Guest guest Posted March 11, 2005 Report Share Posted March 11, 2005 HERBALISTS' DESK REFERENCE (HDR) JoAnn Guest Mar 10, 2005 18:06 PST ================================================== HERBALISTS' DESK REFERENCE (HDR) Jim Duke http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/syllabus/module5.htm (Text for a lecture Oct. 11. Herbal Therapies (Botanical, Herbal, or Phytochemical Alternatives) Continuing Education for Toledo Physicians. Contact Nancy Merriam 419-471-4649.) First I summarize for you the herbs that are selling most in the US, according to figures published in the September 23 issue of Chemical and Engineering News. Echinacea leads herbal medicine sales in the US, commanding 9.9% of the American herbal sales (costing $24-42 a pound wholesale for the roots, 4.40 for the leaves), followed by garlic, 9.8% ($2.60 per pound), goldenseal, 7.0% ($50.00), ginseng , 5.9% ($28-219) ginkgo 4.5 ($5.50); saw palmetto 4.4 ($22), aloe 4.3 ($10.50), ephedra 3.5 ($4.50, siberian ginseng 3.1 ($7.50), and cranberry 3.0%. Therefore I include all these in my discussion. Originally I had agreed to introduce you to some 30 of the most frequently used herbs. Other top sellers listed by Peggy Brevort in Herbalgram include: Scientific Name Common Name $ Per Lb. (Wholesale) Capsicum spp Cayenne 3.20 Cassia senna Senna OTC Centella asiatica Gotu Kola 3.50 Crataegus oxyacantha Hawthorn 3.60 Glycyrrhiza glabra Licorice 5.25 Hamamelis virginiana Witch Hazel OTC Humulus lupulus Hops 6.00 Matricaria recutita Camomile 4.70 Mentha piperrita Peppermint 2.95 Plantago ovata Psyllium OTC Rhamnus purshiana Cascara sagrada OTC Salix alba White Willow 2.70 Silybum marianum Milk Thistle 8.00 Tabebuia impetiginosa Pau d'arco 4.25 Tanacetum parthenium Feverfew 9.75 Trifolium pratense Red Clover 14.00 Ulmus fulva Slippery Elm OTC Uncaria tomentosa Cat's Claw Valeriana officinalis Valerian 2.90 The tops among Chinese herbs are: Scientific Name Common Name $ Per Lb. (Wholesale) Angelica sinensis Dong Quai 8.75 Astragalus sinensis Huang Qi 7.50 Eleutherococcus senticosus Tsu Wujia 7.50 Ephedra sinica Ma Huang 4.50 Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo 5.50 Glycyrrhiza uralensis Licorice 3.25 Paeonia obovata Peony 4.00 Panax ginseng Ren Shen 79.00 Polygonum multiflorum Fo Ti 6.58 Rehmannia glutinosa Rehmannia 5.92 Schizandra chinensis Schizandra 7.89 Zingiber officinale Ginger 3.75 Ziziphus jujube Jujube 4.00 MOST FREQUENTLY SOLD CHINESE DRUGS (MODIFIED FROM BREVOORT, HERBALGRAM, 1996) Here I list what I view as the major physiological activities, which herbalists may think they can legally label, the most promising indications, which they still cannot label, but ones for which I candidly think there are valid claims. Then, hyperconservatively, I have gone thru rather alarmist a/o very conservative views of potential side effects and/or caveats (SE) applicable to these herbs. I am, in most cases, rather convinced of the efficacy, and less convinced of the alleged side effects and caveats that I have included, as promised in my syllabus for this CE course. Look at the ads for pharmaceuticals in a pop journal or in JAMA and you'll see that much more verbiage is dedicated to side effects than to indications, with 10-1,000 times more words addressing caveats, counterindications, and side effects. Remember that as you address the side effects of these herbal concoctions. I like the albeit arbitrary safety scoring I gave herbs in my CRC Handbook of Medicinal Plants I did not consult that CRC book when developing the scores I report here. These scores are gut feeling scores a dozen years later with much holy water over the dam. In the following table ACT=Activities; IND=Indications; POS = Posology, and SEC=Side effects and caveats , mostly from the literature. OTC = Over the Counter or approved for sale in Europe. STX=Standardized Extract;. TCM=Traditional ; PNC=Potter's New Cyclopaedia ( Williamson & Evans, 1988); SF=Steven Foster NH=personal communication, Barbara Grant, Natures Herbs. Most data in the posology columns were derived from these sources, and they do not necessarily correspond to OTC doses. To avoid clutter on these slides, these sources are not always cited on the busier slides. ALFALFA (Medicago sativa) + ACT: Aperitif; Bactericide; Cardiotonic; Diuretic; Estrogenic; Stomachic; Tonic IND: Arthritis; Cancer; Coughs; Dysuria; Gravel Fever; Halitosis; Peptic Ulcers POS: 1-2 500-mg Capsules/Day; 3-4 375-mg capsules 3x/day SEC: Abortion; Diarrhea; Dyspepsia; Hemolysis; Lupus, Pancytopenia Seeds a/o sprouts may contain 13,000 ppm canavanine which may be implicated in hypocomplementenemia, lupus, and pancytopenia. Stachydrine and l-homostachydrine in the seeds may be emmenagogue and lactogenic. One patient died from listeriosis after ingesting contaminated alfalfa tablets. (LRNP, Mar. 1991) May cause stomach upset and diarrhea. Believed by some herbalists to be helpful in delaying absorption of cholesterol and dissolving plaque deposits on arterial walls. (TMA, 1996) ALOE (Aloe vera) ( Gel) ++ OTC ACT: Anesthetic; Antiinflammatory; Antiseptic; Moisturizer; Tissue restorative IND: Abrasions; Alcoholic Ulcers; Bugbites; Burns; Dermatitis POS: Apply Topically; or 1 Tsp juice after meals; 25 mg in 1,185 mg soybean oil 3-6 capsules daily (Not an OTC dosage) SEC: Dermatitis; Diarrhea; Intestinal Cramps; Ulcers ALOE (Aloe vera) (Inner leaf) + OTC ACT: Anthelminthic; Cathartic; Laxative IND: Constipation POS: 1 Tsp juice after meals; 1 250 mg capsule at bedtime SEC: Dermatitis; Diarrhea; Intestinal Cramps; Ulcers; Commission E reports counter indications, adverse effects, and interactions of anthranoid laxatives. (AEHD). Naturopaths Yarnell and Meserole (1996) state that people allergic to aloe may develop a severe rash following its application. ASHWAGANDHA (Withania somniferum) + ACT: Adaptogenic; ?Aphrodisiac?; Hypotensive; Sedative; Spasmolytic IND: Cramps; High Blood Pressure; Immune Dysfunction; Impotence; Insomnia POS: Two 300 mg capsules/day SEC: Gastritis; Intestinal Cramps; While many herbalists praise this, even attributing ginseng like magic to it, I think of it as a poorly known nightshade relative with a few toxic medicinal compounds. BEARBERRY (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) + OTC ACT: Astringent; Urinary Antiseptic IND: Cystitis; Urethritis POS: 10 g dry leaf in one quart cold water; 1-3 500 mg capsules/3x/day SEC: Hepatitis; Nausea; Nephrosis; Stomachache;Vomiting. Use no more than one week, unless otherwise directed by physician. Not recommended for children, pregnant or nephritic patients; BILBERRY (Vaccinium myrtillus) +++ OTC ACT: Antiaggregant; Antiinflammatory; Antioxidant; Antiseptic; Astringent; Capillary-strengthener; Circulatory-stimulant IND: Cataracts; Diabetic Retinopathy; Diarrhea; Fragile Capillaries; Impaired Vision (esp. at night); Maculitis; Sore Throat;Varicose Veins POS: 20-60 g dry fuit/day; 240-480 mg STX/day; 2 500 mg capsules 2x/day SEC: Fresh berries may cause diarrhea. Leaves can be poisonous consumed over a long period of time. (TMA, 1996) Commission E reports leaf not permitted for therapeutic use; higher doses or prolonged use can produce chronic poisoning; chronic administration of 1.5 g/kg/day is lethal in animals. (AEHD) BLACK COHOSH (Cimicifuga racemosa) + ACT: Analgesic; Antiinflammatory; Antirheumatic; Diuretic; Emmenagogue; Expectorant; Nervine; Sedative IND: Arthritis, Dysmenorrhea; High Blood Pressure; Menopause; Menstrual Problems; PMS; Whooping Cough POS: 300-2,000 mg dry root; 40 mg herb in 40-60% ethanol; one 550 mg capsule 3x/day SEC: I got a nasty letter from some Germans apparently with an economic interest in cohosh, asking where I got the cautionary remarks from by 1985 CRC book. They must really be irritated by what follows Commission E reports occasional gastric complaints. Not to be used for more than 6 months. (AEHD) With prolonged use, may irritate the uterus, cause dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headaches, joint pains, and lowered heart rate. Can contribute to abnormal blood clotting and liver problems. Can encourage breast tumors. Should not be used by anyone with any type of heart disease or by anyone advised not to take oral contraceptives. Can cause premature labor. Should be used only under medical supervision. (TMA, 1996) BOSWELLIA (Boswellia commiphora) ++ ACT: Analgesic; Antiinflammatory; Antirheumatic IND: Arthritis; Inflammation; Rheumatism; Sports Injuries POS: Three 195 mg capsules boswellin/day SEC: This johnny-come-lately hasn't been among us occidentals long enough to accumulate much negative or positive folklore. BURDOCK (Arctium lappa) +++ OTC ACT: Antipyretic; Antitumor; Diaphoretic; Hypoglycemic; Immunomodulator IND: Arthritis; Degenerative Diseases; Diabetes (NIDM); Lymphoma; Urethritis POS: Liquid Root Extract 2-8 ml; Liquid Seed Extract 0.5-2 ml; three 475 mg capsules 3x/day SEC: Physicians in Burgos Spain report 3 1995 cases of contact dermatitis caused by burdock root poultices. Herbs for Health (Nov./Dec.). p. 68., reviewing Rodriguez, P. et al. 1995. Allergic contact dermatitis due to burdock. Contact Dermatitis 33(2): 134-5. CALENDULA (Calendula officinalis) +++ OTC ACT: Antiinflammatory; Antiseptic; Antiviral; Carminative; Immunostimulant; Vulnerary IND: Abrasions; Burns; Indigestion; Menstrual Distress; Stomach Distress POS: 1-5 g herb per cup tea, 3 x daily; 5-40 drops tincture 3 x/day SEC: I think it safer than coffee, discounting a report of anaphylactic shock in one Russian who gargled with the infusion (it's kin to ragweed) (LRNP, Aug. 1992) CASCARA SAGRADA (Rhamnus purshiana) OTC + ACT: Diuretic; Emetic; Fungicide; Laxative; Peristaltic; Purgative IND: Constipation; Hemorrhoids; Ringworm POS: 1 ml (ca 10 drops) STX (fluid); two 450 capsules/bedtime SEC: While widely used, anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit-forming; some contain compounds suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and even tumorigenic; epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma CAT'S CLAW (Uncaria tomentosa) ++ ACT: Antiinflammatory; Antiviral; Immunostimulant