Diet & ADHD - medical abstracts/documentation

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> SSRI-Research

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> [sSRI-Research] Diet & ADHD - medical

> abstracts/documentation

>

> http://www.feingold.org/research1.html

>

> Diet & ADHD

>

>

 

>

> These are some of the studies and articles

> published in peer reviewed journals. The most recent

> is listed first. They are linked where available to

> their abstract in MedLine.

>

> Most studies did not use the real Feingold

> Program, but some approximation of it. Almost no

> studies have specifically addressed ADHD and

> preservatives, or the 5,000+ artificial flavorings

> in the American diet, but which are eliminated in

> the Feingold Program. Some of the more recent

> studies refer to an " oligoantigenic " diet which is

> an extremely limited Feingold-type diet.

>

 

> = Double blind controlled study

>

------

>

>

> Bateman 2004 The effects of a double blind,

> placebo controlled, artificial food colourings and

> benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in

> a general population sample of preschool children.

> Harding 2003 (Comparison Study)

> Outcome-based comparison of Ritalin versus

> food-supplement treated children with AD/HD.

> Schnoll 2003 (Review) Nutrition in the

> treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity

> disorder: a neglected but important aspect.

> Brue 2002 (Review) Alternative treatments

> for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: does

> evidence support their use?

> Dengate 2002 Controlled trial of cumulative

> behavioural effects of a common bread preservative.

>

> Pelsser 2002 (Open Study) Favourable effect

> of a standard elimination diet on the behavior of

> young children with attention deficit hyperactivity

> disorder (ADHD): a pilot study.

> Arnold 2001 (Review) Alternative treatments

> for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity

> disorder (ADHD).

> Berdonces 2001 (Review) Attention deficit

> and infantile hyperactivity.

> Kidd 2000 (Review) Attention

> Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children:

> rationale for its integrative management.

> Anthony 1999 (Review) Attention Deficit

> Hyperactivity Disorder - letter to the editor.

> Arnold 1999 (Review) Treatment alternatives

> for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

>

> Baumgaertel 1999 (Review) Alternative and

> controversial treatments for

> attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

> Beseler 1999 (Clinical Article/ Review)

> Effects on Behavior and Cognition: Diet and

> Artificial Colors, Flavors, and Preservatives.

> Schnyder 1999 (Review) Food intolerance and

> food allergy.

> Stubberfield 1999 (Review) Utilization of

> alternative therapies in attention-deficit

> hyperactivity disorder.

> Breakey 1997 (Review) Review: The Role of

> Diet and Behaviour in Childhood.

> Schmidt 1997 Does oligoantigenic diet

> influence hyperactive/conduct-disordered children--a

> controlled trial.

>

> Uhlig 1997 Topographic mapping of brain

> electrical activity in children with food-induced

> attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder.

>

> Ward 1997 Assessment of chemical factors in

> relation to child hyperactivity.

>

> McFadden 1996 (Review) Phenotypic Variation

> in Xenobiotic Metabolism and Adverse Environmental

> Response: Focus on Sulfur-Dependent Detoxification

> Pathways

>

> Mothes 1996 Effects of prenatal ethanol

> exposure and early experience on home-cage and

> open-field activity in mice.

>

> Reyes 1996 Effect of organic synthetic food

> colours on mitochondrial respiration.

> Weiss 1994 Low-level chemical sensitivity:

> a perspective from behavioral toxicology.

> Boris 1994 Foods and Additives are Common

> Causes of the Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

> in Children

>

> Rowe 1994 Synthetic Food Coloring and

> Behavior: A Dose Response Effect in a Double-Blind,

> Placebo-Controlled, Repeated-Measures Study

>

> Carter 1993 Effects of a Few Foods Diet in

> Attention Deficit Disorder

>

> Egger 1992 Effect of diet treatment on

> enuresis in children with migraine or hyperkinetic

> behavior

>

> Egger 1992 Controlled Trial of

> Hyposensitisation in Children with Food-Induced

> Hyperkinetic Syndrome

>

> Novembre 1992 Unusual reactions to food

> additives

>

> Schoenthaler 1991 (Retrospective

> Study) Applied Nutrition and Behavior

>

> Pollock 1990 Effect of artificial food

> colours on childhood behaviour.

> Ward 1990 The influence of the chemical

> additive tartrazine on the zinc status of

> hyperactive children: A double-blind

> placebo-controlled study.

>

> Egger 1989 Oligoantigenic diet treatment of

> children with epilepsy and migraine

>

> Kaplan 1989 Overall Nutrient Intake of

> Preschool Hyperactive and Normal Boys

>

> Kaplan 1989 Dietary Replacement in

> Preschool-Aged Hyperactive Boys

>

> Rowe 1988 Synthetic Food Colourings and

> " Hyperactivity " : a Double-Blind Crossover Study

>

> Arevalo 1987 Tyrosine administration to

> pregnant rats induces persistent behavioral

> modifications in the male offspring.

>

> Schoenthaler 1986 (Retrospective

> Study) The Impact of a Low Food Additive and

> Sucrose Diet on Academic Performance in 803 New York

> City Public Schools.

> Weiss 1986 (Review) Food additives as a

> source of behavioral disturbances in children.

>

> Zeisel 1986 (Review) Dietary influences on

> neurotransmission.

>

> Collins 1985 (Review) Clinical spectrum of

> adverse reactions to tartrazine.

>

> Egger 1985 Controlled Trial of

> Oligoantigenic Treatment in the Hyperkinetic

> Syndrome

>

> Allen 1984 (Review) Adverse Reactions to

> Foods.

> Menzies 1984 (Case Studies) Disturbed

> children: the role of food and chemical

> sensitivities.

> Schauss 1984 Nutrition and behavior:

> complex interdisciplinary research.

>

> Augustine 1983 Neurotransmitter release and

> nerve terminal morphology at the frog neuromuscular

> junction affected by the dye Erythrosin B.

> Augustine 1983 Presynaptic effect of

> Erythrosin B at the frog neuromuscular junction: ion

> and photon sensitivity.

> Egger 1983 Is migraine food allergy? A

> double-blind controlled trial of oligoantigenic diet

> treatment.

>

> Rimland 1983 (Review) The Feingold diet: an

> assessment of the reviews by Mattes, by Kavale and

> Forness and others.

> Rippere 1983 (Critique) Food additives and

> hyperactive children: a critique of Conners.

> Feingold 1982 (Article) The role of diet in

> behavior.

>

> Salamy 1982 Physiological changes in

> hyperactive children following the ingestion of food

> additives.

>

> Satterfield 1982 (Prospective

> Study) A Prospective Study of Delinquency in

> 110 Adolescent Boys with Attention Deficit Disorder

> and 88 Normal Adolescent Boys

>

> Weiss 1982 (Review) Food additives and

> environmental chemicals as sources of childhood

> behavior disorders.

>

> Yamawaki 1982 Effects of toluene inhalation

> on locomotor activity and brain catecholamine levels

> in rats.

>

> Augustine 1980 Neurotransmitter release

> from a vertebrate neuromuscular synapse affected by

> a food dye.

> Dickerson 1980 (Review) Diet and

> hyperactivity.

>

> Swanson 1980 Food Dyes Impair Performance

> of Hyperactive Children on a Laboratory Learning

> Test

>

> Weiss 1980 Behavioral responses to

> artificial food colors.

>

> Brenner 1979 Trace mineral levels in

> hyperactive children responding to the Feingold diet

>

> Dumbrell 1978 (Comparison) Is the Australian

> version of the Feingold diet safe?

>

> Fitzsimon 1978 Salicylate sensitivity in

> children reported to respond to salicylate

> exclusion.

>

> Goyette 1978 Effects of artificial colors

> on hyperkinetic children: a double-blind challenge

> study.

