Fwd: [S-A] [Health&Healing] Tofu Trouble: Soy and the Brain

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[s-A] [Health & Healing] Tofu Trouble: Soy and the Brain

 

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Misty L. Trepke

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http://www.mercola.com/2000/sept/17/soy_brain.htm

 

The Trouble With Tofu: Soy and the Brain

 

By John D. MacArthur

 

" Tofu Shrinks Brain! " Not a science fiction scenario, this sobering

soybean revelation is for real. But how did the " poster bean " of

the '90s go wrong? Apparently, in many ways -- none of which bode

well for the brain.

 

In a major ongoing study involving 3,734 elderly Japanese-American

men, those who ate the most tofu during midlife had up to 2.4 times

the risk of later developing Alzheimer's disease. As part of the

three-decade long Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, 27 foods and drinks

were correlated with participants' health. Men who consumed tofu at

least twice weekly had more cognitive impairment, compared with

those who rarely or never ate the soybean curd. [1,2]

 

" The test results were about equivalent to what they would have been

if they were five years older, " said lead researcher Dr. Lon R.

White from the Hawaii Center for Health Research. For the guys who

ate no tofu, however, they tested as though they were five years

younger.

 

What's more, higher midlife tofu consumption was also associated

with low brain weight. Brain atrophy was assessed in 574 men using

MRI results and in 290 men using autopsy information. Shrinkage

occurs naturally with age, but for the men who had consumed more

tofu, White said " their brains seemed to be showing an exaggeration

of the usual patterns we see in aging. "

 

Phytoestrogens -- Soy Self Defense

 

Tofu and other soybean foods contain isoflavones, three-ringed

molecules bearing a structural resemblance to mammalian steroidal

hormones. White and his fellow researchers speculate that soy's

estrogen-like compounds (phytoestrogens) might compete with the

body's natural estrogens for estrogen receptors in brain cells.

 

Plants have evolved many different strategies to protect themselves

from predators. Some have thorns or spines, while others smell bad,

taste bad, or poison animals that eat them. Some plants took a

different route, using birth control as a way to counter the

critters who were wont to munch.

 

Plants such as soy are making oral contraceptives to defend

themselves, says Claude Hughes, Ph.D., a neuroendocrinologist at

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. They evolved compounds that mimic

natural estrogen. These phytoestrogens can interfere with the

mammalian hormones involved in reproduction and growth -- a strategy

to reduce the number and size of predators.

 

Toxicologists Concerned About Soy's Health Risks

 

The soy industry says that White's study only shows an association

between tofu consumption and brain aging, but does not prove cause

and effect. On the other hand, soy experts at the National Center

for Toxicological Research, Daniel Sheehan, Ph.D., and Daniel

Doerge, Ph.D., consider this tofu study very important. " It is one

of the more robust, well-designed prospective epidemiological

studies generally available. . . We rarely have such power in human

studies, as well as a potential mechanism. "

 

In a 1999 letter to the FDA (and on the ABC News program 20/20), the

two toxicologists expressed their opposition to the agency's health

claims for soy, saying the Honolulu study " provides evidence that

soy (tofu) phytoestrogens cause vascular dementia. Given that

estrogens are important for maintenance of brain function in women;

that the male brain contains aromatase, the enzyme that converts

testosterone to estradiol; and that isoflavones inhibit this

enzymatic activity, there is a mechanistic basis for the human

findings. " [3]

 

Although estrogen's role in the central nervous system is not well

understood, White notes that " a growing body of information suggests

that estrogens may be needed for optimal repair and replacement of

neural structures eroded with aging. "

 

One link to the puzzle may involve calcium-binding proteins, which

are associated with protection against neurodegenerative diseases.

In recent animal studies at Brigham Young University's Neuroscience

Center, researchers found that consumption of phytoestrogens via a

soy diet for a relatively short interval can significantly elevate

phytoestrogens levels in the brain and decrease brain calcium-

binding proteins. [4]

 

Concerns About Giving Soy to Infants

 

The most serious problem with soy may be its use in infant

formulas. " The amount of phytoestrogens that are in a day's worth of

soy infant formula equals 5 birth control pills, " says Mary G. Enig,

Ph.D., president of the Maryland Nutritionists Association. She and

other nutrition experts believe that infant exposure to high amounts

of phytoestrogens is associated with early puberty in girls and

retarded physical maturation in boys. [5]

 

A study reported in the British medical journal Lancet found that

the " daily exposure of infants to isoflavones in soy infant-formulas

is 6-11 fold higher on a bodyweight basis than the dose that has

hormonal effects in adults consuming soy foods. " (A dose, equivalent

to two glasses of soy milk per day, that was enough to change

menstrual patterns in women. [6]) In the blood of infants tested,

concentrations of isoflavones were 13000-22000 times higher than

natural estrogen concentrations in early life. [7]

 

Soy Interferes with Enzymes

 

While soybeans are relatively high in protein compared to other

legumes, Enig says they are a poor source of protein because other

proteins found in soybeans act as potent enzyme inhibitors.