IND: Arthritis; Gout; Immune Dysfunction; Indigestion; Inflammation; POS: 20-60 mg STX; 1 Tsp Decoction; 1-2 500 mg capsules 3x/day; two 505 mg STX capsules/day SEC: Too new to have much toxicity data, I think it as innocuous as coffee. But only time will tell. Foster cautions that, like other immunostimulants, including his favorite echinacea, cat's calw should be avoided in such immune disorders as HIV, multiple sclerosis, and tuberculosis. Not shown safe in children and lactating or pregnant women. CAYENNE (Capsicum spp.) ++ OTC ACT: Analgesic; Carminative; Circulatory Stimulant; Diaphoretic; Spasmolytic IND: Arthritis (Pain); Herpes Zoster; Indigestion; Pain; Tennis Elbow; Varicose Veins POS: Topical STX usually contain 0.25-0.75% capsaicin; 0.5-1 tsp dry fruit/cup water; 2-3 155 mg capsules 3x/day; 1 STX 450 mg capsule 3x/day SEC: Commission E reports counter indications of damaged skin, hypersensitivity and adverse effects of irritant properties; rarely allergic reactions. Not to be used for more than 2 days. CHAMOMILE (Matricaria recutita) +++ OTC ACT: Antiinflammatory; Antispasmodic; Carminative; Diuretic; Expectorant; Sedative IND: Dermatitis; Eczema; GI Distress; Gingivitis; Indigestion; Insomnia; Ulcers; Varicose Veins POS: 2-3 g per cup, 3-4x/day; 10-40 drops tincture 3 x/day; 2-3 355mg capsules 3 x/day SEC: Some people advise, perhaps over advise, that sensitive people may have an allergic reaction to this. I don't take camomile daily but almost daily I ingest a whole lot of peanuts, which are more dangerous, anaphylactically killing two people a year in the US. CHASTEBERRY (Vitex agnus-castus) ++ ACT: Emmenagogue; Stimulant; Vulnerary IND: Acne; Breast Pain; Cramps; Irregular Cycles; Menopause; Menstrual Distress; PMS POS:30-40 mg dry fruit/day; 40 drops STX tincture; two 565 mg capsules 2x/day SEC: Commission E reports no counter indications or interactions for the fruit. Adverse effects: skin reactions. CRANBERRY (Vaccinium macrocarpum) +++ OTC ACT: Antiseptic; Bactericide IND: Bladder & Kidney Infections; Cystitis; Gout; Urethritis POS: 5-20 oz/day; 800 mg capsules; 2-4 505 mg capsules 3x/day; 2-3 505 mg capsules STX w meals SEC: Ingestion of ridiculous amounts (3-4 liters a day may cause diarrhea and other GI disorders. DAMIANA (Turnera diffusa) ++ ACT: Antidepressant; ?Aphrodisiac?; Diuretic; Stimulant; Tonic (aphrodisiaca) IND: Anxiety; Depression; Frigidity; Impotence POS: 2-4 ml Liquid Extract; Damiana Extract BPC 0.3-0.6g PNC SEC: " No significant adverse effects . . . Persons claiming to experience damiana-induced hallucinations should be monitored closely. " DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale) +++ OTC ACT: Antiinflammatory; Aperitif; Bitter; Cholagogue; Diuretic; Natriuretic IND: Cirrhosis; Improper Bile Secretion; Hepatitis; Indigestion; Jaundice POS: 4-10 g dry lf 3x/day; 1-2 tsp root/cup/ AM & PM; three 515 mg capsules 3x/day SEC: Commission E reports counter indications: biliary obstruction, empyema of gall-bladder, ileus; adverse effects: gastric complaints. Other counter indications reported: biliary inflammation. DONG QUAI (Angelica sinensis) + ACT: Analgesic; Antiallergic; Antiinflammatory; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic; Female Tonic; Hypotensive IND: Dysmenorrhea; Hot Flashes; Menstrual Pain; Muscular Cramps; PMS POS:1-3 tsp tsp root/day; 5.5-12 g root/day; three 535 mg capsules 3x/day; two 630 mg STX capsules 2 x daily SEC: Psoralens can be phototoxic and carcinogenic. The aqueous extract inhibits experimentally induced IgE titers, suggesting immunosuppressive potential. " Its use cannot be recommended. " Pregnant and nursing women, or patinets with diarrhea, should not take except under a doctor's instruction. ECHINACEA (Echinacea spp.) +++ ACT: Antibacterial; Antiviral; Immunostimulant IND: Bronchitis; Cold; Earache; Eczema; Flu; Immune Dysfunction; Infections; Wounds POS: 60 drops root tincture 3x/day; 2-3 425 mg capsules 2-3x/day; two 505 mg STX capsules 2-3x/day SEC: I don't worry about levels of PA's as low as 60 ppms; isotussilagine and tussilagine have been reported at levels of up to 60 ppms in pallid and purple coneflower (These PA's are unlikely to cause any liver damage. Commission E reports counter indications: progressive systemic diseases (e.g., tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis). Should not be used for more than 6 weeks. Other sources report counter indications: inclination to hypersensitivity, pregnancy; adverse effects: metabolic worsening in diabetic patients; dose-dependent chills, fever, nausea, vomiting; acute allergic reactions. Not to be used for more than 3 weeks. According to Parnham (1996) doses 1,000 times greater than normally used may be immunosuppressive. ELDERBERRY (Sambucus canadensis) +++ OTC ACT: Antiviral IND: Bronchitis; Cold; Cough; Fever; Flu; Sorethroat POS: 2-4 g dry flower PNC; 2-10 g dry fruit; 2-3 485 mg capsules 2-3x/day; one 485 mg STX capsule, 3x/day SEC: Parts of the plant may contain dangerous levels of HCN. Several cases of severe poisoning from several