutritional Health/ Lipid Composition/ Flour/ Daily Life

Activity/ Nutritional Requirement/ Phospholipid Metabolism/ Lipid

Blood Level/ Letter/ Docosapentaenoic Acid --Drug Development --Dv/

Docosapentaenoic Acid --Pharmacology --Pd/ 03700000000.

91. Bjerve, K. S., Thoresen, L., & Borsting, S. (1988). Linseed and

cod liver oil induce rapid growth in a 7-year-old girl with n-3 fatty

acid deficiency. J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 12(5), 521-525.

N-3 fatty acid deficiency is described in a 7-year-old girl who had

been fed solely by gastric tube from the age of 3 years. She had

received the same nutrient during the last 22 months, supplying 16.2%

of calories from linoleate and 0.07% from alpha-linolenate. She

weighed 9.5 kg at the age of 3, and 10.3 kg at the start of the

study, the weight being constant the last 15 months. She was now

supplemented daily with 1.2 ml of a linseed- and cod liver-oil

mixture (5:1, v/v), thereby increasing her alpha-linolenate intake to

0.71% and total N-3 fatty acids to 0.74% of total energy. Two months

later, her rate of weight gain was 0.43 kg/month. After 5 months, the

fatty acid supplement was changed to 7.5 ml of cod liver oil daily,

thereby changing alpha-linolenate and total N-3 acid intake to 0.10%

and 1.3% of total energy, respectively. Her rate of weight gain now

increased to 0.64 kg/month, and her length increased from 117 to 122

cm in 5 months. The results indicate that the optimal dietary

requirement for N-3 fatty acids in this child is higher than 0.74%,

and extrapolation estimated the optimal requirement to be 1.1%-1.2%

of total calories. The results suggest that N-3 fatty acids are

required for normal growth in man.

Case Report/ Child/ Cod Liver Oil/ *Pharmacology/ Fatty Acids,

Unsaturated/ Analysis/ *Deficiency/ Female/ Fish Oils/ *Pharmacology/

Food, Formulated/ Analysis/ Growth/ *Drug Effects/ Human/ Linseed

Oil/ *Pharmacology/ Support, Non-U.s. Gov't.

92. Bjerve, K. S. (1989). N-3 fatty acid deficiency in man. J Intern

Med Suppl, 225(731), 171-175.

A total of nine patients with n-3 fatty acid deficiency are

described. They had been fed by gastric tube for 2.5-12 years, and

had received 0.02-0.09% of calories as n-3 acids. The observed

clinical symptoms of n-3 fatty acid deficiency were scaly and

haemorrhagic dermatitis, haemorrhagic folliculitis of the scalp,

growth retardation and impaired wound healing. All patients had

extensive brain damage making it impossible to evaluate n-3 effects

on cerebral functions. The patients were supplemented with cod liver

and soya oil, alpha-linolenate followed by a purified fish oil, or

with a mixture of flaxseed and cod liver oil. The results indicate

that a dietary supply of 1.0-1.2% of alpha-linolenic acid is

necessary to obtain a mid-normal lipid concentration of n-3 fatty

acids, and suggest that the minimal dietary requirement is 0.2-0.3%

of total calories. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids seem to be

approximately twice as efficient as alpha-linolenic acid in

maintaining normal n-3 fatty acid concentrations in plasma and red

cell lipids.

Aged/ Aged, 80 And Over/ Child/ Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/

*Administration & Dosage/ Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/ *Deficiency/

Female/ Fish Oils/ Administration & Dosage/ Human/ Linolenic Acids/

Administration & Dosage/ Male/ Middle Age/ Nutritional Requirements/

Support, Non-U.s. Gov't.

93. Jorgensen, M. H., Hernell, O., Lund, P., Holmer, G., &

Michaelsen, K. F. (1996). Visual acuity and erythrocyte

docosahexaenoic acid status in breast-fed and formula-fed term

infants during the first four months of life. Lipids, 31(1), 99-105.

It has been recognized that preterm infants have a more rapid

development of visual acuity if fed human milk or a formula enriched

with the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA)

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to a standard formula devoid of

LCPUFA. Few studies have addressed whether the same is also true in

term infants. The aim of the present study was to follow visual

acuity and fatty acid composition in red blood cells (RBC) for the

first 4 mon of life in 17 breast-fed and 16 formula-fed term infants.

The formula used did not contain LCPUFA, but contained 1.7 wt%

alpha-linolenic acid, and the linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid ratio was

8.5. The increase in visual acuity measured by Teller acuity cards

developed more rapidly in breast-fed infants compared to formula-fed

infants (P < 0.001). This was parallelled by a decrease in DHA of RBC

in formula-fed infants, and with a significantly lower level at two

and four months as compared to breast-fed infants. The content of DHA

in milk from the breast-feeding mothers was high compared to other

Western countries. The difference in visual acuity between the two

feeding groups could be due to differences in DHA status as reflected

by the RBC levels, but other explanations are possible. Intervention

studies are required to verify if development of visual acuity in

term formula-fed infants is dependent on the DHA level of formula.

94. Turek, J. J., Schoenlein, I. A., Watkins, B. A., Van Alstine, W.

G., Clark, L. K., & Knox, K. (1996). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty

acids modulate responses of pigs to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

infection. J Nutr, 126(6), 1541-1548.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are immunomodulators, but few

studies have examined how these dietary components influence

infectious respiratory disease. Groups of nine pigs were fed casein

and corn starch-based diets containing 10.5 g/100 g corn oil (CO),

linseed oil (LO), menhaden oil (MO), linseed + corn oil (LC, 1:1) and

menhaden + corn oil (MC, 1:1). As a methodological control, one group

of pigs (n = 15) was fed a commercial ration (control diet; C). Pigs

inoculated intratracheally with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae after 4 wk

of consuming the diets were killed 3 wk later. Gross lung lesions in

MO-fed pigs were less (P < 0.05) than those in LC- and MC-fed pigs.

Pigs fed MO had less peribronchial inflammation (P < 0.05) than all

other groups. Gross lung lesions correlated negatively with basal in

vitro alveolar macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in

pigs fed diets that contained negligible levels of (n-3) PUFA (C and

CO). Basal macrophage TNF production did not correlate with lung

lesion scores for diets containing more (n-3) PUFA than C or CO (LO,

MO, LC and MC). For pigs fed the LO, MO, LC and MC diets, mean gross

lung lesions increased as the mean ratio of (n-3):(n-6) PUFA in

alveolar macrophage lipids decreased. Serum levels of alpha1 acid

glycoprotein (AGP) were less (P < 0.05) in pigs fed MO, and there was

a rise in mean lung lesions scores for each PUFA-fed group as mean

AGP levels increased. These results indicate that dietary PUFA can

affect disease pathogenesis and that the (n-3):(n-6) PUFA ratio may

modulate the host response.

95. Huyghebaert, G. (1995). Incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty

acids in egg yolk fat at varying dietary fat levels and compositions.

Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde, 59(2), 145-152.

One feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of different

dietary levels (0-3-6-9%) and combinations of lard, soybean oil, and

flax seed oil on the fatty acid composition of the egg yolk lipid.

Special attention was given to the compositional stability of these

fats. The results were evaluated by response surface modeling. 2. The

apparent deposition rate of total lipid and fatty acids as well

depended on both the dietary level and the metabolic pathway of the

fatty acids (de novo synthesis, rate of transfer,...). 3. The

u/s-ratio of the yolk fat varied from 2.0 To 3.1. The major changes

in yolk fatty acids were within the c18-unsaturates, whereby changes

in c18-pufas were balanced by proportional changes in oleic acid. The

results indicated no de novo synthesis for the c18-pufas. The maximum

incorporation levels for linoleic and linolenic acid were 33.5 And

19.8%, Respectively. The omega-6/omega-3-ratio's of the yolk eat were

obviously higher than those of; the respective dietary fat

combinations. 4. No differences in sensory characteristics were

observed.

Sunflower Seeds/ Flax/ Cholesterol/ Metabolism.

96. Boudreau, M. D., Chanmugam, P. S., Hart, S. B., Lee, S. H., &

Hwang, D. H. (1991). Lack of dose response by dietary n-3 fatty acids

at a constant ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in suppressing

eicosanoid biosynthesis from arachidonic acid. Am J Clin Nutr, 54(1),

111-117.

This study evaluated whether it is the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty

acids or the absolute amount of n-3 fatty acids in diets that

determines the degree of inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis from

arachidonic acid (AA). Rats were fed diets containing different doses

of linolenic acid or menhaden oil for 3 mo. Constant ratios of n-3 to

n-6 fatty acids were maintained by concomitant increases in safflower

oil as the n-6 fatty acid source. Results showed that AA

concentrations in liver, platelet, and lung phospholipids and

concentrations of eicosanoids synthesized in tissues were

significantly (P less than 0.05) suppressed both by linolenic acid

and menhaden oil; however, there was a lack of a dose response within

groups fed different amounts of the same dietary fat. These results

indicate that the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in the diets,

rather than the absolute amount of n-3 fatty acids, is the

determining factor in inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis from AA.