These " anti-nutrients " block the action of trypsin and other enzymes

needed for protein digestion. Trypsin inhibitors are large, tightly

folded proteins that are not completely deactivated during ordinary

cooking and can reduce protein digestion. Therefore, soy consumption

may lead to chronic deficiencies in amino acid uptake. [8]

 

Soy's ability to interfere with enzymes and amino acids may have

direct consequence for the brain. As White and his colleagues

suggest, " isoflavones in tofu and other soyfoods might exert their

influence through interference with tyrosine kinase-dependent

mechanisms required for optimal hippocampal function, structure and

plasticity. " [2]

 

High amounts of protein tyrosine kinases are found in the

hippocampus, a brain region involved with learning and memory. One

of soy's primary isoflavones, genistein, has been shown to inhibit

tyrosine kinase in the hippocampus, where it blocked " long-term

potentiation, " a mechanism of memory formation. [9]

 

Tyrosine, Dopamine, and Parkinson's Disease

 

The brain uses the amino acids tyrosine or phenylalanine to

synthesize the key neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine,

brain chemicals that promote alertness and activity. Dopamine is

crucial to fine muscle coordination. People whose hands tremble from

Parkinson's disease have a diminished ability to synthesize

dopamine. An increased incidence of depression and other mood

disorders are associated with low levels of dopamine and

norepinephrine. Also, the current scientific consensus on attention-

deficit disorder points to a dopamine imbalance.

 

Soy has been shown to affect tyrosine hydroxylase activity in

animals, causing the utilization rate of dopamine to be " profoundly

disturbed. " When soy lecithin supplements were given throughout

perinatal development, they reduced activity in the cerebral cortex

and " altered synaptic characteristics in a manner consistent with

disturbances in neural function. " [10]

 

Researchers at Sweden's Karolinska Institute at the National

Institutes of Health and are finding a connection between tyrosine

hydroxylase activity, thyroid hormone receptors, and depleted

dopamine levels in the brain -- particularly in the substantia

nigra, a region associated with the movement difficulties

characteristic of Parkinson's disease. [11-13]

 

Soy Affects the Brain via the Thyroid Gland

 

Tyrosine is crucial to the brain in another way. It's needed for the

body to make active thyroid hormones, which are a major

physiological regulator of mammalian brain development. By affecting

the rate of cell differentiation and gene _expression, thyroid

hormones regulate the growth and migration of neurons, including

synaptic development and myelin formation in specific brain regions.

Low blood levels of tyrosine are associated with an underactive

thyroid gland.

 

Scientists have known for years that isoflavones in soy products can

depress thyroid function, causing goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)

and autoimmune thyroid disease. In the early 1960s, goiter and

hypothyroidism were reported in infants fed soybean diets. [14]

Scientists at the National Center for Toxicological Research showed

that the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein " inhibit thyroid

peroxidase-catalyzed reactions essential to thyroid hormone

synthesis. " [15]

 

Japanese researchers studied effects on the thyroid from soybeans

administered to healthy subjects. They reported that consumption of

as little as 30 grams (two tablespoons) of soybeans per day for only

one month resulted in a significant increase in thyroid stimulating

hormone (TSH), which is produced by the brain's pituitary gland when

thyroid hormones are too low. Their findings suggested

that " excessive soybean ingestion for a certain duration might

suppress thyroid function and cause goiters in healthy people,

especially elderly subjects. " [16]

 

Thyroid Hormones and Fetal Brain Development

 

Thyroid alterations are among the most frequently encountered

autoimmune conditions in children. Researchers at Cornell University

Medical College showed that the " frequency of feedings with soy-

based milk formulas in early life was significantly higher in

children with autoimmune thyroid disease. " [17] In a previous study,

they found that twice as many diabetic children had received soy

formula in infancy as compared to non-diabetic children. [18]

 