>

> Harley 1978 Hyperkinesis and food

> additives: testing the Feingold hypothesis.

>

> Harper 1978 (Comparison) Nutrient intakes of

> children on the hyperkinesis diet.

>

> Hindle 1978 The management of hyperkinetic

> children: a trial of dietary therapy.

>

> Levy 1978 Hyperkinesis and diet: a

> double-blind crossover trial with a tartrazine

> challenge.

>

> Rose 1978 The functional relationship

> between artificial food colors and hyperactivity.

>

> Brenner 1977 (Case studies) A study of the

> efficacy of the Feingold diet on hyperkinetic

> children. Some favorable personal observations.

>

> Conners 1976 Food additives and

> hyperkinesis: a controlled double-blind experiment.

>

> Salzman 1976 (Case studies) Allergy testing,

> psychological assessment and dietary treatment of

> the hyperactive child syndrome.

>

>

 

 

>

> The following excerpts are in alphabetical order

> by first author.

>

>

 

>

> .

>

> 1.. Adverse reactions to foods. Allen DH, Van

> Nunen S, Loblay R, Clarke L, Swain A, Med J Aust

> 1984 Sep 1;141(5 Suppl):S37-42

> " ... In the majority of patients presenting

> with food intolerance, recognized or otherwise,

> symptoms are precipitated by various small,

> non-immunogenic organic molecules present in the

> food as natural or added ingredients. These

> reactions are pharmacological rather than

> immunological in nature, although in some situations

> they may share a final common pathway with true

> allergic reactions, resulting in similar symptoms. "

>

> 2.. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

> (Full Text) , Anthony HM; Maberly DJ; Birtwistle S.

> Arch Dis Child 1999;81:189 (August)

> " ... an elimination diet is effective in most

> cases. ... If they have had help with finding

> alternative foods, most parents find it surprisingly

> easy to keep the child to the diet most of the time

> after the first few weeks because the child usually

> prefers to feel well.

> ... If the diet is effective, behaviour often

> reverts to normal, to the great relief of all

> concerned. In view of the potential toxicity of

> medication in children and its limited

> effectiveness, all families with hyperactive

> children should be offered help in detecting

> offending foods. It is more appropriate to reserve

> medication for those who fail. "

>

>

> 3.. Tyrosine administration to pregnant rats

> induces persistent behavioral modifications in the

> male offspring. Arevalo R, Castro R, Palarea MD,

> Rodriguez M, Physiol Behav 1987;39(4):477-81

> " ... The offspring treated with large tyrosine

> doses showed a marked increase in both spontaneous

> locomotor activity and open field locomotion as

> adults. However, activity in the swim test

> decreased. ... The behavior of the rats treated with

> small doses of tyrosine was similar, in all tests

> performed, to that of rats treated with saline

> solution. These findings strongly suggest that a

> large increase in diet tyrosine during pregnancy

> modifies the behavior of male offspring "

>

> 4.. Treatment alternatives for

> Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. (ADHD)

> Arnold, LE, Journal of Attention Disorders, Vol. 3,

> No. 1, April 1999, pp. 30-48

> " ...The oligoantigenic or few-foods diet [an

> extreme Feingold-type diet] has convincing

> double-blind evidence of efficacy in multiple trials

> for a properly selected subgroup. ... "

>

> 5.. Alternative treatments for adults with

> attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

> Arnold LE, Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 Jun;931:310-41

> " ...Twenty-four alternative Tx were

> identified... Many of them are applicable only to a

> specific subgroup. Although oligoantigenic

> (few-foods) diets have convincing double-blind

> evidence of efficacy for a properly selected

> subgroup of children, they do not appear promising

> for adults. ... "

> Note: Dr. Arnold explained to us that his

> conclusion is based, not on a study showing lack of

> effect, but on the lack of any study on the effect

> of diet on adults --in other words, absence of

> evidence, not evidence of absence-- and the

> suggestion in some child studies that the effect is

> stronger in younger children. If any researcher

> reading this would like to do one, we hope that you

> will contact us at science

>

> 6.. Neurotransmitter release from a vertebrate

> neuromuscular synapse affected by a food dye.

> Augustine GJ Jr, Levitan H, Science 1980 Mar

> 28;207(4438):1489-90

> " The food dye erythrosine (Erythrosin B; FD & C

> No. 3) was applied to isolated neuromuscular

> synapses in the frog ... At concentrations of 10 muM

> or greater this anionic dye produced an

> irreversible, dose-dependent increase in

> neurotransmitter release.... These results suggest

> that erythrosine might prove a useful

> pharmacological tool for studying the process of

> transmitter release, but that its use as a food

> additive should be reexamined. "

> 7.. Neurotransmitter release and nerve terminal

> morphology at the frog neuromuscular junction

> affected by the dye Erythrosin B. Augustine GJ,

> Levitan H, J Physiol 1983 Jan;334:47-63

> No abstract available

>

> 8.. Presynaptic effect of Erythrosin B at the

> frog neuromuscular junction: ion and photon

> sensitivity. Augustine GJ, Levitan H, J Physiol 1983

> Jan;334:65-77

> " . . . These results indicate that Erythrosin

> B is not acting solely by altering the ionic

> permeability of the presynaptic nerve terminal to

> calcium, magnesium, or sodium ions, or by altering

> the calcium metabolism of the terminal. The enhanced

> effect of the dye in calcium-free saline suggests

> that it may be competing with calcium at a common

> site, while the enhancement of its effect in

> elevated external calcium suggests that the dye may

> also increase the permeability of the nerve terminal

> to calcium ions. "

>

> 9.. The effects of a double blind, placebo

> controlled, artificial food colourings and benzoate

> preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general

> population sample of preschool children. Bateman B

> et al, Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2004

> Jun;89(6):506-11.

> " AIMS: To determine whether artificial food

> colourings and a preservative in the diet of 3 year

> old children in the general population influence

> hyperactive behaviour. . . .RESULTS: There were

> significant reductions in hyperactive behaviour

> during the withdrawal phase. Furthermore, there were

> significantly greater increases in hyperactive

> behaviour during the active than the placebo period

> based on parental reports. . . .CONCLUSIONS: There

> is a general adverse effect of artificial food

> colouring and benzoate preservatives on the

> behaviour of 3 year old children which is detectable

> by parents but not by a simple clinic assessment. .

> . "

> Note: 20 mg per day of coloring was used as

> the " challenge. " Imagine the results had they used

> the 150 mg of coloring present in one (1) Tb of

> green ketchup.

>

>

> 10.. Alternative and controversial treatments

> for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

> Baumgaertel A, Pediatr Clin North Am 1999

> Oct;46(5):977-92

> Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

> " ... Scientific evidence suggests that

> individualized dietary management may be effective

> in some children. Trace element supplementation also

> may be beneficial when specific deficiencies are

> present. At this point, nootropics, herbs, and

> homeopathy are being seriously researched regarding

> their role in neurologic functioning, ... The

> primary care provider, the alternative " specialist, "

> and the family all should be willing to engage in

> " collaborative research, " applying the same

> standards for treatment evaluation that one would

> apply in mainstream methods. Communication among all

> parties involved in a treatment strategy is the key

> to demystifying alternative approaches, creating

> strong therapeutic relationships, and optimizing

> management. "

>

> 11.. Attention deficit and infantile

> hyperactivity, Berdonces JL, Rev Enferm 2001

> Jan;24(1):11-4

> " ... psychiatric medication has major risks in

> children. From complementary medicine we can find

> several aids in changing diet patterns and

> supplementing with vitamins or minerals. Chocolate,

> sugar, sweeteners, additives, preservatives, dyes,

> can enhance the incidence of this syndrome; instead

> the supplementation with lipids rich in PUFA's can

> prevent it. B complex vitamins, magnesium, copper,

> manganese or calcium can be interesting and in

> herbal medicine, sedative plants like passion

> flower, valerian or lemon balm are useful aids. Also

> liquorice, fennel and berries can be used for

> different physiological actions. "

>

> 12.. Effects on Behavior and Cognition: Diet and

> Artificial Colors, Flavors, and Preservatives (Full

> Text in PDF format) Beseler L, International

> Pediatrics, Volume 14, No. 1, 1999

> " This article explores the various

> controversies regarding nutrition and behavior.