Animal/ Arachidonic Acids/ *Metabolism/ Blood Platelets/ Chemistry/

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/ *Administration & Dosage/ Dose-Response

Relationship, Drug/ Eicosanoids/ *Biosynthesis/ Fatty Acids, Omega-3/

*Administration & Dosage/ Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/ *Administration &

Dosage/ Fish Oils/ Administration & Dosage/ Linolenic Acids/

Administration & Dosage/ Liver/ Chemistry/ Lung/ Chemistry/ Male/

Phospholipids/ Chemistry/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred Strains/ Support,

Non-U.s. Gov't/ Support, U.s. Gov't, Non-P.h.s./ Support, U.s. Gov't,

P.h.s.

97. Isensee, H., & Jacob, R. (1994). Differential effects of various

oil diets on the risk of cardiac arrhythmias in rats. J Cardiovasc

Risk, 1(4), 353-359.

Independently of the problem of atherogenesis, the amount and type of

fat intake influences the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. However, the

relative effectiveness of different fats and the underlying

mechanisms are controversial. The aim of the present study was to

compare the effects of various oil-enriched diets on the risk of

ventricular arrhythmias in rat hearts under conditions of ischaemia

and reperfusion and to help clarify the mechanisms underlying the

differing effects of the oils on the occurrence of arrhythmias.

METHODS: Over a 10-week period, we studied five groups of young male

Wistar rats given a low-fat chow diet or one enriched with 10%

hydrogenated coconut oil, corn oil, linseed oil or sardine oil.

Electrocardiograms were recorded from the isolated hearts

(Langendorff preparation) perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit

solution. Ischaemia was induced by a 20 min occlusion of the left

anterior descending coronary artery. In another series of

experiments, a 10 min occlusion was followed by a 20 min reperfusion

period. The times between the first occurrence of extrasystole and

the incidence of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation were

determined. The size of the ischaemic zone was assessed using

malachite green. The fatty acid composition of the myocardial tissue

was analysed using gas chromatography. RESULTS: An increase in the

risk of ventricular arrhythmias under conditions of both ischaemia

and reperfusion was obvious in the rats that consumed large

quantities of saturated fatty acids (coconut oil) and in the group

with a very low intake of fat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs),

particularly fish oil, exerted a protective effect. The incidence of

ventricular fibrillation was 75% in the low-fat group, 67% in the

coconut-oil group, 44% in the corn-oil group, 40% in the linseed-oil

group and 10% in the fish-oil group. The time until the first

occurrence of extrasystole, the incidence of ventricular tachycardia

and the incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation

were influenced in a similar manner. The size of the ischaemic zone

was significantly reduced in the groups given diets enriched with

PUFAs. All protective effects were abolished, however, by

cyclooxygenase inhibition with aspirin. The fatty acid composition of

myocardial tissue, the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids and the

double-bond index were significantly affected by the various diets.

CONCLUSION: Whereas saturated fatty acids are obviously

proarrhythmic, diets enriched with n-6 or n-3 PUFAs both exert

antiarrhythmic effects. Although n-3 fatty acids seem to be more

effective, cardioprotection cannot simply be related to the

replacement of n-6 by n-3 fatty acids in cardiac membrane

phospholipids, given the beneficial effects of corn oil. In any case,

replacement of n-3 by n-6 fatty acids is not the underlying

mechanism. The overall reduction of prostaglandin formation cannot be

the primary mechanism because the beneficial effects of diets rich in

PUFAs were abolished by cyclooxygenase inhibition. We conlcude that,

besides prostacyclin (PGI2 or PGI3), membrane fluidity and

accompanying alterations in functional membrane proteins (e.g.

protection from calcium overload) are key factors apart from vascular

effects that influence the size of the ischaemic zone.

98. Carrick, J. B., Schnellmann, R. G., & Moore, J. N. (1994).

Dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids affects endotoxin-induced

peritoneal macrophage tumor necrosis factor and eicosanoid synthesis.

Shock, 2(6), 421-426.

The effect of 8 weeks of feeding diets enriched with corn oil,

linseed oil, or menhaden oil on endotoxin- and calcium ionophore

(A23187)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and eicosanoid synthesis

by rat peritoneal macrophages was determined. The fatty acid

composition of macrophage phospholipids and TNF activity and

eicosanoid synthesis in response to endotoxin and A23187 were

determined. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids in macrophages

from linseed oil or menhaden oil-fed rats decreased approximately 24-

and 55-fold, respectively. Basal and endotoxin-induced synthesis of

TNF was increased by ingestion of the menhaden oil diet but not by

the linseed oil diet. Ingestion of the menhaden oil and linseed oil

diets significantly reduced basal, endotoxin-, and A23187-induced

synthesis of eicosanoids compared with the corn oil group. Ingestion

of the menhaden oil diet resulted in a greater decrease in eicosanoid

synthesis than the linseed oil diet.

Linseed oil/ Omega-3 fatty acids/ Rats.

99. Calder, P. C., Bond, J. A., Harvey, D. J., Gordon, S., &

Newsholme, E. A. (1990). Uptake and incorporation of saturated and

unsaturated fatty acids into macrophage lipids and their effect upon

macrophage adhesion and phagocytosis. Biochem J, 269(3), 807-814.

Murine thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were cultured

in the presence of a variety of fatty acids added as complexes with

bovine serum albumin. All fatty acids tested were taken up readily by

the cells and both neutral and phospholipid fractions were enriched

with the fatty acid provided in the medium. This generated a range of

cells enriched in saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty

acids, including n-3 acids of fish oil origin. Saturated fatty acid

enrichment enhanced macrophage adhesion to both tissue culture

plastic and bacterial plastic compared with enrichment with

polyunsaturated fatty acids. Macrophages enriched with the saturated

fatty acids myristate or palmitate showed decreases of 28% and 21%

respectively in their ability to phagocytose unopsonized zymosan

particles. Those enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids showed

25-55% enhancement of phagocytic capacity. The greatest rate of

uptake was with arachidonate-enriched cells. Phagocytic rate was

highly correlated with the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio,

percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid and index of unsaturation,

except for macrophages enriched with fish-oil-derived fatty acids;

they showed lower phagocytic activity than expected on the basis of

their degree of unsaturation. These results suggest that membrane

fluidity is important in determining macrophage adhesion and

phagocytic activity. However, in the case of phagocytosis, this

effect may be partially overcome if the cells are enriched with

fish-oil-derived fatty acids. Thus it may be possible to modulate the

activity of cells of the immune system, and so an immune response, by

dietary lipid manipulation.

Animal/ Arachidonic Acids/ Metabolism/ Pharmacology/ Cell Adhesion/

Drug Effects/ *Physiology/ Cell Survival/ Drug Effects/ Fatty Acids/

*Metabolism/ Pharmacology/ Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/ *Metabolism/

Pharmacology/ Linoleic Acids/ Metabolism/ Pharmacology/ Linolenic

Acids/ Metabolism/ Pharmacology/ Lipids/ *Metabolism/ Macrophages/

*Metabolism/ Physiology/ Male/ Mice/ Myristates/ Metabolism/

Pharmacology/ Oleic Acids/ Metabolism/ Pharmacology/ Palmitates/

Metabolism/ Pharmacology/ Phagocytosis/ Drug Effects/ *Physiology/

Stearates/ Metabolism/ Pharmacology/ Support, Non-U.s. Gov't/

5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid/ Metabolism/ Pharmacology.

100. Ghebremeskel, K., Leighfield, M., Leaf, A., Costeloe, K., &

Crawford, M. (1995). Fatty acid composition of plasma and red cell

phospholipids of preterm babies fed on breast milk and formulae. Eur

J Pediatr, 154(1), 46-52.

Fatty acids of plasma and red cells of preterm babies, gestational

age 28-33 weeks, weighing less than 2200 g were studied between birth

and the expected date of delivery (EDD). Babies were fed either

mothers' breast milk, or if they were unable, or chose not to

breast-feed, randomly assigned to milk formula A or B. Milk B had 26%

oleic acid, 0.5% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 0.12% arachidonic

(AA); A had 13% oleic acid, less than 0.05% AA and no DHA. The

proportions of gamma linoleic and the other fatty acids, and the

ratio of linoleic acid (LA)/alpha linolenic acid (ALA) were

comparable in the two formulae. Diet and/or physiological adaptation

seemed to be responsible for the significant changes in the

proportions of certain fatty acids between birth and EDD.

Incorporation of DHA in formula B increased its concentration in

plasma and red cells, and reduced the conversion of LA to AA. With

respect to maintenance of DHA status, milk B was superior to milk A

but did not match breast milk. CONCLUSION: Fortification of formula

with DHA without concomitant incorporation of AA may precipitate AA

insufficiency and may have developmental implications.

Lactation/ Infant formula/ Fatty Acids/ plasma/ red cell

phospholipids.

101. de Lorgeril, M., Renaud, S., Mamelle, N., Salen, P., Martin, J.