Recognizing the risk, Swiss health authorities recommend " very

restrictive use " of soy for babies. In England and Australia, public

health agencies tell parents to first seek advice from a doctor

before giving their infants soy formula. The New Zealand Ministry of

Health recommends that " Soy formula should only be used under the

direction of a health professional for specific medical

indications. . . Clinicians who are treating children with a soy-

based infant formula for medical conditions should be aware of the

potential interaction between soy infant formula and thyroid

function. " [19]

 

Thyroid hormones exert their influence during discrete windows of

time. Inappropriate hormone levels can have a devastating effect on

the developing human brain, especially during the first 12 weeks of

pregnancy when the fetus depends on the mother's thyroid hormones

for brain development. After that, both maternal and fetal thyroid

hormone levels affect the central nervous system.

 

A 1999 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed

that pregnant women with underactive thyroids were four times more

likely to have children with low IQs if the disorder is left

untreated. The study found that 19% of the children born to mothers

with thyroid deficiency had IQ scores of 85 or lower, compared with

only 5% of those born to mothers without such problems. [20]

 

Thyroid, Brain, and Environmental Toxins

 

Children exposed prenatally and during infancy to common

environmental toxins like dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) can suffer behavioral, learning, and memory problems because

these chemicals may be disrupting the normal action of thyroid

hormone. [21]

 

Combinations of insecticides, weed killers, and artificial

fertilizers -- even at low levels -- have measurable detrimental

effects on thyroid and other hormones as well as on the brain. [24]

EPA scientists now want to upgrade the commonly used herbicide,

atrazine, to a " likely carcinogen. " In animal tests, atrazine

attaches to sites on the hypothalamus, a crucial brain region

involved with regulating levels of stress and sex hormones. [25]

 

Individuals newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease were more than

twice as likely to have been exposed to insecticides in their home,

compared to those without the disease. [26]

 

Soy formulas for infants can contain other neurotoxins: aluminum,

cadmium, and fluoride. Studies found that aluminum concentrations in

soy-based formulas were a 100-fold greater compared to human breast

milk, while cadmium content was 8-15 times higher than in milk-based

formulas. In an Australian study, the fluoride content of soy-based

formulas ranged from 1.08 to 2.86 parts per million. The authors

concluded that " prolonged consumption (beyond 12 months of age) of

infant formula reconstituted with optimally-fluoridated water could

result in excessive amounts of fluoride being ingested. " A study of

Connecticut children revealed that mild-to-moderate fluorosis was

strongly associated with soy-based infant formula use. [27-30]

 

In May 2000, Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility released

their report, " The Toxic Threats to Child Development. " In the

section on neurotoxins, they concluded: " Studies in animals and

human populations suggest that fluoride exposure, at levels that are

experienced by a significant proportion of the population whose

drinking water is fluoridated, may have adverse impacts on the

developing brain. " [31]

 

Iodine vs. Fluorine

 

The thyroid gland uses tyrosine and the natural element iodine to

make thyroxine (T4), a thyroid hormone containing four iodine atoms.

The other, much more biologically active thyroid hormone is tri-

iodothyronine (T3), which has three iodine atoms. Lack of dietary

iodine has long been identified as the problem in diminished thyroid

hormone synthesis.

 

According to the International Council for the Control of Iodine

Deficiency Disorders: " Iodine deficiency has been called the world's

major cause of preventable mental retardation. Its severity can vary

from mild intellectual blunting to frank cretinism, a condition that

includes gross mental retardation, deaf mutism, short stature, and

various other defects. . . The damage to the developing brain

results in individuals poorly equipped to fight disease, learn, work

effectively, or reproduce satisfactorily. "

 

This crucial role of iodine is another reason why the thyroid gland

is especially vulnerable today. Canadian researcher Andreas Schuld

has documented more than 100 studies during the last 70 years that

demonstrate adverse effects of fluoride on the thyroid gland. [32]

Schuld says, " Fluorine, being the strongest in the group of

halogens, will seriously interfere with iodine and iodine synthesis,

forcing more urinary elimination of ingested iodine as fluoride

ingestion or absorption increases. "

 

Fluorides were actually used in the past, specifically to reduce

thyroid function. In the 1930s through to the 1960s fluorides at

0.9mg to 4.5mg/day were given as effective anti-thyroid medication

to hyperthyroid patients. " [33] Russian researchers in the 1980s

concluded that prolonged consumption of drinking water with a raised

fluorine content was a risk factor of more rapid development of

thyroid pathology. [34]

 

A major source of fluoride exposure in the United States is

fluoridated drinking water -- including foods and drinks

manufactured and processed with this treated water. (Only about 5%

of the world's population is fluoridated, and more than half live in

North America. 99% of western continental Europe has rejected,

banned, or stopped the addition of fluoride compounds to their

drinking water. [35]) Also, approximately 45 million pounds of

hydrogen fluoride are released from U.S. coal-fired plants every

year into the environment.