> Reports have linked various foods, food dyes, and

> preservatives to behavior-notably in children with

> Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. ... "

> Some interesting notes on this report: The

> Rowe study was mentioned, with the note that in the

> double-blind portion of the 1994 Rowe & Rowe study,

> behavioral changes were " associated with ingestion

> of tartrazine in some children. " Perhaps it would

> have choked them to tell you that 19 of 23

> " suspected reactors " (82.6%) were confirmed by the

> double blind test? - and that this was confirmed

> with quite a small dose of tartrazine. They do say

> that " higher doses of greater than 10 mg increased

> the duration of effect beyond 24 hours " ... 10 mg?

> That is about the amount in only half a cup of

> Koolaid, or the amount in less than 1/4 teaspoon of

> bright yellow cake frosting or equivalent size of

> solid-color candy.

>

> Surprisingly, the authors chose the 1987 David

> study to illustrate the " other side. " In this small

> study, children were used who were not responding

> evenly to dietary intervention attempts, and parents

> had been referred to Dr. David for help. Tests were

> run on children already in the midst of reactions.

> Although large " doses " of coloring were used, they

> were already as " bad " as they could get apparently -

> so no effect was noted.

>

> The article encourages doctors that " if food

> sensitivity is demonstrated, an elimination diet can

> be utilized. " This is a strange statement since the

> elimination diet itself is the only method to

> " demonstrate " food sensitivity. The article goes on

> to instruct doctors how to explain to parents that

> additives are impossible to avoid, and that a

> natural-foods diet is expensive and requires

> professional supervision to prevent nutritional

> deficits, and furthermore, that " while exploring

> nutrition interventions the families should be

> encouraged to pursue other forms of scientifically

> proven therapies. "

>

> At no time is the Feingold Association

> recommended as a resource to make the diet easier to

> implement; but then it is clearly not the intent of

> the writer to do so.

>

> .

>

>

> 13.. Foods and Additives are Common Causes of

> the Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder in

> Children, Boris M; Mandel F, Annals of Allergy, May

> 1994, Vol. 72, pp. 462-8

> 73% of the children responded favorably, P <

> .001 " This study demonstrated a beneficial effect of

> eliminating reactive foods and artificial colors in

> children with ADHD. Dietary factors may play a

> significant role in the etiology of the majority of

> children with ADHD. "

>

> 14.. Review: The Role of Diet and Behaviour in

> Childhood, J. Breakey, Journal of Paediatric Child

> Health, 1997, Jun;33(3) pp.190-194

> " The research has shown that diet definitely

> affects some children. ... and some non-food items

> are relevant. Symptoms which may change include

> those seen in attention deficit disorder (ADD) and

> attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

> sleep problems and physical symptoms, with later

> research emphasizing particularly changes in mood. "

>

> 15.. A study of the efficacy of the Feingold

> diet on hyperkinetic children. Some favorable

> personal observations. Brenner A, Clinical

> Pediatrics (Phila) 1977 Jul;16(7):652-6

> " ... the startling changes seen in patients

> who had been followed for years with other forms of

> therapy suggest strongly that this improvement was

> genuine. "

>

> 16.. Trace mineral levels in hyperactive

> children responding to the Feingold diet, Brenner A,

> Journal of Pediatrics 1979 Jun;94(6):944-5

> Abstract [not included on MedLine] " The

> Feingold hypothesis associating the hyperkinetic

> syndrome with ingestion of common food additives,

> artificial colors and flavors, and

> salicylate-containing foods has evoked considerable

> controversy. Since many children ingest these

> ubiquitous additives, and no differences in dietary

> habits have been noted between hyperkinetic and

> nonhyperkinetic children, it is possible that a

> biochemical difference may be present in children

> who appear to be affected by the additives. "

> 20 children who responded to the Feingold

> diet, and 14 who did not were tested for copper and

> zinc levels in their blood. There was a

> significantly higher level of copper in the chilren

> who did respond to the diet. Possible reasons are

> discussed.

>

> 17.. Alternative treatments for

> attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: does

> evidence support their use? Brue AW, Oakland TD,

> Altern Ther Health Med 2002 Jan-Feb;8(1):68-70, 72-4

>

> " . . . Stimulant medication is one of the

> most common treatments for ADHD; however, adverse

> reactions from its use cause many parents to seek

> complementary or alternative treatments. . . . The

> success of CAM (complementary and alternative

> medicine)in treating children with ADHD varies, and

> parents typically use a trial-and-error method when

> evaluating CAM. Alternative treatments often include

> neurofeedback, homeopathy, herbal medicines, iron

> supplements, and dietary modifications or

> supplements. . . the use of more conventional

> treatments should be considered if alternative

> interventions prove unsuccessful. "

>

> 18.. Effects of a Few Foods Diet in Attention

> Deficit Disorder, C.M. Carter, et al, Archives of

> Disease in Childhood, November 1993, Vol. 69 (5),

> pp.564-8

> 59 of 78 children (75.6%) referred for

> " hyperactive behavior " improved on an open trial of

> an elimination diet. 19 of them were studied in a

> placebo-controlled double-blind challenge protocol.

>

> 19.. Clinical spectrum of adverse reactions to

> tartrazine. Collins-Williams C, J Asthma

> 1985;22(3):139-43

> " Tartrazine, a common additive in foods and

> drugs, often causes adverse reactions such as

> recurrent urticaria, angioedema, and asthma and is

> frequently implicated in hyperkinesis. This paper

> summarizes the recent literature on the subject and

> outlines a practical approach for the practicing

> physician to diagnose and treat these patients in an

> optimal manner. "

>

> 20.. Food additives and hyperkinesis: a

> controlled double-blind experiment. Conners CK,

> Goyette CH, Southwick DA, Lees JM, Andrulonis PA,

> Pediatrics 1976 Aug;58(2):154-66

> " A double-blind crossover trial involving a

> control diet and a diet eliminating artificial

> flavors, colors, and natural salicylates as

> recommended by Feingold was conducted on 15

> hyperkinetic children. ...Both parents and teachers

> reported fewer hyperkinetic symptoms on the K-P diet

> as compared to the pretreatment baseline. ... "

> .

>

>

> 21.. Controlled trial of cumulative behavioural

> effects of a common bread preservative. Dengate S,

> Ruben A., J Paediatr Child Health 2002

> Aug;38(4):373-6

> " ...Twenty-seven children, whose behaviour

> improved significantly on the Royal Prince Alfred

> Hospital diet, which excludes food additives,

> natural salicylates, amines and glutamates, were

> challenged with calcium propionate (preservative

> code 282) or placebo through daily bread in a

> double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. ...

> CONCLUSIONS: Irritability, restlessness, inattention

> and sleep disturbance in some children may be caused

> by a preservative in healthy foods consumed daily.