L., Monjaud, I., Guidollet, J., Touboul, P., & Delaye, J. (1995).

Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention

of coronary heart disease [see comments] [published erratum appears

in Lancet 1995 Mar 18;345(8951):738]. Lancet, 345, 738.

Comment in: Lancet 1994 Jun 11;343(8911):1445. Comment in: Lancet

1994 Aug 6;344(8919):407. Comment in: Lancet 1994 Aug

27;344(8922):622. Comment in: Lancet 1994 Sep 24;344(8926):893-4.

Comment in: ACP J Club 1994 Nov-Dec;121(3):59.

In a prospective, randomised single-blinded secondary prevention

trial we compared the effect of a Mediterranean alpha-linolenic

acid-rich diet to the usual post-infarct prudent diet. After a first

myocardial infarction, patients were randomly assigned to the

experimental (n = 302) or control group (n = 303). Patients were seen

again 8 weeks after randomisation, and each year for 5 years. The

experimental group consumed significantly less lipids, saturated fat,

cholesterol, and linoleic acid but more oleic and alpha-linolenic

acids confirmed by measurements in plasma. Serum lipids, blood

pressure, and body mass index remained similar in the 2 groups. In

the experimental group, plasma levels of albumin, vitamin E, and

vitamin C were increased, and granulocyte count decreased. After a

mean follow up of 27 months, there were 16 cardiac deaths in the

control and 3 in the experimental group; 17 non-fatal myocardial

infarction in the control and 5 in the experimental groups: a risk

ratio for these two main endpoints combined of 0.27 (95% CI

0.12-0.59, p = 0.001) after adjustment for prognostic variables.

Overall mortality was 20 in the control, 8 in the experimental group,

an adjusted risk ratio of 0.30 (95% CI 0.11-0.82, p = 0.02). An

alpha-linolenic acid-rich Mediterranean diet seems to be more

efficient than presently used diets in the secondary prevention of

coronary events and death.

Alpha-Linolenic Acid/ *Administration & Dosage/ Coronary Disease/

Mortality/ *Prevention & Control/ Female/ Follow-Up Studies/ Human/

Male/ Middle Age/ Proportional Hazards Models/ Prospective Studies/

Risk Factors/ Single-Blind Method/ Support, Non-U.s. Gov't/ Survival

Analysis.

102. Garg, M. L., Wierzbicki, A. A., Thomson, A. B., & Clandinin, M.

T. (1989). Dietary saturated fat level alters the competition between

alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid. Lipids, 24(4), 334-339.

Male weanling rats were fed semi-synthetic diets high in saturated

fat (beef tallow) vs high in linoleic acid (safflower oil) with or

without high levels of alpha-linolenic acid (linseed oil) for a

period of 28 days. The effect of feeding these diets on cholesterol

content and fatty acid composition of serum and liver lipids was

examined. Feeding flax oil with beef tallow or safflower oil had no

significant effect on serum levels of cholesterol. Serum cholesterol

concentration was higher in animals fed the safflower oil diet than

in animals fed the beef tallow diet without flax oil. Feeding flax

oil lowered the cholesterol content in liver tissue for all dietary

treatments tested. Consumption of flax oil reduced the arachidonic

acid content with concomitant increase in linoleic acid in serum and

liver lipid fractions only when fed in combination with beef tallow,

but not when fed with safflower oil. Similarly, omega 3 fatty acids

(18:3 omega 3, 20:5 omega 3, 22:5 omega 3, 22:6 omega 3) replaced

omega 6 fatty acids (20:4 omega 6, 22:4 omega 6, 22:5 omega 6) in

serum and liver lipid fractions to a greater extent when linseed oil

was fed with beef tallow than with safflower oil. The results suggest

that the dietary ratio of linoleic acid to saturated fatty acids or

of 18:3 omega 3 to 18:2 omega 6 may be important to determine the

cholesterol and arachidonic acid lowering effect of dietary

alpha-linolenic acid.

Animal/ Body Weight/ Drug Effects/ Cholesterol/ Blood/ Comparative

Study/ Dietary Fats/ *Administration & Dosage/ Linoleic Acids/

*Metabolism/ Linolenic Acids/ *Metabolism/ Linseed Oil/

Administration & Dosage/ Liver/ Drug Effects/ Metabolism/ Male/ Organ

Weight/ Drug Effects/ Phospholipids/ Metabolism/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred

Strains/ Safflower Oil/ Administration & Dosage/ Support, Non-U.s.

Gov't/ Triglycerides/ Metabolism/ Flax Seed/ Flax.

103. Calder, P. C., Yaqoob, P., Harvey, D. J., Watts, A., &

Newsholme, E. A. (1994). Incorporation of fatty acids by concanavalin

A-stimulated lymphocytes and the effect on fatty acid composition and

membrane fluidity. Biochem J, 300 ( Pt 2), 509-518.

The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipid and phospholipid

fractions of rat lymph node lymphocytes were characterized.

Stimulation of rat lymphocytes with the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A

resulted in significant changes in the fatty acid composition of both

neutral lipids and phospholipids (a decrease in the proportions of

stearic, linoleic and arachidonic acids and an increase in the

proportion of oleic acid). Membrane fluidity was measured using

nitroxide spin-label e.s.r., and increased during culture with

concanavalin A. Culturing the lymphocytes in the absence of mitogen

did not affect fatty acid composition or membrane fluidity. The

uptake and fate of palmitic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids

were studied in detail; there was a time-dependent incorporation of

each fatty acid into all lipid classes but each fatty acid had a

characteristic fate. Palmitic and arachidonic acids were incorporated

principally into phospholipids whereas oleic and linoleic acids were

incorporated in similar proportions into phospholipids and

triacylglycerols. Oleic acid was incorporated mainly into

phosphatidylcholine, palmitic and linoleic acids were incorporated

equally into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and

arachidonic acid was incorporated mainly into

phosphatidylethanolamine. Supplementation of the culture medium with

particular fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic,

alpha-linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic

acid) led to enrichment of that fatty acid in both neutral lipids and

phospholipids. This generated lymphocytes with phospholipids

differing in saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio, degree of

polyunsaturation, index of unsaturation and n - 6/n - 3 ratio. This

method allowed the introduction into lymphocyte phospholipids of

fatty acids not normally present (e.g. alpha-linolenic) or usually

present in low proportions (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic).

These three n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids replaced arachidonic

acid in lymphocyte phospholipids. Fatty acid incorporation led to an

alteration in lymphocyte membrane fluidity: palmitic and stearic

acids decreased fluidity whereas the unsaturated fatty acids

increased fluidity. It is proposed that the changes in lymphocyte

phospholipid fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity brought

about by culture in the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids are

responsible for the inhibition of lymphocyte functions caused by

these fatty acids.

Rats/ Polyunsaturated fatty acids.

104. Henry, M. M., Moore, J. N., Feldman, E. B., Fischer, J. K., &

Russell, B. (1990). Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on equine

monocyte procoagulant activity and eicosanoid synthesis. Circ Shock,

32(3), 173-188.

To investigate the effects of an omega-3 fatty acid-enriched ration

on the in vitro response of equine monocytes to endotoxin, an 8-week

feeding trial was conducted in which linseed oil served as the source

of the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. One group of horses

was fed a control pelleted ration and the other group was fed an 8%

linseed oil-enriched pelleted ration. After 8 weeks of feeding,

monocytes were isolated and incubated in the presence of Escherichia

coli O55:B5 endotoxin for 6 hr. After 8 weeks on the rations, the

mean procoagulant activity and thromboxane B2 production by

endotoxin-stimulated monocytes from horses consuming the linseed oil

ration decreased by 51% and 71%, respectively, compared with cells

from horses consuming the control ration. There was no difference in

monocyte synthesis of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid or leukotriene

B4 between groups. Fatty acid analysis of membrane phospholipids

revealed a decrease in the omega-6:omega-3 ratio in monocytes from

horses consuming the linseed oil ration. These data suggest that

dietary supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid may modify the

response to endotoxin by reducing the synthesis of potentially

harmful cellular mediators.

Animal/ *Blood Coagulation/ Calcimycin/ Pharmacology/ Dietary Fats,

Unsaturated/ *Pharmacology/ Eicosanoids/ *Biosynthesis/ Endotoxins/

Pharmacology/ Escherichia Coli/ Fatty Acids/ Blood/ Female/ Horses/

*Blood/ Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/ Biosynthesis/ Leukotriene B4/

Biosynthesis/ Linolenic Acids/ *Pharmacology/ Linseed Oil/

Pharmacology/ Male/ Membrane Lipids/ Blood/ Monocytes/ Drug Effects/

*Physiology/ Phospholipids/ Blood/ Support, Non-U.s. Gov't/

Thromboxane B2/ Biosynthesis.

105. Anderson, R. E., Maude, M. B., Acland, G., & Aguirre, G. D.

(1994). Plasma lipid changes in PRCD-affected and normal miniature

poodles given oral supplements of flaxseed oil. Indications for the

involvement of n-3 fatty acids in inherited retinal degenerations.