glasses of juice involved dizziness, nausea, numbness, stupor, vomiting and weakness. EPHEDRA (Ephedra spp.) + OTC ACT: Anorexic; Antiinflammatory; CNS-Stimulant; Diuretic IND: Asthma; Lethargy; Nasal Congestion; Obesity; Sinusitis POS: 1.5-6 g/cup/day SEC: The herb and/or its ephedrine can cause dizziness, flushing, hypertension, palpitations and utero contraction (Green Farmacy). Commission E reports counter indications, adverse effects, and interactions of the major alkaloid, ephedrine. Not to be used for prolonged period. Not to be taken with MAOI's. EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera biennis) +++ OTC ACT: Antiaggregant; Antiinflammatory; Nutritive (Essential Oil Deficiencies) IND: Arthritis; Dermatitis; Eczema; Hyperactivity; Mastalgia; Menstrual Distress; PMS POS: 3-12 500-mg capsules EPO/day; two 1300 mg capsules/day SEC: The literature looks clean. I've heard from two separate personal cases of women taking it satisfactorily for PMS that it caused migraine-like headaches which they did not experience before taking EPO. Anecdotal but credible. As my best source of tryptophan which leads to cerebral serotonin, it can alter brain levels of serotonin which is involved in some migraine cases. Enteralgia, headache, and nausea may occur in a small percentage of subjects. FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum) +++ OTC ACT: Antiinflammatory; Estrogenic, Hypocholesterolemic, Hypoglycemic; Steroid Precursor; IND: Arthritis; Diabetes (NIDM), High Blood Pressure, High Cholesterol; Indigestion; Sore Throat POS: 50-100 g/day; one 625 mg capsule 2-3 x/day SEC: Commission E reports no counter indications or interactions for oral use of the seed. Adverse effects: skin reactions to repeated external use. An idiosyncratic gastroenteritis was fingered on fenugreek in LRNP (July, 1987). One micromastic female complained of mastogenic activity following ingestion of fenugreek sprouts. FEVERFEW (Tanacetum parthenium) ++ OTC ACT: Analgesic; Antiinflammatory; Emmenagogue; Serotonin-Reuptake-Inhibitor IND: Arthritis; Cluster Headache; Fever; Menstrual Pain; Migraine POS: 125 mg dry lf/day with at least 0.2% parthenolide; two 400 mg capsules, 3 x/day SEC: Oral feverfew may cause mouth ulcers in ca 10% of patients. Should not be taken by pregnant women as the leaves have emmenagogue activity. No serious side effects have been noticed in those taking feverfew over years as a preventive. Ulcerations of the mouth, sore tongue, inflammation of the oral mucosa and tongue, swelling of the lips, unpleasant taste, loss of taste, urinary problems, headache, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, and vomiting are side effects (most were apparent only in the first week) reported by those using feverfew. Cases of contact dermatitis are rare. Mild tranquillizing and sedative effects have been reported. Chewing the leaves for extended periods may lead to abdominal pains and indigestion. Has shown abortifacient effects. Sesquiterpene lactones (SL), are aromatic compounds widely distributed in certain plant families, with highest concentrations generally found in leaves and flowers. Sheep and cattle poisonings due to SL-containing species have been reported. Cases of allergic contact dermatitis in humans have also been reported. FLAX (Linum usitatissimum) +++ OTC ACT: Demulcent; Laxative IND: Colitis, Constipation; Diverticulitis; Enteritis; Gastritis POS: 1 tsp ( 5-6 g alpha-linolenic-acid)/day; one 300 mg STX softgel SEC: Under pessimal conditions, 100 g linseed can liberate up to 50 mg HCN, enough to bring about symptoms of poisoning. But these conditions rarely if ever maintain. Most HCN is metabolized via the enzyme rhodanase which can convert 30-60 mg HCN per hour into the relatively toxic thiocyanate. Even doses of 300 g ground linseed evoked no symptoms of poisoning in volunteer. Single doses of 100 g to not cause significant rise in blood hydrocyanic acid and thiocyanate levels. Taking 15 g linseed thrice daily for 3 to 4 weeks raised thiocyanate levels in blood and urine. May adversely affect absorption of drugs (as with any mucilaginous preparation). FO-TI (Polygonum multiflorum) +++ ACT: Antiatherosclerotic; Antioxidant; Hypocholesterolemic; Immunostimulant; Laxative IND: Bronchitis; Cardiopathy; High Cholesterol POS: 6-15 g dry root; 2-3 575 mg capsules; 3 x/day SEC: May cause diarrhea, enteralgia, nausea; numbness of the extremeties; skin rashes. GARLIC (Allium sativum) +++ OTC ACT: Antiaggregant; Antioxidant; Antiseptic; Diaphoretic; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypotensive IND: Cold; Flu; High Bloodpressure; High Cholesterol; Infections; Yeast POS: 4 g garlic or one average clove; 5,000 ug allicin/day; one 400 mg STX/day; 3-4 550 mg capsule 3 x/day SEC: Some thiol-bearing compounds in garlic and onion and their relatives can cause acantholysis in vitro and possibly pemphigus in vivo. " More than 5 cloves a day may induce flatulence and heartburn (Castleman, 1996) and " thin blood " (people taking blood thinners may over thin their blood thereby. Some