> Minimizing the concentrations added to processed

> foods would reduce adverse reactions. Testing for

> behavioural toxicity should be included in food

> additive safety evaluation. "

>

> 22.. Diet and hyperactivity. Dickerson JW,

> Pepler F., Journal of human nutrition 1980

> Jun;34(3):167-74

> " Before the role of diet is considered a

> number of questions about the nature of

> hyperactivity are confronted. How common is the

> condition? What are the problems of diagnosis? How

> successful is drug treatment? The effectiveness of

> the Feingold diet in combatting hyperactivity and

> the importance of adverse reaction by children to

> items in the diet is emphasised. "

> 23.. Is the Australian version of the Feingold

> diet safe? Dumbrell S, Woodhill JM, Mackie L,

> Leelarthaepin B, Med J Aust 1978 Dec 2;2(12):548,

> 569-70

> " ... The nutritional quality, in terms of the

> level and balance of nutrients in the elimination

> test diet, was superior to that of the normal diet.

> With proper dietary counselling, the elimination

> test diet is safe for use in the treatment of

> children with hyperkinesis. "

> 24.. Is migraine food allergy? A double-blind

> controlled trial of oligoantigenic diet treatment.,

> Egger J et al., Lancet 1983 Oct 15;2(8355):865-9

> " 93% of 88 children with severe frequent

> migraine recovered on oligoantigenic diets; ... the

> role of the foods provoking migraine was established

> by a double-blind controlled trial in 40 of the

> children. ... Associated symptoms which improved in

> addition to headache included abdominal pain,

> behaviour disorder, fits, asthma, and eczema. In

> most of the patients in whom migraine was provoked

> by non-specific factors, such as blows to the head,

> exercise, and flashing lights, this provocation no

> longer occurred while they were on the diet. "

>

> 25.. Controlled Trial of Oligoantigenic

> Treatment in the Hyperkinetic Syndrome, J.Egger,

> P.J.Graham, J.F.Soothill, C.M.Carter, D.Gumley, The

> Lancet, March 9, 1985

> 62 of 76 selected overactive children (81.6%)

> improved; other symptoms such as headaches,

> abdominal pain, and fits, also improved.

>

> 26.. Oligoantigenic diet treatment of children

> with epilepsy and migraine, Egger J, Carter CM,

> Soothill JF, Wilson J, Journal of Pediatrics 1989

> Jan;114(1):51-8

> Of 45 children with epilepsy and recurrent

> headaches, abdominal symptoms, or hyperkinetic

> behavior, 36 [80%] improved on an oligoantigenic

> diet; 25 [55%] ceased to have seizures and 11 had

> fewer seizures during diet therapy. " Headaches,

> abdominal pains, and hyperkinetic behavior ceased in

> all those whose seizures ceased, and in some of

> those whose seizures did not cease. " ... " Of 24

> children with generalized epilepsy, 18 [75%]

> recovered or improved (including 4 of 7 with

> myoclonic seizures and all with petit mal), as did

> 18 of 21 [85%] children with partial epilepsy. In

> double-blind, placebo-controlled provocation

> studies, symptoms recurred in 15 of 16 children,

> including seizures in eight; none recurred when

> placebo was given. Eighteen other children, who had

> epilepsy alone, were similarly treated with an

> oligoantigenic diet; none improved. "

>

> 27.. Effect of diet treatment on enuresis in

> children with migraine or hyperkinetic behavior,

> Egger J, Carter CH, Soothill JF, Wilson J, Clinical

> Pediatrics (Phila) 1992 May;31(5):302-7

> " Twenty-one children with migraine and/or

> hyperkinetic behavior disorder which was

> successfully treated with an oligoantigenic

> (few-foods) diet also suffered from nocturnal and/or

> diurnal enuresis. [daytime or nighttime bed wetting]

> On diet, the enuresis stopped in 12 of these

> children and improved in an additional four. [76%]

> ... Enuresis in food-induced migraine and/or

> behavior disorder seems to respond, in some

> patients, to avoidance of provoking foods. "

>

> 28.. Controlled Trial of Hyposensitisation in

> Children with Food-Induced Hyperkinetic Syndrome,

> J.Egger, A.Stolla, L.McEwen, The Lancet, May 9,

> 1992, Vol. 339, pp. 1150

> A trial of enzyme-potentiated desensitisation,

> expected to be useful for those who have problems

> with foods that are difficult to avoid, or who

> cannot comply with dietary restrictions.

> Note: This is EPD, in use in England for 30

> years. The FDA, responding to a ruling by the

> Medical Board of California, has prevented new

> patients from being accepted under the existing

> national IRB treatment program. The case is being

> appealed. See www.treatmentchoice.org

>

>

> 29.. The role of diet in behaviour. Feingold

> BF., Ecology of Disease 1982;1(2-3):153-65

> " The behavioural disorders, frequently

> labelled hyperkinesis, hyperkinetic impulse

> disorder, hyperactivity, Minimal Brain Dysfunction

> (MBD) and Attentional Deficit Disorder (ADD), are

> among the most critical problems of our contemporary

> culture.

> " Truancy, vandalism, violence and assault

> among school children coupled with a persistent drop

> in scholastic achievement is a universal problem

> affecting the school population of every so-called

> developed country. Every procedure for the control

> of behavioural disorders has not been successful;

> every technique for the improvement of learning has

> not been productive, while every modality for the

> rehabilitation of delinquents has failed us. Since

> all these procedures have been structured upon

> psychosocial concepts, it becomes necessary to look

> elsewhere for the answers, which is to the

> biosciences, including genetics, molecular genetics,

> pharmacogenetics, behavioural toxicology,

> behavioural teratology, immunochemistry, immunology,

> allergy and endocrinology, with a focus upon

> nutrition, which encompasses all these disciplines.

> ...

> The increase in behavioural disorders

> accompanied by a persistent drop in scholastic

> performance coupled with the continuing rise in the

> prevalence of delinquency is undoubtedly one of the

> most important expressions of the disruption of

> nature by the rising concentration of pollutants in

> the ecosystem. The prospect for controlling and

> eliminating the major contaninants of the

> environment is not too promising for the immediate

> future; however, an informed public, which should

> lead to greater commitment and involvement, would be

> followed by the containment and then reversal and

> resolution of this critical and important

> present-day situation involving the health and

> behaviour of both our contemporary population and

> also future generations. Public recognition and

> participation in the problem are mandatory to

> correct the insidious downgrading of the human race,

> which is already evident. "

>

> Dr. Feingold finalized this paper in the few

> days before his death. He had not had time to list

> his references, and the editors noted that they had

> decided to publish it without them.

>

> OBITUARY

>

> 30.. Salicylate sensitivity in children reported

> to respond to salicylate exclusion. Fitzsimon M,

> Holborow P, Berry P, Latham S, Medical Journal of

> Australia 1978 Dec 2;2(12):570-2

> Twelve children, aged six to 13 years, whose

> parents reported an improvement in behavioural

> problems with use of the Feingold (K-P) diet for an

> average period of 12 months, were challenge-tested

> with 40 mg of acetylsalicylic acid in a

> double-blind, cross-over trial with ascorbic acid as

> a placebo. ... significance was reached in tests of

> general cognitive capacity, line walking and the

> " finger-to-nose " tests, as well as increased

> disturbance in sleep patterns in these children.

>

> 31.. Effects of artificial colors on

> hyperkinetic children: a double-blind challenge

> study. Goyette GH, Connors CK, Petti TA, Curtis LE,

> Psychopharmacol Bull 1978 Apr;14(2):39-40

> " Summary: ... In the first trial there was

> suggestive evidence that performance on a

> visual-motor tracking task may be impaired following

> ingestion of challenge material. Three

> " dye-sensitive " children retested in the laboratory

> gave results consistent with an impairment of

> attention and visual motor tracking 1 hour after

> cookie ingestion... A second study showed

> significant effects on parent ratings when these

> were limited to a 3-hour period immediately

> following ingestion of the cookies, suggesting that

> artificial food dyes do indeed impair and disrupt

> the behavior of the children... "

> The " challenge " dose of food dyes is not

> specified, but implied to be 13 mg. This tiny amount

> still resulted in a trend of performance deficits on

> a visual motor tracking task after challenge but not

> after placebo. The deficits were more pronounced in

> younger children. This is not surprising because 13

> mg is a larger " dose " per body weight for a smaller

> child.