Exp Eye Res, 58(2), 129-137.

It has previously been shown that miniature poodles with progressive

rod-cone degeneration (PRCD) have lower plasma levels of

docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) than normal poodles and it has been

suggested that affected animals have a defect in the metabolism of

22:6n-3. To test this hypothesis in vivo, PRCD-affected and normal

miniature poodles were given daily oral supplements of flaxseed oil

(enriched in 18:3n-3). Blood was drawn from food-deprived animals at

predetermined times before, during and after supplementation, and

plasma lipid fatty acids were analysed. There were no differences in

the levels of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3 between affected and

normal dogs. Therefore, there appears to be no abnormality in the

elongation and desaturation system that takes 18:3n-3 to 22:5n-3.

Surprisingly, the plasma level of 22:6n-3 was reduced in both groups

following supplementation, but to a significantly greater extent in

affected dogs. This resulted in a significantly higher

22:5n-3/22:6n-3 ratio in affected animals. These results support the

earlier suggestion of an abnormality in 22:6n-3 metabolism in

PRCD-affected miniature poodles. To determine the effect of n-3

supplementation on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in dogs (not

as a function of disease), results from both groups of dogs were

pooled and compared at times before and near the end of

supplementation. Dietary 18:3n-3 led to predictable increases in

18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3, but to a decrease in 22:6n-3.(ABSTRACT

TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS).

Linseed oil/ Retina / Canine/ Dogs.

106. Holman, R. T., Johnson, S. B., & Hatch, T. F. (1982). A case of

human linolenic acid deficiency involving neurological abnormalities.

Am J Clin Nutr, 35(3), 617-623.

A 6-yr-old girl who lost 300 cm of intestine was maintained by total

parenteral nutrition. After 5 months on a preparation rich in

linoleic acid but low in linolenic acid she experienced episodes of

numbness, paresthesia, weakness, inability to walk, pain in the legs,

and blurring of vision. Diagnostic analysis of fatty acids of serum

lipids revealed marginal linoleate deficiency and significant

deficiency of linolenate. When the regimen was changed to emulsion

containing linolenic acid neurological symptoms disappeared. Analysis

indicated that linoleate deficiency had worsened but linolenate

deficiency had been corrected. The requirement for linolenic acid is

estimated to be about 0.54% of calories.

Case Report/ Child/ Female/ Human/ Linoleic Acids/ Administration &

Dosage/ Linolenic Acids/ *Deficiency/ Nervous System Diseases/

*Etiology/ Parenteral Nutrition, Total/ Adverse Effects/ Paresthesia/

Etiology/ Phospholipids/ Blood/ Support, U.s. Gov't, P.h.s./ Vision

Disorders/ Etiology.

107. Marshall, L. A., & Johnston, P. V. (1983). The effect of dietary

alpha-linolenic acid in the rat on fatty acid profiles of

immunocompetent cell populations. Lipids, 18(10), 737-742.

Analysis of diet-induced fatty acid changes in the major

phospholipids of various immune cell populations has not been

previously documented, particularly modifications induced by dietary

alpha-linolenic acid. Rats were fed purified diets containing either

10% corn oil (CO), 10% linseed oil (LO) or 10% soybean oil-linseed

mixture (SL) for 8 weeks. The alpha-linolenic to linoleic acid ratios

of the diets were 1:32, 1:1 and 3:1, respectively. Fatty acid

analysis of cell populations isolated from he spleen, thymus,

thoracic cavity and peripheral blood phospholipids showed increases

in omega 3 fatty acids accompanied by decreases in the omega 6 fatty

acids when diets high in alpha-linolenic to linoleic acid ratios were

fed. The extent of change observed was dependent on the magnitude of

the alpha-linolenic to linoleic acid ratio. Both magnitude of change

and the specific fatty acids altered varied with the cell population

examined.

Animal/ B-Lymphocytes/ Drug Effects/ *Metabolism/ Dietary Fats/

*Pharmacology/ Fatty Acids/ *Blood/ Linolenic Acids/ *Pharmacology/

Male/ Phospholipids/ Metabolism/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred Strains/ Support,

U.s. Gov't, Non-P.h.s./ T-Lymphocytes/ Drug Effects/ *Metabolism.

108. Williams, M. A., Zingheim, R. W., King, I. B., & Zebelman, A. M.

(1995). Omega-3 fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes and risk of

preeclampsia. Epidemiology, 6(3), 232-237.

Preeclampsia is a systemic disease characterized by diffuse

endothelial dysfunction, increased peripheral vascular resistance,

coagulation abnormalities, antioxidant deficiency, persistent

elevations of maternal leukocyte-derived cytokines, and

hyperlipidemia. Fish oil, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty

acids, is known to reduce fasting and postprandial triglycerides and

to decrease platelet and leukocyte reactivity; it may also decrease

blood pressure. Additionally, omega-3 fatty acids may beneficially

influence vessel wall characteristics and blood rheology. In light of

the potential beneficial effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids, we

conducted a cross-sectional case-control study to examine the

hypothesized exposure-effect relation between maternal dietary intake

of marine omega-3 fatty acids and risk of preeclampsia. We measured

polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocytes obtained from 22

preeclamptic women and 40 normotensive women; we measured

polyunsaturated fatty acids as the percentage of total fatty acids

from gas chromatography. We employed logistic regression procedures

to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

After adjusting for confounders, women with the lowest levels of

omega-3 fatty acids were 7.6 times more likely to have had their

pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia as compared with those women

with the highest levels of omega-3 fatty acids (95% CI = 1.4-40.6). A

15% increase in the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids was

associated with a 46% reduction in risk of preeclampsia (OR = 0.54;

95% CI = 0.41-0.72). Low erythrocyte levels of omega-3 fatty acids

and high levels of some omega-6 fatty acids, particularly arachidonic

acid, appear to be associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.

Adult/ Biological Markers/ Case-Control Studies/ Chromatography, Gas/

Cross-Sectional Studies/ Energy Intake/ Erythrocyte Membrane/

Chemistry/ Erythrocytes/ *Metabolism/ Fatty Acids, Omega-3/

*Administration & Dosage/ Blood/ Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/

Administration & Dosage/ Blood/ Female/ Human/ Pre-Eclampsia/ Blood/

*Epidemiology/ Pregnancy/ Regression Analysis/ Risk Factors/ Support,

Non-U.s. Gov't/ Washington/ Epidemiology.

109. Cherian, G., & Sim, J. S. (1996). Changes in the breast milk

fatty acids and plasma lipids of nursing mothers following

consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched eggs.

Nutrition, 12(1), 8-12.

The effect of chicken eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acids on breast

milk and plasma fatty acids was determined in eight nursing women.

The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enriched eggs (n-3 eggs)

contained 690 mg of n-3 fatty acid with 165 mg composed of longer

chain n-3 fatty acid (C20:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3, and C22:6 n-3). Consuming

two n-3 eggs as a part of their normal daily meal for 6 wk resulted

in a significant (p < 0.05) deposition of total n-3 fatty acids at

3.6% compared with 1.9% for the pretest milk and a reduction in

n-6:n-3 ratio (6.7 vs. 3.0). The C20 and C22 n-3 PUFA comprised 1.2%

compared with 0.4% in the pretest milk (p < 0.05). Consuming n-3 eggs

did not (p > 0.05) alter the C20:4 n-6 or the total n-6 fatty acid

content of breast milk. Mean plasma total cholesterol and

triglycerides were unchanged at the end of the 6-wk trial. Analysis

of the breast milk lipids revealed increased (p < 0.05) predominance

of n-6 and n-3 PUFA in the milk phospholipids over triglycerides.

Positional distribution of phospholipid fatty acids indicated 20:4

n-6 and 20:5 n-3 in the sn-2 position, whereas the sn-1 position had

increased levels of C16:0 and C18:0 (p < 0.05). The present study

demonstrates that breast milk n-3 PUFA content can be increased

without altering the plasma cholesterol or triglycerides when the n-3

PUFA eggs were consumed by nursing women.

Cholesterol/ Blood/ Dietary Fats/ Administration & Dosage/ *Eggs/

Fatty Acids/ *Metabolism/ Fatty Acids, Omega-3/ *Administration &

Dosage/ Metabolism/ Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/ Metabolism/ Female/

Human/ *Lactation/ Lipids/ *Blood/ Milk, Human/ *Metabolism/

Phospholipids/ Metabolism/ Support, Non-U.s. Gov't/ Triglycerides/

Blood.

110. Peterson, D. B., Fisher, K., Carter, R. D., & Mann, J. (1994).

Fatty acid composition of erythrocytes and plasma triglyceride and

cardiovascular risk in Asian diabetic patients. Lancet, 344(8928),

1030-1031.

Comment in: Lancet 1994 Jun 18;343(8912):1518. Comment in: Lancet

1994 Oct 8;344(8928):1030. Comment in: Lancet 1994 Oct

8;344(8928):1030-1.