people (including a long-term director of the Missouri Botanical Garden) are very allergic to garlic. Commission E reports foul breath, rare GI-disturbances, and allergic reactions. GINGER (Zingiber officinale) +++ OTC ACT: Antiemetic; Antiinflammatory; Carminative; Spasmolytic IND: Arthritis; Cramps; Dizziness; Indigestion; Morning & Motion Sickness; Nausea POS: 3-10 g fresh ginger; or 2-4 g dry ginger/day; three 550 mg capsules 3 x day (NH); one 480mg STX 2x/day SEC: Perhaps erring on the side of caution, Reichert cautions that ginger may raise the bloodpressure, may amplify blood-thinning drug's activities, and might be counter indicated in pregnancy. The Lawrence Review says overdoses may cause cardiac arrhythmias and CNS-depression. Due to ginger's strong antiaggregant activity, " experts recommend it not be used by people with blood-clotting disorders. Many ... chemotherapy patients experience periods when their blood platelet counts drop dramatically....Doctors will warn patients to avoid aspirin when their platelet counts are low ... We feel that patients should also avoid ginger when their platelet count drops, while continuing use of ginger for patients with normal platelet counts. " (Block, 1996) Less conservatively, Commission E reports rhizome should not be used for vomiting in pregnancy. GINKGO (Ginkgo biloba) ++ OTC ACT: Antioxidant; Cerebral-Stimulant; Circulatory-Stimulant; Peripheral-Stimulant; Vasodilator IND: Alzheimer's; Impotence; Intermittent Claudication; Maculitis; Poor Circulation; Raynaud's Syndrome; Senile Dementia; Tinnitus POS: 40-80 mg STX 3x/day; three 400 mg capsules/day SEC: Though regarded by many as a poisonous plant, ginkgo, selling at 500 million a year in Europe, has not accumulated much data in the alarmists journals. According to (LRNP Feb '94) mild adverse effects include GI upset and headache. Bilobin and ginkgolic acid are similar to poison ivy's allergen (LRNP Feb '8. In my CRC Handbook of Nuts, I don't discuss the leaves (extracts of which are sold as medicine). Fruits are allergenic (and disgustingly malodorous) and too many of the edible seeds can cause serious problems, even death. GINSENG (Oriental) (Panax ginseng) +++ OTC ACT: Adaptogenic; Hypoglycemic; Stimulant; Tonic IND: Cold; Diabetes; Fatigue; Immune Dysfunction; Impotence; Slow Thinking POS: 0.33-0.66 g root 3x/day; 1-9 g; 100 mg STX (4-7% ginsenosides) 1-2x/day; three 550 mg capsules 3x/day (Korean); one 535 mg STX 2x/day (Korean) SEC: The worst and most erroneous studies of ginseng were reported in JAMA, which accepted no corrections from the herbal industry, trying to get the reports straight. I regard as erroneous these studies. " Most commonly reported side effects of ginseng are nervousness and excitation, which usually diminish " (LRNP Sep '90) Foster (1996) reports GI distress; overstimulation; breast tenderness; dysmenorrhea. Avoid if hypertensive or pregnant. GOLDENSEAL (Hydrastis canadensis) + ACT: Antiinflammatory; Antiseptic; Astringent; Digestive IND: Dermatitis; Earache; Eczema; Gastritis; Gingivitis; Laryngitis; Ringworm; Sore Throat POS: 2-4 ml (20-40 drops) tincture; 150-350 mg root 3x/day; 1-2 540 mg capsules 3x/day; one 470 mg STX 2x/day SEC: " goldenseal should not be taken for long periods of time " (Barney, 1996). The LRNP (June '87) is a bit stronger. Large doses of the plant may irritate the mouth and throat, and cause diarrhea, nausea, parathesia, and vomiting. " CNS stimulation and respiratory failure induced by the plant can be fatal. " In higher doses hydrastine can cause convulsions, exaggerated reflexes, hypertension, and death from respiratory failure. (LRNP, but quoting an old old book). " No recent reports of toxicity...in the literature " (SF). May alter intestinal flora. GOTU KOLA (Centella asiatica) +++ ACT: Antiedemic; Antiinflammatory; Diuretic; Sedative; Tonic; Vulnerary IND: Burns; Edema; Failing Memory; Phlebitis; Psoriasis; Varicose Veins; Wounds POS: 1 tsp dry herb/cup; 600 mg powdered leaf/day SEC: LRNP (Dec '8 says that, despite claims of non-allergenicity, dermatitis has been reported in some patients taking the gotu kola. Reading their account, I'd not be any more afraid of gotu kola than wild lettuce. HAWTHORN (Crataegus monogyna) +++ OTC ACT: Antianginal; Antiarrhythmic; Cardiotonic; Coronary Vasodilator; Preventative IND: Angina; Arrhythmia; Cardiovascular Insufficiency;; High Blood Pressure POS: 4-5 g fruit/cup; 80-160 mg STX 3x/day; 2-3 550 mg capsules 2-3 x/day; one 500 mg STX 2-3x/day SEC: LRNP (Jan '94), admitting that low doses, are usually devoid of adverse effects, says that high doses may induce hypotension (that can be good in hypertensives) and sedation (which can be good in insomniacs). Acute parenteral LD50's range from 18-34 ml/kg while LD50's of individual components range from 50-2,600 mg/kg. Acute oral toxicity reportedly ranges from 18.5-33.8 ml/kg. HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera japonica) ++ ACT: Antiinflammatory; Antiseptic, Antiviral IND: Cavities, Cold, Conjunctivitis; Flu; Infection POS: 10 g flower/cup