>

>

> 32.. Outcome-based comparison of Ritalin versus

> food-supplement treated children with AD/HD. Harding

> KL, Judah RD, Gant C. Altern Med Rev. 2003 Aug;

> 8(3): 319-30.

> " Twenty children with attention

> deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) were treated

> with either Ritalin (10 children) or dietary

> supplements (10 children) . . . Subjects in both

> groups showed significant gains . . . . . .Numerous

> studies suggest that biochemical heterogeneous

> etiologies for AD/HD cluster around at least eight

> risk factors: food and additive allergies, heavy

> metal toxicity and other environmental toxins,

> low-protein/high-carbohydrate diets, mineral

> imbalances, essential fatty acid and phospholipid

> deficiencies, amino acid deficiencies, thyroid

> disorders, and B-vitamin deficiencies. . . . These

> findings support the effectiveness of food

> supplement treatment in improving attention and

> self-control in children with AD/HD and suggest food

> supplement treatment of AD/HD may be of equal

> efficacy to Ritalin treatment. "

> Full Text

> .

>

>

> 33.. Hyperkinesis and food additives: testing

> the Feingold hypothesis. Harley JP, Ray RS, Tomasi

> L, Eichman PL, Matthews CG, Chun R, Cleeland CS,

> Traisman E, Pediatrics 1978 Jun;61(6):818-28

> " Teacher ratings, objective classroom and

> laboratory observational data,

> attention-concentration, and other psychological

> measures obtained on 36 school-age, hyperactive boys

> under experimental and control diet conditions

> yielded no support for the Feingold hypothesis.

> Parental ratings revealed positive behavioral

> changes for the experimental diet; however, they

> seemed primarily attributable to one diet sequence.

> Parents' behavioral ratings on ten hyperactive,

> preschool boys indicated a positive response to the

> experimental diet; again, laboratory observations

> showed no diet effect. "

> 100% of preschoolers improved on the Feingold

> diet in this study. Older children had first to be

> removed from their medication; since it was already

> known that medicated children take longer to respond

> to dietary intervention, we wonder why they were

> surprised to find an " order effect " (where 63% of

> those on the " control " diet first then responded to

> the Feingold diet .... note that they would have

> been off the meds several weeks more than the ones

> doing the Feingold diet first).

>

> Upon reading the analysis of the Harley study

> by Dr. Bernard Weiss, Professor of Toxicology at

> University of Rochester School of Medicine and

> Dentistry, it becomes clear, however, that there was

> no order effect: the children who were on the

> Feingold diet first did improve over baseline almost

> as much as the ones on the control diet first

> improved when they went on the Feingold diet portion

> ... but they did not dis-improve when they were put

> on the control diet second. Reasons for this could

> be because:

>

> 1.. The control diet actually wasn't bad

> from a " Feingold " standpoint - not bad enough to

> create any acute reactions after improvement, and

> 2.. Parents, having seen improvement, may

> have been able to guess what was causing trouble and

> avoid it

> You can see an analysis of the Harley study

> (and others)..

>

> 34.. Nutrient intakes of children on the

> hyperkinesis diet. Harper PH, Goyette CH, Conners

> CK, J Am Diet Assoc 1978 Nov;73(5):515-9

> " The nutrient intakes of fifty-four

> hyperactive children during a baseline period and

> while following the hyperkinesis diet were

> calculated. During both periods, mean dietary

> intakes compared favorably with the Recommended

> Dietary Allowances. ... "

>

> 35.. The management of hyperkinetic children: a

> trial of dietary therapy. Hindle RC, Priest J , N Z

> Med J 1978 Jul 26;88(616):43-5

> " ... Ten hyperkinetic children have been

> treated with the diet, five of whom improved

> dramatically and are now off all other therapy.

> Their response to accidental and deliberate

> challenge supports the hypothesis that the dietary

> regime described has been responsible for their

> improvement. "

>

> 36.. Overall Nutrient Intake of Preschool

> Hyperactive and Normal Boys, B.Kaplan et al, Journal

> of Abnormal Child Psychology, April 1989, Vol.

> 17(2), pp.127-32

> " ...concluded that nutrition-behavior

> interactions are more likely a function of

> idiosyncratic sensitivities, rather than a general

> tendency for ADDH children to eat differently... "

>

> 37.. Dietary Replacement in Preschool-Aged

> Hyperactive Boys, B.Kaplan, et al, Pediatrics, 1989,

> Vol. 83, pp. 7-17

> " More than half the subjects exhibited

> reliable improvement in behavior and negligible

> placebo effects. In addition, several nonbehavioral

> variables tended to improve ... particularly

> halitosis, night awakenings, and latency to sleep

> onset. "

> 38.. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

> (ADHD) in children: rationale for its integrative

> management. Kidd PM, Alternative Medicine Review

> 2000 Oct;5(5):402-28 |||| Full Text (requires PDF

> reader)

> This is a review of treatments. " . . . major

> etiologic contributors also include adverse

> responses to food additives, intolerances to foods,

> sensitivities to environmental chemicals, molds, and

> fungi, and exposures to neurodevelopmental toxins

> such as heavy metals and organohalide pollutants.

> Thyroid hypofunction may be a common denominator

> linking toxic insults with ADHD symptomatologies.

> Abnormalities in the frontostriatal brain circuitry

> and possible hypofunctioning of dopaminergic

> pathways are apparent in ADHD, and are consistent

> with the benefits obtained in some instances by the

> use of methylphenidate (Ritalin) . . . . Nutrient

> deficiencies are common in ADHD; supplementation

> with minerals, the B vitamins (added in singly),

> omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids,

> flavonoids, and the essential phospholipid

> phosphatidylserine (PS) can ameliorate ADHD

> symptoms. When individually managed with

> supplementation, dietary modification,

> detoxification, correction of intestinal dysbiosis,

> and other features of a wholistic/integrative

> program of management, the ADHD subject can lead a

> normal and productive life. "

>

> 39.. Hyperkinesis and diet: a double-blind

> crossover trial with a tartrazine challenge. Levy F,

> Dumbrell S, Hobbes G, Ryan M, Wilton N, Woodhill JM,

> Medical Journal of Australia 1978 Jan 28;1(2):61-4

> " ...The rating scales and objective tests for

> the full sample did not show a statistically

> significant deterioration in the children's

> behaviour when they were challenged under

> double-blind test conditions with the Yellow Dye No.

> 5, tartrazine, and the tests were conducted the day

> after a two-week challenge period. "

> [NOTE: tests were conducted after challenge,

> not during challenge, and results of all children

> were AVERAGED. Moreover, the " challenge " was 5

> biscuits per day, each containing ONE mg of

> Tartrazine -- a very tiny dose indeed!

>

> Nevertheless...astonishingly ... " a subgroup

> of the children... indicated a significant challenge

> effect (P less than 0.025), with mothers reporting

> more symptoms during the challenge period. "

>

>

> 40.. Phenotypic Variation in Xenobiotic

> Metabolism and Adverse Environmental Response: Focus

> on Sulfur-Dependent Detoxification Pathways, S.A.

> McFadden, Toxicology, July 1996, Vol. 111(1-3), pp.