 

Soy Phytates Inhibit Zinc Absorption

 

Another way that soybeans may affect brain function is because of

their phytic acid content. Phytic acid is an organic acid present in

the outer portion of all seeds. Also known as phytates, they block

the uptake of essential minerals in the intestinal tract: calcium,

magnesium, iron, and especially zinc. According to research cited by

the Weston A. Price Foundation, soybeans have very high levels of a

form of phytic acid that is particularly difficult to neutralize --

and which interferes with zinc absorption more completely than with

other minerals.

 

The soy industry acknowledges the problem, noting that " one-half cup

of cooked soybeans contains one mg of zinc. However, zinc is poorly

absorbed from soyfoods. " As for iron, " both phytate and soy protein

reduce iron absorption so that the iron in soyfoods is generally

poorly absorbed. " [36]

 

Nutritionist Sally Fallon, author of Nourishing Traditions: The

Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet

Dictocrats, says that as early as 1967, researchers testing soy

formula found that it caused negative zinc balance in every infant

to whom it was given. Even when the diets were additionally

supplemented with zinc, there was a strong correlation between

phytate content in formula and poor growth. She warns that " a

reduced rate of growth is especially serious in the infant as it

causes a delay in the accumulation of lipids in the myelin, and

hence jeopardizes the development of the brain and nervous system. "

 

Zinc and the Brain

 

Relatively high levels of zinc are found in the brain, especially

the hippocampus. Zinc plays an important role in the transmission of

the nerve impulse between brain cells. Deficiency of zinc during

pregnancy and lactation has been shown to be related to many

congenital abnormalities of the nervous system in offspring. In

children, " insufficient levels of zinc have been associated with

lowered learning ability, apathy, lethargy, and mental retardation. "

[37]

 

The USDA references a study of 372 Chinese school children with very

low levels of zinc in their bodies. The children who received zinc

supplements had the most improved performance -- especially in

perception, memory, reasoning, and psychomotor skills such as eye-

hand coordination. Three earlier studies with adults also showed

that changes in zinc intake affected cognitive function. [38]

 

New research has identified a specific contingent of neurons,

called " zinc-containing " neurons, which are found almost exclusively

in the forebrain, where in mammals they have evolved into a " complex

and elaborate associational network that interconnects most of the

cerebral cortices and limbic structures. " This suggests the

importance of zinc in the normal and pathological processes of the

cerebral cortex. [39] Furthermore, age-related tissue zinc

deficiency may contribute to brain cell death in Alzheimer's

dementia. [40]

 

Safe Soy

 

To produce soy milk, the beans are first soaked in an alkaline

solution, then heated to about 115 degrees C in order to remove as

much of the trypsin inhibitors as possible. Fallon says this method

destroys most, but not all of the anti-nutrients, however it has

the " unhappy side effect of so denaturing the proteins that they

become very difficult to digest and much reduced in effectiveness. "

Furthermore, phytates remain in soy milk to block the uptake of

essential minerals.

 

Only a long period of fermentation will significantly reduce the

phytate content of soybeans, as well as the trypsin inhibitors that

interfere with enzymes and amino acids. Therefore, fermented soy

products such as tempeh and miso (not tofu) provide nourishment that

is easily assimilated.

 

Links to Further Information:

Soy Online Service (http://www.soyonlineservice.co.nz/)

Weston A. Price Foundation (http://www.westonaprice.org/)

 

References

 

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Originally Appearing on Brain.com

 

DR. MERCOLA'S COMMENTS: Further information documenting the unwise

choice many people are making by consuming such large amounts of

soy. They are being deceived by the effective marketing efforts of

the multi-billion dollar edible oil industry which, in many ways, is

not to dissimilar to what we see with the drug industry's influence

in the traditional medical paradigm.

 

Related Articles:

 

Soy May Cause Cancer and Brain Damage

 

Soy: Too Good to be True

 

Newest Research On Why You Should Avoid Soy

 

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