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HOMA HEALTH - NEWSLETTER # 46 page 2

 

 

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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY according to diet - completed chart

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CARNIVORE:

HERBIVORE:

OMNIVORE:

HUMAN:

 

Facial Muscles

Reduced to allow wide mouth gape

Well-developed

Reduced

Well-developed

 

Jaw Type

Angle not expanded

Expanded angle

Angle not expanded

Expanded angle

 

Jaw Joint Location

On same plane as molar teeth

Above the plane of the molars

On same plane as molar teeth

Above the plane of the molars

 

Jaw Motion

Shearing; minimal side-to-side motion

No shear; good side-to-side, front-to-back

Shearing; minimal side-to-side

No shear; good side-to-side, front-to-back

 

Major Jaw Muscles

Temporalis

Masseter and pterygoids

Temporalis

Masseter and pterygoids

 

Mouth Opening vs. Head Size

Large

Small

Large

Small

 

Teeth: Incisors

Short and pointed

Broad, flattened and spade shaped

Short and pointed

Broad, flattened and spade shaped

 

Teeth: Canines

Long, sharp and curved

Dull and short or long (for defense), or none

Long, sharp and curved

Short and blunted

 

Teeth: Molars

Sharp, jagged and blade shaped

Flattened with cusps vs complex surface

Sharp blades and/or flattened

Flattened with nodular cusps

 

Chewing

None; swallows food whole

Extensive chewing necessary

Swallows food whole and/or simple crushing

Extensive chewing necessary

 

Saliva

No digestive enzymes

Carbohydrate digesting enzymes

No digestive enzymes

Carbohydrate digesting enzymes

 

Stomach Type

Simple

Simple or multiple chambers

Simple

Simple

 

Stomach Acidity

Less than or equal to pH 1 with food in stomach

pH 4 to 5 with food in stomach

Less than or equal to pH 1 with food in stomach

pH 4 to 5 with food in stomach

 

Stomach Capacity

60% to 70% of total volume of digestive tract

Less than 30% of total volume of digestive tract

60% to 70% of total volume of digestive tract

21 to 27 % of total volume of digestive tract

 

Length of small intestine

3 to 6 times body length

10 to 12 times body lenght

4 to 6 times body length

10 to 11 times body length

 

Colon

simple, short and smooth

long, complex; may be sacculated

simple, short and smooth

long, sacculated

 

Nails

sharp claws

flattened nails or blunt hooves

sharp claws

flattened nails