The excess of coronary heart disease in Indian Asians compared with

Europeans is unexplained by conventional risk factors, although the

high prevalence of diabetes may play a part. To explore the

contribution of diet we compared the fatty acid composition of

erythrocyte membrane phospholipid and plasma triglyceride in 36

Gujarati Asians and 24 Europeans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Erythrocytes from Asian subjects contained higher proportions of

linoleic, dihomogammalinolenic, and arachidonic acids, and lower

proportions of oleic and n-3 series fatty acids; triglycerides

contained higher linoleic and lower oleic acid levels. For example,

mean percentage (SE) of oleic acid (18:1n-9) in erythrocytes was 16.7

(0.2) in Asians and 20.5 (0.6) in Europeans (p = 0.0001), and total

n-6:n-3 ratio was, respectively, 12.8 (0.7) and 6.7 (0.7) (p =

0.0001). A high dietary intake of linoleic acid may not be

cardioprotective unless balanced by significant intakes of oleic and

n-3 series fatty acids, at least in diabetic Indian Asians. By

itself, the conventional recommendation to substitute polyunsaturated

for saturated fat in the diet may be inadequate to reduce

thrombogenesis, and the overall balance of fatty acids, including

monounsaturates, should be considered.

Arachidonic Acids/ Analysis/ Cardiovascular Diseases/ Ethnology/

*Etiology/ Comparative Study/ Diabetes Mellitus,

Non-Insulin-Dependent/ *Blood/ Complications/ Ethnology/ Dietary

Fats/ Metabolism/ Erythrocyte Membrane/ *Chemistry/ Europe/

Ethnology/ Fatty Acids/ *Analysis/ Female/ Human/ India/ Ethnology/

Male/ Middle Age/ Phospholipids/ Chemistry/ Risk Factors/

Triglycerides/ *Blood/ Chemistry.

111. Pedersen, J. I. (1991). Nordic recommended dietary allowances

for omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. World Rev Nutr Diet , 66,

161-164.

The evidence now available clearly indicates that a-linolenic acid

and the w3 family of longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are

essential for man as for animals. Linoleic acid should provide 5% and

linolenic acid and other w3 fatty acids 1% of the energy intake.

Adult/ Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/ *Administration & Dosage/ Fatty

Acids, Omega-3/ *Administration & Dosage/ Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/

*Administration & Dosage/ Female/ Human/ Infant/ Pregnancy.

112. Sakai, K., Okuyama, H., Kon, K., Maeda, N., Sekiya, M., Shiga,

T., & Reitz, R. C. (1990). Effects of high alpha-linolenate and

linoleate diets on erythrocyte deformability and hematological

indices in rats. Lipids, 25(12), 793-797.

Rats were fed either a high alpha-linolenate diet or a high linoleate

diet from weaning to 4 mon of age. Soybean oil was used as a control.

Phospholipid compositions of erythrocytes from the three dietary

groups were not significantly different. However, the difference in

the alpha-linolenate (18:3n-3)/linoleate (18:2n-6) ratio of the diets

was reflected in the n-3/n-6 ratios of the 20 and 22 carbon highly

unsaturated fatty acids except for docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in

the phospholipids. Despite the significant differences in the fatty

acid compositions of phospholipids, no measurable differences were

detectable in erythrocyte deformability, whole blood viscosity and

hematological indices of the three dietary groups. These results

indicate that the beneficial effects of the high alpha-linolenate

diet, as compared with the high linoleate diet, are exerted without

significant changes in these parameters.

Animal/ Blood/ *Drug Effects/ Cholesterol/ Blood/ *Diet/ Dietary

Fats/ *Administration & Dosage/ Pharmacology/ Erythrocyte

Deformability/ *Drug Effects/ Erythrocytes/ Chemistry/ Fatty Acids/

Analysis/ Linolenic Acids/ *Administration & Dosage/ Pharmacology/

Male/ Phospholipids/ Blood/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred Strains.

113. Mohrhauer, H., & Holman, R. (1963). Effect of linolenic acid

upon the metabolism of linoleic acid. J Nutrition, 81, 67-74.

Weanling rats were fed a fat-fre diet supplemented with highly

purified linoleate and linolenate combined in several ratios. The

fatty acid composition of lipids of liver, heart and adipose tissue

was analyzed by gas chromatography. Increasing amounts of dietary

linolenate suppressed the levels of arachidonate in tissue lipids,

thus showing that the conversion of linoleate to arachidonate is

inhibited by dietary linolenate.

Metabolism/ Linolenic acid/ ratio / essentiality.

114. Otsuji, S., N Shibata, H Hirota, H Akagami, & A Wada. (1993).

Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid attenuates tissue damage in

experimental myocardial infarction. Japanese Circ J, 57(4), 335-343.

We examined the effects of dietary supplementation with

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on experimental cardiovascular myocardial

infarction in dogs. Twenty-five dogs were fed standard diets, 10 of

which were supplemented with EPA-ester (100 mg/kg body weight/day)

for 8 weeks, while 15 served as controls. After ingestiing EPA for 8

weeks, the ratio of EPA to arachidonic acid (AA) in platelet cell

membranes significantly increased (from 0.033 to 0.105; p < 0.01).

The chemotactic response of neutrophils to leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was

reduced in the EPA group (34% reduction at 10(-6 M LTB4, p < 0.01).

Also in the EPA group, the amount of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid,

one of the chemotactic products of AA in infarcted myocardium, was

reduced to 40% (p < 0.05). EPA treatment resulted in significant

reduction in the ultimate size of the infarcted area. Contractile

function of infarcted myocardium was well-preserved in the EPA group.

Myeloperoxidase activity, an indication of the infiltration of

neutrophils into the infarcted myocardium, was less in the EPA group

than in the controls (0.68 +/- 0.25 U/0.1 gr. vs 1.22 +/- 0.55 U/0.1

gr., p < 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that dietary supplementation

with EPA attenuates ischemic myocardial damage through inhibition of

neutrophilic infiltration into the infarcted myocardium.

cardiovascular.

115. Koletzko, B. (1987). Omega-3 fatty acid requirement [letter]. Am

J Clin Nutr, 46, 374-377.

*Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/ Human/ Nutritional Requirements/

Parenteral Nutrition, Total/ *5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid/

Deficiency/ LNA .

116. Shimokawa, T., Moriuchi, A., Hori, T., Saito, M., Naito, Y.,

Kabasawa, H., Nagae, Y., Matsubara, M., & Okuyama, H. (1988). Effect

of dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance on mean survival time,

incidence of stroke and blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive

rats. Life Sci, 43(25), 2067-2075.

Following the suckling period, stroke-prone spontaneously

hypertensive rats (SHR-SP) were fed semi-purified diets supplemented

either with safflower seed oil (rich in linoleic acid) or with

perilla seed oil (rich in alpha-linolenic acid). The mean survival

time of male SHR-SP fed the perilla diet was longer than that fed the

safflower diet by 17% (p less than 0.001) while the difference was

15% in female SHR-SP (p less than 0.05). The mean survival times of

female SHR-SP were more than 40% longer than those of male SHR-SP in

both dietary groups. Post-mortem examinations of brains revealed

apoplexy-related symptoms as the major cause of the death in both

dietary groups. The systolic blood pressure was lower by ca. 10% (21

mmHg) in the perilla group than in both the safflower group and

conventional diet group. The eicosapentaenoate (20:5

n-3)/arachidonate (20:4 n-6) ratio of platelet phospholipids in

spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a measure of platelet

aggregability, was much higher in the perilla group than in the

safflower group. Thus, increasing the dietary

alpha-linolenate/linoleate ratio resulted in an increased mean

survival time of SHR-SP rats, possibly by lowering blood pressure and

platelet aggregability.

Animal/ Blood Pressure/ *Drug Effects/ Cerebrovascular Disorders/

Prevention & Control/ *Physiopathology/ Dietary Fats/ *Pharmacology/

Female/ Linoleic Acids/ *Pharmacology/ Linolenic Acids/

*Pharmacology/ Longevity/ *Drug Effects/ Male/ Plant Oils/

*Pharmacology/ Platelet Aggregation/ Drug Effects/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred

Shr/ Rats, Inbred Wky/ Reference Values/ Safflower Oil/

*Pharmacology/ Sex Factors/ Support, Non-U.s. Gov't.

117. Singer, P., Berger, I., Gerhard, U., Wirth, M., Moritz, V., &

Forster, D. (1987). Changes of N-6 and N-3 fatty acids in liver from

spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats after diets

supplemented with alpha-linolenic or eicosapentaenoic acids.

Prostaglandins Leukot Med, 28(2), 183-193.

In spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats (WKY),

diets supplemented with n-3 fatty acids of different chain length

(alpha-linolenic acid, LNA-C 18:3, n-3 with flaxseed oil and

eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA-C 20:5, n-3 with cod liver oil) were fed

over a period of 22 weeks. A diet with commercially available pellets

served as control. After the LNA-rich diet the augmentation of LNA

was most pronounced in liver triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids

(FFA), whereas the increase of EPA was most marked in

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) when

compared with the controls. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was decreased

mainly in neutral lipids. Of the n-6 fatty acids linoleic acid (LA)

appeared significantly depressed in TG and FFA, but increased in

phospholipids. Arachidonic acid (AA), however, was lower in all

lipids. In SHR and WKY fed the EPA-rich diet EPA and DHA were

significantly higher as compared to the controls on a pellet diet. On

the contrary, LNA was not detectable in all lipid classes. LA and AA

were markedly depressed. Docosenoic acids were significantly

increased. The p/s-ratio did not reflect the changes in the

20:5/20:4- and n-3/n-6-ratios. The data indicate a differential

effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids of different chain length on the

supply of other n-3 fatty acids. Moreover, after an LNA-rich diet

divergent alterations of LA in neutral lipids and phospholipids

occurred. The results are dissimilar to those obtained in adipose

tissue. Blood pressure was not influenced by the diets in either SHR

or WKY.

Animal/ *Cod Liver Oil/ Comparative Study/ *Dietary Fats/ Fatty

Acids/ *Metabolism/ *Fish Oils/ Linolenic Acids/ *Metabolism/

*Linseed Oil/ Liver/ *Metabolism/ Phospholipids/ Metabolism/ Rats/

Rats, Inbred Shr/ Rats, Inbred Wky/ Triglycerides/ Metabolism/

5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid/ *Metabolism.

118. Yehuda, S., & Carasso, R. L. (1993). Modulation of learning,

pain thresholds, and thermoregulation in the rat by preparations of

free purified alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids: determination of

the optimal omega 3-to-omega 6 ratio. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90(21),

10345-10349.

Ingested polyunsaturated fatty acids are postulated to lead to

changes in central nervous system activity, presumably by altering

the lipid composition of neuronal membranes. In support of this

hypothesis, we and other investigators have previously demonstrated

cognitive effects in rats fed oils that contain both alpha-linolenic

acid (18:3 omega 3) and linoleic acid (18:2 omega 6), with the

relative content of alpha-linolenic acid being seen as the critical

variable. The present study in rats examined the effects of

preparations containing different ratios of highly purified free

alpha-linolenic acid to linoleic acid (about 25 mg/kg of body weight

daily) on learning performance (Morris water tank), pain thresholds

(heated plate), and thermoregulatory control of d-amphetamine-induced

hypothermia during 4 weeks of treatment. Preparations with omega

3-to-omega 6 ratios ranging from 1:3.5 to 1:5 (specifically a ratio

of 1:4) produced significant favorable effects on all of these

variables. Although the specific mode of action remains to be

elucidated, these results suggest that such preparations of free

fatty acids should be evaluated in the treatment of memory disorders

and pain conditions.

Alpha-Linolenic Acid/ *Pharmacology/ Animal/ Body Temperature

Regulation/ *Drug Effects/ Body Weight/ Drug Effects/ Caloric Intake/

Dietary Fats/ *Pharmacology/ Feeding Behavior/ Drug Effects/

Learning/ *Drug Effects/ Linoleic Acids/ *Pharmacology/ Male/ Motor

Activity/ Drug Effects/ Pain/ *Physiopathology/ Rats/ Sensory

Thresholds/ *Drug Effects/ Support, Non-U.s. Gov't.

119. Demaison, L., Bouveret, P., & Grynberg, A. (1993).

Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism in

cultured cardiomyocyte and isolated working rat heart. Nutrition

Research, 13(9), 1003-1015.

The influence of the phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

profile on fatty acid metabolism was investigated in cultured

cardiomyocytes and isolated working rat hearts. Alteration of the

n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of membrane phospholipids in the whole heart was

achieved by feeding the rats a diet containing either sunflower seed

oil or linseed oil. Cardiomyocytes were incubated in a medium

containing either C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6 or C18:3n-3 and C20:5n-3. The

lipid metabolism was studied in the perfused heart by injection of a

bolus of 1-14C palmitate and further perfusion with non radioactive

medium for different periods (0.5 to 5 minutes). Cardiac work and

heart rate were monitored throughout the experiment. The cultured

cardiomyocytes were incubated for different times (30 to 120 minutes)

in a medium containing 1-14C palmitate. The n-3 PUFA rich treatment

provoked a large decrease in the n-6/n-3 ratio of membrane

phospholipids that was characterized by an accumulation of C22:6n-3

in the whole heart and shorter chain n-3 PUFA in the cultured cells.

In the heart, palmitate oxidation was not affected by the changes in

PUFA profile but its incorporation into phospholipids was increased

in the n-3 rich group. Neither cardiac work nor heart rate were

significantly affected. The n-3 and n-6 rich cardiomyocytes exhibited

a similar rate of palmitate oxidation. Thus, the linseed oil-induced

changes in the phospholipid PUFA profile of the myocardium did not

modify the contractile function nor the fatty acid oxidation.

Palmitate Oxidation Membrane Phospholipid Nutrition.

120. Caster, W. O., Ahn, P., Hill, E. G., Mohrhauer, H., & Holman, R.

T. (1962). Determination of linoleate requirement of swine by a new

method of estimating nutritional requirement. Journal of Nutrition,

78(2), 147-154.

121. Allman, M. A., Pena, M. M., & Pang, D. (1995). Supplementation

with flaxseed oil versus sunflowerseed oil in healthy young men

consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and

function. Eur J Clin Nutr, 49(3), 169-178.

Includes references.

Objective: To compare the effects of supplementing a low fat diet

with an alpha-linolenic acid-rich (C18:3 n-3) oil with a linoleic

acid-rich (C18:2 n-6) oil on platelet composition and function.

Design: Prospective study with random allocation to one of the two

oils. Setting: Free-living study. Subjects: Eleven healthy young

males recruited from within the University. Interventions: Subjects

were allocated to consume 40 g of either flaxseed oil (n = 5) or

sunflowerseed oil (n = 6) daily for 23 days. Fasting blood samples

were collected at commencement and completion of supplementation for

analysis of platelet fatty acids and platelet aggregation. Results:

The platelet eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) more than doubled in the

group taking flaxseed oil (P < 0.05) but was unchanged in the

sunflowerseed group. As a result the platelet EPA:arachidonic acid

ratio, considered a marker for thromboxane production and platelet

aggregation potential, increased in the flaxseed group (P < 0.05).

The aggregation response induced by 0.75 and 2 micrograms of collagen

was decreased in those taking flaxseed oil (P < 0.05). Conclusion:

This study provides further evidence that consumption of

alpha-linolenic acid-rich oils may offer protective effects against

cardiovascular disease over linoleic acid-rich oils via their ability

to decrease the tendency of platelets to aggregate.

DNAL QP141.A1J68.

sunflower-oil/ linseed-oil/ eicosapentaenoic-acid/ dietary-fat/

supplements-/ linolenic-acid/ nutrient-intake/ platelets-/ men- /

cardiovascular .

122. . (1995). J. Jumpsen, & M. T. ClandininBrain development:

relationship to dietary lipid and lipid metabolism. (p. 119 p.).

Champaign, IL: Aocs Press.

Development of the brain is an important consideration for students

of nutrition, lipid scientists, and other health care professionals

concerned with the growth of premature infants and for researchers

involved in developing new infant formulas and infant foods. With an

increase in the number of surviving premature infants and a growing

interest in developing the " gold standard " for infant formulas,

bringing together information regarding brain development and lipids

may be beneficial and useful for many. The requirement and timely

availability of the correct nutrients is critical because brain

development is such a precise, complex, and one-time-only event.

Limiting this book to only a concise discussion of lipids was not

easy. It was accomplished by examining the different lipids and their

roles in the brain, an organ highly concentrated in lipid. This

book's objective is to provide a focused overview (morphological,

biochemical, and functional) of brain development and to exemplify

the role of lipids in the important developmental events and the

concepts that are potentially altered by physiological changes in

brain lipid composition.

Brain -Growth & Development / Fatty Acids / Dietary Fats - Metabolism

/ Infants - Development / Lipids - Physiology / Infants - Nutrition.

123. Singer, P., Gerhard, U., Moritz, V., Forster, D., Berger, I., &

Heine, H. (1986). Different changes of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in

adipose tissue from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive

rats after diets supplemented with linolenic or eicosapentaenoic

acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Med, 24(2-3), 163-172.

In spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats of the

Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar-Schonwalde (WSCHOE) strain, diets

supplemented with n-3 fatty acids of different chain length

(alpha-linolenic acid, LNA--C 18:3, n-3 with linseed oil and

eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA--C 20:5, n-3 with cod liver oil) were fed

over a period of 22 weeks. After the LNA-rich diet, among the

long-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA in epididymal adipose tissue remained

unchanged, whereas docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acids

(DHA) fell. The n-6 fatty acids linoleic (LA) and arachidonic acid

(AA) both appeared decreased. After the EPA-rich diet, all n-3 fatty

acids, i.e. not only EPA, DPA and DHA, but also LNA were augmented

when compared with controls fed commercially available pellets. Among

the n-6 fatty acids LA was extremely depressed, whereas AA appeared

increased. The p/s-ratio was elevated after the LNA-rich diet, but

decreased after the EPA-rich diet. The data indicate a differential

effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids of different chain length on the

supply of other n-3 fatty acids, of LA and AA as well as on the

p/s-ratio in adipose tissue of rats. Blood pressure was not

influenced by either diet in either SHR or in both normotensive

strains of rats.