water SEC: Though flowers are reported as foods in the orient, I think of it as more medicine than food, but damn good antibiotic medicine (JAD). HOPS (Humulus lupulus) +++ OTC ACT: Estrogenic; Sedative; Tranquiulizer IND: Anxiety; Depression; Insomnia; Unrest POS: 500 mg/day (SF) SEC: Mild Allergies or Dermatitis may result from contact. HORSE CHESTNUT (Aesculus hippocastanum) ++ OTC ACT: Astringent IND: Diarrhea; Hemorrhoids; Varicosities POS: 0.5-1.2 ml Liquid Fruit Extract; 2-4 ml Liquid Bark Extract SEC: Commission E reports rare GI-disturbances. Aesculin has caused contact dermatitis. HORSETAIL (Equisetum arvense) + ACT: Astringent; Siliceous IND: Arthritis; Poor Bone Development; Poor Hair; Poor Skin POS: 2-4 ml Liquid Extract; three 355 mg capsules 3 x day; one 505 mg STX 2 x day SEC: Despite reported benefits of silicon, it seems prudent that infants, young children and pregnant women not ingest horsetail for extended periods, unless its thiaminase enzyme has been deactivated. Said to induce seborrheic dermatitis. HORSE CHESTNUT (Aesculus hippocastanum) ++ OTC ACT: Astringent IND: Diarrhea; Hemorrhoids; Varicosities POS: 0.5-1.2 ml Liquid Fruit Extract; 2-4 ml Liquid Bark Extract SEC: Commission E reports rare GI-disturbances. Aesculin has caused contact dermatitis. HORSETAIL (Equisetum arvense) + ACT: Astringent; Siliceous IND: Arthritis; Poor Bone Development; Poor Hair; Poor Skin POS: 2-4 ml Liquid Extract; three 355 mg capsules 3 x day; one 505 mg STX 2 x day SEC: Despite reported benefits of silicon, it seems prudent that infants, young children and pregnant women not ingest horsetail for extended periods, unless its thiaminase enzyme has been deactivated. Said to induce seborrheic dermatitis. HUANG QI (Astragalus membranaceous) ++ ACT: Antibacterial, Antiinflammatory; Antipyretic; Antiviral; Diuretic; Immunostimulant; Tonic IND: Cancer; Cold; Fatigue; Flu; HIV; Other Infections; Immune Dysfunction POS: 9-15 g sliced root; six 500- mg capsules/day; two 400 mg capsules 3 x day SEC: No side effects reported but " pregnant women should check with their practitioners before using. " No botanist knows all the species of Astragalus, and some very toxic ones look pretty much like the innocuous ones. KAVA (Piper methysticum) ++ ACT: Analgesic, Anticonvulsant; Antidepressant; Antirheumatic; Antiseptic; Muscle Relaxant; Sedative IND: Anxiety; Depression; Headache; Insomnia; Menstrual Cramps; Prostatitis; Stress POS: 1 tsp cup/nite; 35 mg STX (70% kavalactone) 3x/day; 1-2 455 mg capsules 2-3x/day; 1-2 530 mg STX capsules 1-2 x/day SEC: Commission E reports counter indications: esophageal and gastrointestinal stenoses; adverse effects: allergic reactions (rarely). Other sources report counter indications: intestinal obstruction. Many reports suggest a yellowing of the skin in chronic users. " Chronic ingestion may lead to 'kawism' characterized by dry, flaking, discolored skin and reddened eyes. " Persistent rumors suggest that overdoses can cause intoxication.. Commission E warns against the concomitant use of kava with barbituates, antidepressant medications, and CNS agents. Lactating or pregnant women should not use kava. LEMONBALM (Melissa officinalis) +++ OCT ACT: Antiherpetic, Antispasmodic; Antiviral; Sedative IND: Enterospasms; Gastrospasm; Herpes, Insomnia POS: 1.5-4.5 g/cup SEC: Safer than coffee in my book. LICORICE (Glycyrrhiza glabra) ++ OTC ACT: Adrenal-Stimulant; Antiasthmatic; Antiinflammatory; Antitussive; Antiviral; Demulcent; Diuretic; Expectorant IND: Adrenal Insufficiency; Asthma; Bronchitis; Cough; Herpes; Indigestion; Ulcers; Virus POS: 5-15 g root/day; 200-600 mg glycyrrhizin/day SEC: Too much (>50 g/day) can raise the blood pressure, cause sodium and water retention, and lower potassium levels to far. May result in pseudoaldosterianism. Adverse effects reported in M30 (amenorrhea, cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure, headache, hyperprolactinemia, hypertension, hypokalemia, muscle weakness, myoglobinuria, myopathy, and paralysis, Commission E reports counter indications: cholestatic liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, hypokalaemia, severe renal insufficiency, pregnancy. As prolonged use/higher doses may give mineralocorticoid adverse effects/interactions, the root should not be used for more than 4-6 weeks without consulting physician. The use to correct taste in doses providing maximum 100 mg of glycyrrhizin per day is also allowed. Cantelli-Forti et al (1994) note that " serious side effects related to glycyrrhizin ingestion, including headaches, edema, body weight increase, and disturbances in body-electrolyte balance were observed either after daily high LE personal consumption or in clinical use. " " Continuous consumption of licorice root extract in daily use as food or for therapeutic purposes is safer than the use of glycyrrhizin alone (or when the latter is added to man-made products {chewing gums, drinks, drugs, sweets etc.