> 43-65

> " ...a significant number of individuals with

> environmental intolerance or chronic disease have

> impaired sulfation of phenolic xenobiotics. This

> impairment is demonstrated with the probe drug

> acetaminophen and is presumably due to starvation of

> the sulfotransferases for sulfate substrate... In

> addition, impaired sulfation may be relevant to

> intolerance of phenol, tyramine, and phenylic food

> constituents, and it may be a factor in the success

> of the Feingold diet. "

>

> 41.. Disturbed children: the role of food and

> chemical sensitivities. Menzies IC. Nutr Health.

> 1984; 3(1-2): 39-54.

> " . . . A number of case studies are presented

> which suggest that the difficulties encountered by a

> significant number of these children have much to do

> with idiosyncratic responses to foods and additives.

> This hypothesis requires careful research study at

> an early date for if validated it will have far

> reaching implications for the assessment and

> management of disturbed, delinquent and learning

> disordered children. Perhaps not enough attention

> has been paid to the role of biological and

> environmental factors in the development of

> children's problems. Certainly recent research has

> begun to provide support for the concept of

> environmental (ecologic) illness. "

>

> 42.. Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure and

> early experience on home-cage and open-field

> activity in mice. Mothes HK, Opitz B, Werner R,

> Clausing P, Neurotoxicol Teratol 1996

> Jan-Feb;18(1):59-65

> " ... Mice prenatally exposed to ethanol showed

> increased activity in their home cages, whereas

> open-field behavior was generally not different from

> that of control groups. Conversely, different

> preweaning rearing conditions had affected

> open-field behavior, but not home-cage activity. In

> conclusion, home-cage behavior was a sensitive

> paradigm for detecting hyperactivity subsequent to a

> relatively low dose of prenatal ethanol in mice... "

> 43.. Unusual reactions to food additives,

> Novembre E, Dini L, Bernardini R, Resti M, Vierucci

> A, Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica 1992

> Jan-Feb;14(1):39-42

> " ...In this study, we report two cases of

> unusual reactions to food additives (tartrazine and

> benzoates) involving mainly the central nervous

> system (headache, migraine, overactivity,

> concentration and learning difficulties, depression)

> and joints (arthralgias), confirmed with diet and

> double blind challenge. The possible pathogenetic

> mechanisms are also discussed. "

>

> 44.. Favourable effect of a standard elimination

> diet on the behavior of young children with

> attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a

> pilot study Pelsser LM, Buitelaar JK, Ned Tijdschr

> Geneeskd 2002 Dec 28;146(52):2543-7

> " .. children, 36 boys and 4 girls, aged 3-7

> (average 4.8 years), who met the DSM-IV-criteria for

> ADHD, followed their usual diet for two weeks and

> thereafter for two weeks an elimination diet, based

> on the few foods diet (rice, turkey, pear and

> lettuce). ... 25 children (62%) showed an

> improvement in behaviour of at least 50% on both the

> Conners list and the ADHD Rating Scale at the end of

> the elimination diet. Nine children (23%) withdrew

> from the study because the parents were unable to

> stick to the diet or because the child fell ill.

> Among the 15 children with both parent and teacher

> ratings, 10 [66%] responded both at home and in

> school. CONCLUSION: In young children with ADHD an

> elimination diet can lead to a statistically

> significant decrease in symptoms. "

> Note: This study was done in Holland where a

> Feingold Foodlist is not available. Their diet was

> very much more limited than the usual Feingold diet.

> Since 9 children dropped out, the number of children

> who completed the 2-weeks trial of the diet was only

> 31. Thus, 25 children improving would be 80.6% of

> them. This is in line with the results we see of

> those who try the Feingold diet, in spite of the

> fact that two weeks is a very short trial for any

> diet.

>

>

> 45.. Effect of artificial food colours on

> childhood behaviour. , Pollock I, Warner JO, Arch

> Dis Child 1990 Jan;65(1):74-7

> Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Hospital,

> London.

> " ... 19 children completed a double blind

> placebo controlled challenge study with artificial

> food colours. In these children food colours were

> shown to have an adverse effect on a daily Conners'

> rating of behaviour, but most parents could not

> detect these changes. A pharmacological mechanism of

> food additive intolerance is proposed to explain

> these effects. "

>

>

> 46.. Effect of organic synthetic food colours on

> mitochondrial respiration. Reyes FG, Valim MF,

> Vercesi AE. Food Additives and Contaminants. 1996

> Jan;13(1):5-11

> " ... The compounds tested were: Erythrosine,

> Ponceau 4R, Allura Red, Sunset yellow, Tartrazine,

> Amaranth, Brilliant Blue, Blue, Fast Red E, Orange

> GGN and Scarlet GN. All food colours tested

> inhibited mitochondrial respiration ...This

> inhibition varied largely, e.g. from 100% to 16% for

> Erythrosine and Tartrazine respectively, ...This

> effect was dose related .... "

>

> 47.. The Feingold diet: an assessment of the

> reviews by Mattes, by Kavale and Forness and

> others., Rimland B. Journal of Learning Disabilities

> 1983 Jun-Jul;16(6):331-3

> " . . . All of these reviews of research on the

> Feingold Diet come to essentially the same

> conclusion: The Feingold diet is of no value, or, at

> best, of marginal value for a few children, as a

> means of reducing hyperactivity. In my opinion, such

> a conclusion is certainly unwarranted, probably

> incorrect, and very likely damaging.

> Why do I come to this unkind and critical

> assessment of the diligent effort of so many

> colleagues? The answer can be expressed in one

> simple four letter word: " GIGO. " GIGO, in

> computerese, stands for " garbage in, garbage out. "

> That is, if the incoming data are of no value, no

> amount of massaging, analysis, or manipulation will

> increase its value.

> ...

> ...Suppose that thalidomide, rather than

> inducing structural deformities, had instead

> depressed IQ scores by 10%; would we ever have

> suspected it of adverse effects? The answer is all

> too obvious. We are all very much aware of a sharp

> decline in academic ability in our youngsters,

> including the 17 year drop in SAT scores. We are

> also aware of an enormous upsurge in youth crime

> during these decades. While there are a multitude of

> proposed alternative causes for these continuing

> disasters (e.g., Rimland and Larson, 1981), let us

> heed the insights and warnings of the prophetic Ben

> Feingold and remove the unnecessary pollutants from

> our food supply. Prudence demands no less. "

>

> See the rest of this review

>

> Although this was published in 1983, the

> increase in violence and decrease in SAT scores

> (with periodic re-adjustments or " recentering " so

> that this drop is less obvious) has continued. How

> far will we let things go before we do something

> about it?

>

>

> 48.. Food additives and hyperactive children: a

> critique of Conners. Rippere V, Br J Clin Psychol

> 1983 Feb;22 Pt 1:19-32

> " Food Additives and Hyperactive Children

> (Conners, 1980) is the first book-length attempt to

> evaluate Feingold's additive and salicylate-free

> Kaiser-Permenente diet for the treatment of

> hyperactive children, and as such it requires

> critical scrutiny. . .It is argued that the studies

> as reported do not constitute a methodologically

> adequate test of Feingold's hypothesis . . . and

> that it is thus premature to reject the hypothesis

> on the grounds presented here. . . "

>

> 49.. The functional relationship between

> artificial food colors and hyperactivity. Rose

> TL, J Appl Behav Anal 1978 Winter;11(4):439-46

> " . . .Two eight-year-old females, who had

> been on the Feingold K-P diet for a minimum of 11

> months, were the subjects studied. The experimental

> design was a variation of the BAB design, with

> double-blind conditions. This design allowed an

> experimental analysis of the placebo phases as well

> as challenge phases. Data were obtained by trained

> observers on Out of Seat, On Task, and Physically

> Aggressive behaviors, as they occurred in the

> subjects' regular class setting. Results indicated

> (a) the existence of a functional relationship

> between the ingestion of artificial food colors and

> an increase in both the duration and frequency of

> hyperactive behaviors, (b) the absence of a placebo

> effect, and © differential sensitivity of the

> dependent variables to the challenge effects. "

>

> 50.. Synthetic Food Colourings and

> " Hyperactivity " : a Double-Blind Crossover Study,

> K.S.Rowe, Australia Paediatric Journal, April 1988,

> Vol. 24 (2), pp. 143-7

> 40 of 55 children (72.7%) put on a 6-week

> trial of the Feingold Diet " ... demonstrated

> improved behaviour. " 26 of them (47.3%) remained

> improved following " liberalization " of the diet over

> a 3-6 month period.