Adipose Tissue/ *Metabolism/ Animal/ Arachidonic Acids/ Metabolism/

Dietary Fats/ *Pharmacology/ Epididymis/ Metabolism/ Fatty Acids,

Unsaturated/ *Metabolism/ Hypertension/ *Metabolism/ Linoleic Acids/

Deficiency/ Linolenic Acids/ Pharmacology/ Male/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred

Shr/ Triglycerides/ Metabolism/ 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid/

Pharmacology.

124. Hansen, H. S., Fjalland, B., & Jensen, B. (1983). Extremely

decreased release of prostaglandin E2-like activity from chopped lung

of ethyl linolenate-supplemented rats. Lipids, 18(10), 691-695.

Three groups of weanling male rats were reared on a fat-free diet for

13 weeks. One group received only the fat-free diet (FF rats), the

other 2 groups received the fat-free diet and a daily supplement of 2

energy% ethyl linoleate ([n-6] rats), or 2 energy% ethyl linolenate

([n-3] rats). The chopped lung preparation was used to illustrate an

in vitro prostaglandin formation. PGE2-like activity was quantified

on rat stomach strip. The release of PGE2-like activity expressed as

ng PGE2-equivalent per g lung tissue (mean +/- SD) was 23 +/- 7, less

than 6, and 65 +/- 20 for the FF rats, the (n-3) rats, and the (n-6)

rats, respectively. PGE2 quantification by radioimmunoassay of the

chopped lung effluent collected after passing over the rat stomach

strip revealed the same release pattern as the bioassay.

Fractionation of chopped lung effluent on HPLC with radioimmunoassay

detection indicated that the lung tissue from (n-3) rats released

very little PGE3, if any, in spite of a 20:5(n-3)/20:4(n-6) ratio of

5.2 in the lipids of the lung. It is suggested that the pool of

arachidonic acid for prostaglandin production in vitro is different

from the one which functions in vivo, and the these pools are

differently affected by dietary EFA.

Animal/ Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/ Dose-Response

Relationship, Drug/ Linolenic Acids/ *Pharmacology/ Lung/ Drug

Effects/ *Metabolism/ Male/ Prostaglandins E/ *Metabolism/

Radioimmunoassay/ Rats/ Rats, Inbred Strains/ Support, Non-U.s.

Gov't.

125. Munday, H. S. (1994). Assessment of body composition in cats and

dogs. Int J of Obesity, 18(SUPPL. 1), S14-S21.

The assessment of body composition in any species is important to the

understanding of subjects such as the control of obesity, the

realimentation of sick animals and the evaluation of energy

requirements. In most cases our requirement is to assess the chemical

constituents of the body by the measurement of the fat and fat-free

mass (FFM) of the subject. There may also be a requirement to break

down the FFM mass into its component parts and measure the tissue

distribution within the body. Clearly in the understanding of the

causes and effects of obesity in companion animals, the evaluation of

the actual level of obesity is fundamental. Similarly, whilst

classifying the effectiveness of a weight loss programme it is vital

that the reduction in weight loss and the distribution of tissue

types can be accurately recorded by the veterinary surgeon or

clinician. This review covers the theory of body composition

measurement and the techniques which have been developed, together

with their relevance to studies with companion animals. Most

techniques are based on indirect methods which use the model of the

body being at least two chemically distinct compartments, the fat and

the FFM. In more complex analyses four and even six compartment

models are considered which include concepts such as protein content,

cell and osseous mineral content. The techniques to be covered

include the measurement of total body water (for example by the use

of isotope dilution), anthropometric techniques (skinfold thickness

and dimensional evaluation), densitometry, total body potassium,

muscle metabolite markers, absorptiometry, neutron activation

analysis, electrical conductance, ultrasound, near infrared

interactance, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Factors to be considered when assessing the suitability of a

technique to a particular application will include availability of

any necessary equipment (including portability and access),

suitability to target species, acceptability, cost, ease of use and

precision. Currently there is not a well developed technique that

offers all the normal criteria required and indeed even in studies

with humans a compromise of ideals is usually reached. However, due

to the large number of techniques continually being developed it

seems possible that in the near future a technique for the assessment

of body composition in the domestic cat and dog should be available.

Literature Review/ Fat/ Fat-Free Mass/ Obesity/ Methodology.

126. Mcclelland, G., Zwingelstein, G., Taylor, C. R., & Weber J-M.

(1994). Increased capacity for circulatory fatty acid transport in a

highly aerobic mammal. Am J Of Physiol, 266(4 Part 2), R1280-R1286.

Plasma fatty acid (FA) and albumin concentrations, cardiac output,

and hematocrit of dogs and goats (dog-to-goat ratio of maximal oxygen

consumption ( ovrhdot VO-2max) = 2.2) were measured to determine

rates of circulatory FA delivery during exercise. Our goals were 1)

to characterize the mechanisms) used by the endurance-adapted species

(dog) to support higher rates of FA delivery to working muscles than

the sedentary species (goat) and 2) to determine whether circulatory

transport is scaled with ovrhdot VO-2max. Lipid oxidation was 2.5

times higher in dogs than in goats. Dogs had higher cardiac outputs

than goats, but this positive effect on their FA delivery was

canceled by higher hematocrit. Dogs always had higher plasma FA

concentrations than goats. In contrast, albumin was steady and

identical in both species, showing that dogs transport FA at higher

rates than goats only because they load more FA on their albumin.

Average dog-to-goat ratios for FA delivery (1.5-2.0) were lower than

would be expected if this rate were scaled with ovrhdot VO-2max. In

vitro experiments showed that dog albumin is designed for high rates

of FA transport because it can bind 50% more FA than goat albumin.

All endurance-adapted species may possess such " aerobic albumins " to

supply more circulating FA to their working muscles than sedentary

species.

Research Article/ Goat/ Lipid Metabolism/ Oxidative Fuel/ Free Fatty

Acid/ Nonesterified Fatty Acid/ Plasma Protein/ Albumin/ Cardiac

Output/ Endurance Exercise/ Therapy.

127. Reeves, P. G., Niesen, F. H., & Fahey, G. C. Jr. (1993). AIN-93

purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American

Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation

of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nut, 123(11), 1939-1951.

Includes references.

For sixteen years, the American institute of Nutrition Rodent Diets,

AIN-76 and AIN-76A, have been used extensively around the world.

Because of numerous nutritional and technical problems encountered

with the diet during this period, it was revised. Two new

formulations were derived: AIN-93G for growth, pregnancy and

lactation, and AIN-93m for adult maintenance. Some major differences

in the new formulation of AIN-93G compared with AIN-76A are as

follows: 7 g soybean oil (0.5 g linolenic acid)/100 g diet was

substituted for 5 g corn oil/100 g diet to increase the amount of

linolenic acid;conrstarch was substituted for sucrose; the amount of

phosphorus was reduced to help eliminate the problem of kidney

calcification in female rats; L-cystine was substituted for

DL-methionine as the amino acid supplement for casein, know to be

deficient in the sulfur amino acids; manganese concentration was

lowered to one-fifth the amount in the old diet; the amounts of

vitamin E, vitamin K and vitamin B-12 were increased; and molybdenum,

sillicon, fluoride, nickel, boron, lithium and vanadium were added to

the mineral mix. for the AIN-93M maintenance diet, the amount of fat

was lowered to 40g/kg diet from 70 g/kg diet, and the amount of

casein to 140 g/kg from 200 g/kg in the AIN-93G diet. Because of a

better balance of essential nutrients, the AIN-93 diets may prove to

be a better choice than AIN-76A for long-term as well as short-term

studies with laboratory rodents.

DNAL 389.8-J82.

rodents-/ feed-formulation/ nutrient-content/ energy-content/

vitamin-content/ mineral-content/ feed-mixing/ storage-/ purified

diet/ nutrient requirements/ rats/ mice experimental-diets.

128. Lee, J. H., & et al. (1989). The interrelated effects of omega-6

to omega-3 ratios of dietary fats. J Nut, 119, 1893-1899.

Studies suggest that an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of 5 and a

polyunsaturated to saturate ratio of 2 are the points of greatest

influence on tissue lipids and eicosanoid production.

129. Sinclair, A. J., & Crawford, M. A. (1972). The incorporation of

linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid into liver and brain lipids

of developing rats. FEBS Letters, V 26(1), 127-129.