>

> 51.. Synthetic Food Coloring and Behavior: A

> Dose Response Effect in a Double-Blind,

> Placebo-Controlled, Repeated-Measures Study,

> K.S.Rowe, K.J.Rowe, Journal of Pediatrics, November

> 1994, Vol. 135, pp.691-8

> 150 of 200 children [75%] improved on an open

> trial of a diet free of synthetic food coloring, and

> 63% of them responded to a single-item challenge of

> tartrazine. In the double-blind portion, the study

> identified 24 children as clear reactors, including

> 19 of the 23 " suspected reactors " [82.6%] . " They

> were irritable and restless and had sleep

> disturbance. Significant reactions were observed at

> all six dose levels. A dose response effect was

> obtained. "

>

> 52.. Physiological changes in hyperactive

> children following the ingestion of food additives.

> Salamy J, Shucard D, Alexander H, Peterson D, Braud

> L, International Journal of Neuroscience 1982

> May;16(3-4):241-246

> " ... The physiological measures [EEG and heart

> rate] were obtained prior to and following the

> ingestion of drinks containing food additives or

> placebos, which were administered in a double-blind,

> randomized, crossover procedure. ... the magnitude

> of physiological changes in the hyperactive children

> were greater in response to ingestion of the

> additives than to placebo. These physiological

> findings are consistent with behavioural data

> indicating that some hyperactive children are

> adversely affected by food additives.

>

> 53.. Allergy testing, psychological assessment

> and dietary treatment of the hyperactive child

> syndrome. Salzman LK, Medical Journal of Australia

> 1976 Aug 14;2(7):248-51

> Thirty-one children with behavioural problems

> and learning difficulties were allergy tested ... 15

> of these were given the Australian Version of the

> Feingold K.P. diet. Ninety-three per cent responded

> with improved behaviour in the areas of

> overactivity, distractability, impulsiveness and

> excitability. Sleep and enuresis problems were

> resolved partially or completely. This study

> demonstrates that the aforementioned elimination

> diet significantly affects behaviour.

> Note: Many people who don't " test positive " on

> such tests still respond well to the diet. Allergy

> testing may be useful if positive, but does not rule

> out response to diet management if negative.

>

>

> 54.. A Prospective Study of Delinquency in 110

> Adolescent Boys with Attention Deficit Disorder and

> 88 Normal Adolescent Boys, J.Satterfield et al,

> American Journal of Psychiatry, June 1982, Vol. 139,

> p.6

> " These findings suggest a strong relationship

> between childhood ADD and later arrests for

> delinquent behavior. " " ...our study is consistent

> with other follow-up studies of drug-treated

> children that have found an absence of long-term

> beneficial effect ... "

>

> 55.. Nutrition and behavior: complex

> interdisciplinary research. Schauss AG., Nutr Health

> 1984;3(1-2):9-37

> " . . . Discussions and findings from research

> presented include: refined carbohydrate consumption,

> maladaptive behavior, behavior disorders and

> learning; a history of the 'Feingold diet' and the

> basis for its controversy; an examination of recent

> critiques of research on artificial food dyes and

> hyperkinesis; indications for dietary intervention

> of hyperactive preschoolers; the role of iron in

> behavior disorders; effects of sub-clinical vitamin

> deficiencies on behavior; trace element analysis

> studies and violent behavior; and, suggested

> guidelines for further research into this complex

> and challenging field. . . "

>

> 56.. Does oligoantigenic diet influence

> hyperactive/conduct-disordered children--a

> controlled trial. , Schmidt MH, et al., Eur Child

> Adolesc Psychiatry, 1997 Jun;6(2):88-95.

> " Effects of diet were compared with those

> yielded by stimulant medication (methylphenidate).

> ... Twelve children (24%) showed significant

> behavioral improvement in two behavior ratings

> during diet relative to control diet conditions ...

> The amount of positive changes in behavior in those

> who received both treatments was about the same...

> dietary treatment cannot be neglected as a possible

> access to treating hyperactive/disruptive children

> ... "

> NOTE: These were children with

> conduct-disorder as well as ADHD. 44% responded to

> Ritalin while 24% responded equally well to a

> Feingold-type diet.

>

>

> 57.. Nutrition in the treatment of

> attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a

> neglected but important aspect, Schnoll R, Burshteyn

> D, Cea-Aravena J. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback.

> 2003 Mar;28(1):63-75

> " ... Nutritional factors such as food

> additives, refined sugars, food

> sensitivities/allergies, and fatty acid deficiencies

> have all been linked to ADHD. ...In general, diet

> modification plays a major role in the management of

> ADHD and should be considered as part of the

> treatment protocol. "

>

> 58.. Food intolerance and food allergy, Schnyder

> B, Pichler WJ, Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1999 Jun

> 19;129(24):928-33

> " Confirmed adverse reactions to foods may be

> caused by toxic, enzymatic, pharmacological,

> " pseudoallergic " or allergic mechanisms. ... The

> most frequent differential diagnoses of true

> allergies are pseudoallergic reactions to food

> additives or pharmacological reactions to biogenic

> amines. The diagnosis of these reactions can usually

> be based on the history and course under a

> corresponding diet. In clinical practice additional

> investigations by double-blind placebo-controlled

> food challenges are rarely required. ... The therapy

> of food intolerance is a corresponding diet... "

>

> 59.. Applied Nutrition and Behavior,

> S.Schoenthaler, J.Moody, L.Pankow, Journal of

> Applied Nutrition, November 1, 1991, Vol. 43

> Review of studies at California State

> University; implementation of " nutrient dense diets "

> in 813 state facilities " resulted in significantly

> improved conduct, intelligence, and/or academic

> performance... "

>

> 60.. The Impact of a Low Food Additive and

> Sucrose Diet on Academic Performance in 803 New York

> City Public Schools, Schoenthaler SJ, Doraz WE,

> Wakefield JA, Int J Biosocial Res., 1986, 8(2);

> 185-195.

>

> " The introduction of a diet policy which

> lowered sucrose, synthetic food color/flavors, and

> two preservatives (BHA and BHT) over 4 years in 803

> public schools was followed by a 15.7% increase in

> mean academic percentile ranking above the rest of

> the nation's schools who used the same standardized

> tests. Prior to the 15.7% gain, the standard

> deviation of the annual change in nation percentile

> rating had been less than 1% . . ., after the policy

> transitions, the percent of students who ate school

> lunches and breakfasts within each school became

> positively correlated with that school's rate of

> gain (r = .28, p < .0001). "

>

> 61.. Utilization of alternative therapies in

> attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

> Stubberfield T, Parry T, J Paediatr Child Health

> 1999 Oct;35(5):450-3

> " ...A mailed questionnaire survey was

> undertaken in June 1993, of the use of various

> therapies by families of 381 children with ADHD. The

> respondent rate was 76%.... Diet therapies were the

> most commonly used alternative therapy (60%). ...

> Physicians were commonly involved in the suggestion

> to try a modified diet. ... "

>

> 62.. Food Dyes Impair Performance of Hyperactive

> Children on a Laboratory Learning Test, J. Swanson,

> M.Kinsbourne, Science magazine, March 28, 1980, Vol.