Radioactive linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids were incorporated

into liver and brain lipids of the rats. In the 22:6 group a

significantly greater percentage of the administered radioactivity

was incorporated into the liver lipids compared with the 18:3 group,

whereas the incorporation of radioactivity into the brain lipds was

not significantly different.In both groups the liver triglycerides

and phospholipids contained more than 94% of the total liver lipid

radioactivity, but the distribution of radioactivity between

triglycerides and phospholipids was different. In the 18:3 group the

triglyceride to phospholipid ratio was 2.9 compared with a ratio of

1.4 for the 22:6 group (P<0.01). In the 22:6 group more than 79% of

the 14c in the fatty acids of the liver triglycerides, phospholipids

and brain lipid was associated with the 22:6w3. A different

distribution of radioactivity was observed for the 18:3 group. In the

liver triglycerides 75% of the radioactivity in the fatty acids was

associated with 18:3w3 and less than 12% with the longer chain

metabolites. On the other hand in the liver phospholipids there was

significantly more radioactivity in the metabolites of linolenic acid

than in linolenic acid itself. In the brain fatty acids of the 18:3

group more than half of the 14c was found in 18:3w3 and only a small

amount in the longer chain metabolites of linolenic acid.

Liver/ Brain/ Linolenic Acid/ Docosahexaenoic acid/ Rats/ Rodents.

130. Yam, D., Eliraz, A., & Berry, E. M. (1996). Diet and

disease--the Israeli paradox: possible dangers of a high omega-6

polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. Israeli J Med Sci, 32, 1134-1143.

Israel has one of the highest dietary polyunsaturated/saturated fat

ratios in the world; the consumption of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty

acids (PUFA) is about 8% higher than in the USA, and 10-12% higher

than in most European countries. In fact, Israeli Jews may be

regarded as a population-based dietary experiment of the effect of a

high omega-6 PUFA diet, a diet that until recently was widely

recommended. Despite such national habits, there is paradoxically a

high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension,

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity-all diseases that

are associated with hyperinsulinemia (HI) and insulin resistance

(IR), and grouped together as the insulin resistance syndrome or

syndrome X. There is also an increased cancer incidence and mortality

rate, especially in women, compared with western countries. Studies

suggest that high omega-6 linoleic acid consumption might aggravate

HI and IR, in addition to being a substrate for lipid peroxidation

and free radical formation. Thus, rather than being beneficial, high

omega-6 PUFA diets may have some long-term side effects, within the

cluster of hyperinsulinemia, atherosclerosis and tumorigenesis.

Cardiovascular Diseases/ *Epidemiology/ Diabetes Mellitus,

Non-Insulin-Dependent/ Epidemiology/ *Diet/ Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/

*Administration & Dosage/ *Adverse Effects/ Human/ Incidence/ Israel/

Epidemiology/ *Jews/ Neoplasms/ *Epidemiology/ Prevalence.

131. British Nutrition Foundation. Unsaturated Fatty Acids:

Nutritional and Physiological Significance. London: Chapman & Hall.

Task Force recommendations are given for average population intakes

of unsaturated fatty acids: n-6 PUFA (6%), alpha linolenic acid

(1.0%) and EPA + DHA (0.5%). The recommendations are more extensive

than those given by the COMA Palen in their 1991 Report on Dietary

Reference Values. They call for slightly higher population intakes of

polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly those of the n-3 series.

The Task Force is particularly concerned that pre-pregnant, pregnant,

and lactating women whould heed these recommendations and advises

that special counselling about EFA intake during these times is

warrented.

The general adult and British population can best achieve these

recommendations by continuing to substitute foods rich in unsaturated

fatty acids for those rich in saturated fatty acids and by increasing

the proportion of n-3 PUFA in particular. At the same time, intakes

of complex carbohydrates and antioxidant nutrients should be

increased.

Fats and oils contain many different fatty acids, both saturated and

unsaturated, which can have various physiological effects. This Task

Force recommends that research workers define much more carefully

which fatty acids they are considering. General terms such as fish

oils, vegetable oils, or polyunsaturated fats should be avoided.

Ideally, the effects of each of the different types of unsaturated

fatty acids should be investigated independently so that the effects

of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty

acids (n-6 PUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can

be documented separately. This is somewhat unrealistic because they

do not occur separately in foods. Specifying the fatty acid

composition of oils, is however, more realistic.

Although the body is able to synthesise most saturated fatty acids

(SFA) and MUFA from carbohydrates, the British diet provides

preformed versions of the majority of fatty acids. Two

polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and alpha linolenic acid,

cannot be synthesised by the body and these must be provided from

plant sources in the diet. These acids and their derivatives are

generally known as the essential fatty acids (EFA). It is possible

that under certain circumstances, such as in the premature infant,

the rate of synthesis of other fatty acids which are cerivatives of

EFA (such as arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) may not meet the body's requirements and

that such fatty acids could be said to be conditionally essential.

The source of EPA and DHA in body tissues of vegetarians is a

relatively unexplored area. There are no apparent pre-formed plant

sources of EPA and DHA; fatty fish normally provide the major dietary

source of these long chain n-3 PUFA. Metabolic adaptation might take

place in long term vegetarians; this possibility should be

investigated.

Different unsaturated fatty acids have different effects on plasma

cholesterol and lipoproteins. When saturated fatty acids (SFA) are

replaced by MUFA, plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations are reduced,

but plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations are unaffected. Although

n-6 PUFA can also reduce plasma LDL cholesterol levels, they should

not be used to replace SFA completely. When n-6 PUFA provide more

than about 12% of dietary energy, they can lead to an undesirable

reduction in plasma HDL concentration. n-3 PUFA have no consistent

effects on LDL and HDL cholesterol but they do consistently lower

VLDL.

Currently, there is reasonable evidence that increasing dietary

levels of unsaturated fatty acids can reduce the incidence and deaths

from coronary heart disease via effects on blood pressure,

atherosclerosis and thrombogenesis, and may reduce the severity of

several skin conditions and immune diseases, such as rheumatoid

arthritis. The results achieved depend upon the balance of MUFA, n-6

PUFA and n-3 PUFA and many other factors.

It is just as important that the lactating mother has adequate

supplies of EFA and their derivatives in her diet to ensure that

these fatty acids are available to the breast fed infant.

Manufacturers of infant formulae should ensure that their products

contain amounts of linoleic acid, alpha linolenic acid, arachidonic

acid and DHA which replicate those found in human milk. This is

particularly important in formulae intended for premature and low

birth weight babies. The premature and low birth weight infant has an

increased risk of neurodevelopmental handicap which may be associated

with deficiency of essential fatty acids, or their metablic

derivatives, when the infant is in utero.

Taking account of current intakes, the advice of the Task Force is

that average intakes of n-6 PUFA have increased sufficiently in

recent years, and do not need to be increased further. It is prudent

however to increase intakes of n-3 PUFA, particularly long chain

PUFA. Although there is no clear evidence to suggest that an absence

of long chain n-3 PUFA in the adult diet is " unsafe " , there are

several independent pieces of evidence for long chain n-3 PUFA having

a protective role. Increasing the amount of PUFA will also increase

the requirement for anti-oxidants such as vitamin E and

beta-carotene.

More comprehensive nutritional labelling of products will help

consumers to identify sources of fatty acids. There is an urgent need

for food labelling legislation relating to claims concerning the fat

and unsaturated fatty acid content of foods. This Task Force

recommends that manufacturers should be encouraged to give full

information about unsaturated fatty acids. Values for polyunsaturated

fatty acids should be given as mg/100 g food and the n-6/n-3 ratio in

the food would be helpful. The meaning of this ratio must be

explained to consumers through independent nutrition education

campaigners.

..

132. Guesnet, P., Alasnier, C., Alessandri, J.-M., & Durand, G.

(1997). Modifying the n-3 fatty acid content of the maternal diet to

determine the requirements of the fetal and suckling rat. Lipids,

32(5), 527-534.

During perinatal development, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)

accumulates extensively in membrane phospholipids of the nervous

system. To evaluate the n-3 fatty acid requirements of fetal and

suckling rats, we investigated the accumulation of 22:6n-3 in the

brain and liver of pup rats from birth to day 14 postpartum when

their dams received increasing amounts of dietary 18:3n-3 (from 5 to

80 mg/1000g diet) during the pregnancy-lactation period. The fatty

acid composition of bran and liver phospholipids of pups, as well as

that of dam's milk, was determined. At birth, brain 22:6n-3 increased

regularly to reach the highest level when the maternal diet contained

800 mg 18:3n-3/100 g. On days 7 and 14 postpartum, brain 22:6n-3

plateaued at a maternal dietary supply of 200 mg/100 g.

Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) had the opposite temporal pattern.

The unusually high concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)

in liver and dam's milk observed at the highest 18:3n-3 intake

suggests an excessive dietary supply of this fatty acid. All these

data suggest that the n-3 fatty acid requirements of the pregnant rat

are around 400 mg 18:3n-3 and those of the lactating rat at 200 mg

(i.e., 0.9 and 0.45% of dietary energy respectively). The values for

18:3n-3 and 22:6n-3 milk content which allowed brain 22:6n-3 to reach

a plateau value in suckling pups were 1% of total fatty acids and

0.9% (colostrum) to 0.2% (mature milk), respectively. These levels

are similar to those recommended for infant formulas.

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