> 207. pp.1485-7

> " The performance of the hyperactive children

> on paired-associate learning tests on the day they

> received the dye blend was impaired relative to

> their performance after they received the placebo,

> but the performance of the non-hyperactive group was

> not affected by the challenge... "

> Note: Dr. Swanson used 100 mg and 150 mg of

> mixed food dye in his study. In a phone conversation

> with this author, he said he had been told that his

> use of a " toxic dose " had devalued his study. When

> informed of the amount of food dye per tablespoon in

> solid bright-colored candies and frosting, green

> ketchup, and powdered drinks, as measured by

> students at an Atlanta college, he was astonished.

> According to his math, students at a birthday party

> can easily consume 500-600 mg of food dye. If 150 mg

> is really a " toxic dose, " then we need to seriously

> reconsider what we are allowing in the food sold for

> children, and we also need to rethink the fact that

> manufacturers refuse to reveal just how much

> coloring is actually in any of their products.

>

>

> 63.. Topographic mapping of brain electrical

> activity in children with food-induced attention

> deficit hyperkinetic disorder. Uhlig T,

> Merkenschlager A, Brandmaier R, Egger J, European

> Journal of Pediatrics 1997 Jul;156(7):557-61

> See Topographic mapping

> " ... During consumption of provoking foods

> there was a significant increase in betal activity

> in the frontotemporal areas of the brain. This

> investigation is the first one to show an

> association between brain electrical activity and

> intake of provoking foods in children with

> food-induced attention deficit hyperactivity

> disorder. ... "

>

> 64.. The influence of the chemical additive

> tartrazine on the zinc status of hyperactive

> children: A double-blind placebo-controlled study.

> Ward NI; Soulsbury KA; Zettel VH; Colquhoun ID;

> Bunday S; Barnes B, J Nutr Med; 1 (1). 1990. 51-58

> " ...Tartrazine induces a reduction in serum

> and saliva zinc concentrations and an increase in

> urinary zinc content with a corresponding

> deterioration in behaviour/emotional responses of

> the hyperactive children but not the controls. "

>

> 65.. Assessment of chemical factors in relation

> to child hyperactivity. Ward NI, Journal of

> Nutritional & Environmental Medicine (Abingdon); 7

> (4). 1997. 333-342.

> " ...Only hyperactive children showed a

> significant reduction in blood serum zinc levels and

> an increase in urinary zinc output following the

> consumption of E102 [tartrazine] and E110 [sunset

> yellow]. . . For the 23 children who consumed a

> tartrazine beverage there were increased levels of

> overactivity (n = 18 children), aggressive (n = 16)

> and/or violent (n = 4) activity, poor speech (n =

> 2), poor coordination (n = 12), and the development

> of asthma and/or eczema (n = 8). Most of these were

> severe or moderate changes. Only one control child

> showed minor behavioural responses to tartrazine. "

>

> 66.. Behavioral responses to artificial food

> colors. Weiss B, Williams JH, Margen S, Abrams B,

> Caan B, Citron LJ, Cox C, McKibben J, Ogar D,

> Schultz S., Science 1980 Mar 28;207(4438):1487-9

> " Twenty-two young children, maintained on a

> diet that excluded certain foods, were challenged

> intermittently with a blend of seven artificial

> colors in a double-blind trial. Parents'

> observations provided the criteria of response. One

> child that responded mildly to the challenge and one

> that responded dramatically were detected. The

> latter, a 34-month-old female, showed a significant

> increase in aversive behaviors. These results

> further confirm previous controlled studies. "

> Note:

>

> a.. The children were not diagnosed as

> hyperkinetic (hyperactive).

> b.. Not all parents restricted the fruits

> and vegetables Dr. Weiss requested that they avoid.

> c.. 35.26 mg of mixed colors were used as

> the " challenge " in this study. Compare to 150 mg in

> one Tb green ketchup. Note also that when a

> challenge does not provoke worse behavior, it does

> not mean that the diet did not " work " but that the

> challenge did not " work. "

>

> 67.. Food additives and environmental chemicals

> as sources of childhood behavior disorders. Weiss,

> B, J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1982 Mar;21(2):144-52

> " The Feingold hypothesis postulates that many

> children who exhibit disturbed behavior improve on a

> diet devoid of certain food additives. Its validity

> has been examined on the bassis of controlled

> trials. The total evidence, although not wholly

> consistent, nevertheless suggests that the

> hypothesis is, in principle, correct. Such a

> conclusion poses difficult problems and new issues

> for etiology, treatment, toxicology, and

> regulations. "

>

> 68.. Food additives as a source of behavioral

> disturbances in children. Weiss, B, Neurotoxicology

> 1986 Summer;7(2):197-208

> " The proposition that certain food additives,

> such as synthetic colors and flavors, might provoke

> behavioral disturbances in children surprised most

> of us. When Feingold (1975) advanced his thesis, he

> met a surge of scepticism and hostility leavened by

> large doses of indifference. Not much has changed in

> the intervening decade, but now the rejection of

> Feingold's hypothesis conflicts directly with a

> slowly growing body of data....

> We ought to heed what the late Philip Handler

> (1979) wrote about risk-benefit analysis: 'A

> sensible guide would surely be to reduce exposure to

> hazard whenever possible, to accept substantial

> hazard only for great benefit, minor hazard for

> modest benefit, and no hazard at all when the

> benefit seems relatively trivial.' " "

>

>

> 69.. Low-level chemical sensitivity: a

> perspective from behavioral toxicology. Weiss B.

> Toxicol Ind Health 1994 Jul-Oct;10(4-5):605-17

> " ... The risk assessment process is designed

> explicitly to estimate the health threats posed by

> low exposure levels, typically by extrapolating from

> high experimental or environmental levels. The

> conventional risk assessment structure, however, was

> designed primarily around cancer. It is only

> awkwardly applicable to neurobehavioral toxicants

> because of the multiplicity of endpoints that have

> to be considered in evaluating neurotoxicity. ...

> Research on behavioral disorders evoked by food

> additives illustrates the importance of such

> questions. It also demonstrates that the methods

> currently used to assess the potential toxicity of

> many substances, including food additives, typically

> ignore subtle, and often sensitive, neurobehavioral

> measures. "

>

>

> 70.. Effects of toluene inhalation on locomotor

> activity and brain catecholamine levels in rats.

> Yamawaki S, Sarai K, Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo 1982

> Jul;2(1):57-9

> " ...The inhaling of toluene vapor (0.7% in

> air, for 15 min) induced the increase in spontaneous

> locomotor activity. This locomotor accelerating

> effect lasted about 60 min after the end of toluene

> exposure. ... These results suggest that toluene may

> raise dopaminergic neuron activity. "

> Exposure of rats to neurotoxic substances

> commonly results in hyperactivity, as though the

> " brakes " are the neurons first suffering damage.

> Toluene is a solvent made from petroleum or coal

> tar. Its chemical formula is C6H5CH3

>

>

> 71.. Dietary influences on neurotransmission.

> Zeisel SH, Advances in Pediatrics 1986;33:23-47

> " Diet clearly influences neurotransmission.

> ... Components of foods can also be used as drugs.

> ... Tryptophan, tyrosine, and choline may be useful

> in treatment of humans with sleep disorders, pain

> depression, mania, hypertension, shock, or

> dyskinesias. Other components of the diet that may

> affect behavior include food additives ... Given

> that there is little potential for harm and that

> there is a subpopulation that may respond, a trial

> of a diet that contains no food additives may be a

> valid diagnostic approach for children with

> attention deficit disorder who do not respond to

> stimulant therapy or for children for whom stimulant

> therapy is not desired.... "

>

 

>

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