}). I would extend that into a generality for whole herbal extracts rather than silver bullets: " Continuous consumption of whole plants or plant extracts is safer than the use of their major active ingredient alone (or purified and added to drugs) " MARSHMALLOW (Althaea officinalis) +++OTC ACT: Demulcent, Emollient; Hypoglycemic; Immune-Stimulant; Vulnerary IND: Asthma; Bronchitis; Cough; Diabetes; Sore Throat; Stomatitis POS: 5-15 g root/day; 200-600 mg glycyrrhizin/day SEC: Safer than coffee in my book. Remote chance of gossypol. High pectin/mucilage content may interfere with uptake of other pharmaceuticals. MELATONIN (+)-N.A. ACT: Antiaging; Antidepressant; Antioxidant; Synchronizer IND: Insomnia; Jetlag; Seasonal Affective Disorder POS: 0.5-3 mg melatonin at bedtime SEC: Doses < 8 mg have reportedly induced heavy head, headache, and transient depression. May aggravate depression in psychiatric patients. JAMA cautions that " some studies suggest melatonin may deepen depression in those who have it or induce it in those susceptible to it. Melatonin in physiological doses caused vasoconstriction. Melatonin also constricts cerebral arteries. " (in rats). Melatonin has no LD50...Additional possible adverse effects mentioned in the NIH workshop included inhibition of fertility, suppression of male sexual drive, hypothermia, and retinal and retinal damage. " (Possibilities of gynaecomastia and low sperm count disappeared in one man when he discontinued melatonin.) Some people taking as little as 3 mg tell me it's too much and gets them wired, reporting better insomnia protection with smaller doses. MILK THISTLE (Silybum marianum) +++ OTC ACT: Antidotal; Antioxidant; Antitoxic; Cholagogue; Hepatoprotective IND: Cirrhosis; Hepatitis; Indigestion; Intoxication; Mushroom Poisoning; Psoriasis POS: 12-15 g whole or powdered seed; STX 420 mg silymarin day; 1-2 540 mg capsules 3 x/day SEC: Commission E reports no counter indications or interactions for the fruit. Occasional mild laxative effects are reported. " The long term safety and the advisability of the use of these extracts in pregnant or women of potential childbearing remain to be established. NETTLE (Urtica dioica) +++ OTC ACT: Antiasthmatic; Astringent; CNS-Depressant; Diuretic; Histaminic; Hypotensive; Nutritive; Tonic IND: Arthritis; Asthma; Diarrhea; Hayfever; Nephrosis; Osteoporosis; Prostatitis; Rheumatism POS: 8-10 g dry herb/day; 4-6 g root/day; 1-2 480 mg capsules 2-3x/day; 1-2 480 STX capsules 1-2 x/day SEC: Occasional mild GI-complaints after root ingestion. The urtication can be painful and long-lasting, in some inducing a black-and-blue reaction. No fatalities are reported in the US. PASSION FLOWER (Passiflora incarnata) ++ OTC ACT: Analgesic; Antispasmodic; Monoamine-Oxidase Inhibitor; Sedative; Tranquilizer IND: Addiction; Anxiety; Depression; Hyperactivity; Insomnia POS: 1-3 g herb 3x/day SEC: Large doses may result in CNS depression (LRNP, May 1989). The same precautions suggested for MAO inhibitors might be indicated here. PAU D'ARCO (Tabebuia spp.) +++ ACT: Antibacterial; Antiinflammatory; Antifungal; Antitumor; Candidicide IND: Immune Dysfunction; Fungal Infections; Yeast Infections POS: 15-20 g inner bark/pint/day; three 505 mg capsules 3 x/day SEC: Side effect may include GI distress and nausea. Guiraud et al (1994) note that lapachol and beta-lapachone, though active against Candida, could be harmful). Multiple doses of oral lapachol at 500 mg/kg caused death with severe histopathological changes. In clinical trials, oral lapachol induced anticoagulant effects, nausea and vomiting. After 6 doses at 9 mg/kg. Beta-lapachone caused death, following anorexia, diarrhea and weight loss. PEPPERMINT (Mentha piperita) +++ OTC ACT: Analgesic; Antipruritic; Antispasmodic; Carminative IND: Colitis; Diverticulitis; Gingivitis; Heartburn; Indigestion; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Itch; Menstrual Cramps POS:1-2 g leaf/cup 3x/day; 1-2 enteric coated peppermint oil pills 3 x daily SEC: Not to be used in patinets with achlorhydria, biliary or gall-bladder obstruction. Menthol-containing ointments applied to an infants nostrils have produced immediate collapse. Rats receiving 100mg/day peppermint oil develop dose-related brain lesions. Because of it ability to relax GI smooth muscles, peppermint oil may sometimes worsen symptoms of hiatal hernia. " Peppermint tea should not be given to infants of very young children because the pungent fragrance can cause gagging. " (Castleman, 1996) Coated pills opening too soon (in stomach) may cause gastralgia and heartburn. PSYLLIUM (Plantago psyllium) +++ OTC ACT: Demulcent; Laxative; Pectiniferous IND: Colitis; Constipation; Diarrhea; Hemorrhoids; Ulcers; Stress POS: 10-20 g powdered seed; 4-20 g husks; 3-4 565 mg capsules 3 x/day SEC: Physicians and other health care professionals are developing increasingly allergic reactions to psyllium powder. Hulbert et al (1995) report a fatal bronchospasm after oral ingestion of isphagula, identical with or closely related to psyllium. Commission E reports counter indications for seed and seed-shell: GI-obstruction (ileus), diabetes which is hard to control (as insulin need may be reduced); adverse effects: allergic reactions; interactions: absorption of other drugs taken simultaneously. Other counter indications: intestinal obstruction. RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense) +++ ACT: Antiangiogenic; Antiinflammatory; Diuretic; Estrogenic; Expectorant IND: Asthma; Bronchitis; Cancer Prevention; Indigestion; Menopause; Whooping Cough POS: 3-6 g dry flowers; three 355mg capsules 3x/day SEC: Safe at levels normally consumed by humans, clovers have so much estrogenic activity that when pregnant animals graze heavily on them, they may suffer miscarriage. Apparently healthy clovers may be fungally infected with much higher levels of estrogens, rarely even slaframine, a toxic fungal metabolite. ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus officinalis) +++ OTC ACT: Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, Antiseptic; Antispasmodic; CNS-Stimulant IND: Alzheimer's; Arthritis; Drowsiness; Lethargy; Myalgia; Neuralgia; Rheumatism; POS: 3-1.2 ml Rosemary Spirit (?tincture?) SEC: Like any essential oil, that of rosemary can be toxic in large quantities, causing irritations to the intestines, kidneys, skin and stomach. Michael Castleman is apparently talking about the herb, not the more dangerous essential oil, when he says, " Like most other herbs, rosemary should be used in large amount only in consultation with your health care provider. If you are pregnant, you should avoid such amounts because they can cause uterine contractions. " (Castleman, 1996) SARSAPARILLA (Smilax aristolochiifolia) +++ ACT: Antiinflammatory; Antirheumatic; Diuretic; Steroid-Precursor Starter material for progesterone, testosterone and other steroids IND: Psoriasis; Steroids used for arthritis, dysmenorrhea, menopause PMS POS: 1-4 g powdered root; two 455mg capsules 2-3x/day. I'd feel safe with 10-30 g dry root in 3 cups tea or sarsaparilla per day. SEC: Commission E reports for the root that gastric and renal toxicity as well as drug interactions are possible. SAW PALMETTO (Seronoa repens) +++ OTC ACT: Antiinflammatory; Diuretic IND: Impotence; Inflamed Prostate; Male Pattern Baldness; Polyuria POS: One 320 mg softgel STX/day; 1-2 g dry fruit; 2-3 600 mg capsules 3x/day SEC: Commission E reports no counter indications or interactions for the fruit. Adverse effects: gastric complaints (rarely). As improvement is symptomatic without eliminating prostatic hypertrophy, a physician should be consulted regularly. SENNA (Cassia senna) + OTC ACT: Cathartic; Fungicide; Laxative IND: Constipation; Ringworm POS: 0.5-2 g dry leaf; two 25 mg capsules/day SEC: Anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit-forming; some contain compounds suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and even tumorigenic; epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma. One woman developed clubbing of her digits and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy after taking at least 3 senna tablets daily for 3 years for weight loss. She also experienced several months of secondary amenorrhea. SIBERIAN GINSENG (Eleutherococcus senticosus) +++ ACT: Adaptogenic; Antistress; Immune-Stimulant; Tonic IND: Cold; Depression; Fatigue; Flu; Mental and Physical Dysfunction; Stress POS: 2-16 ml STX 1-3x/day for 1-2 mos.; two 500 mg capsules 3x/day; 2-3 400 mg capsules 3x/day; two 400 mg STX capsules 2-3x/day SEC: Commission E reports counter indications for hypertension. (AEHD) Though generally regarded as safe by non-FDA types, use is not recommended " for patients in febrile states, hypertonic crisis or myocardial infarction. " SKULLCAP (Scutellaria laterifolia) ++ ACT: Antispasmodic; Astringent; Bitter; Demulcent; Hypotensive; Nervine; Sedative; Tonic IND: Headache; Insomnia; Nervous Tension; Stress POS: 3-9 g root SEC: " There is no evidence to indicate the Scutellaria is toxic when ingested at normal doses. " The FDA has suggested that overdose of the tincture causes confusion, convulsions, giddiness, pulsar irregularities, and twitching. Reported fatality in Norway possibly Scutellaria; possibly Teucrium, a frequent adulterant. SLIPPERY ELM (Ulmus rubra) +++ OTC ACT: Demulcent; Emollient IND: Cough; Cuts; Gastritis; Sore Throat; Stomach Distress POS: 0.5-2 g powdered bark/cup, 2-3x/day; two 340 mg capsules as needed SEC: While I consider slippery elm safer than coffee, LRNP (Mar, 1991) says " preparations of slippery elm had been used as abortifacients. " Oleoresins from several elm species can cause dermatitis. Pollen is allergenic. ST. JOHN'S-WORT (Hypericum perforatum) +++ OTC ACT: Antidepressant, Antiinflammatory, Antiviral; Monoamine-Oxidase-Inhibitor; Tranquilizer IND: Burns; Depression, HIV; Insomnia, Stress POS: 2-4 g dry herb (0.2-1 mg hypericin)/day; 300 mg STX (0.3% hypericin) 3x/day ; one 425 mg STX 2x/day SEC: active ingredients may be photoactive, especially in fair-skinned people. Reichert takes it even more seriously. Although hypericum is not as strong as synthetic MAO inhibitors, patients should still avoid the things usually avoided when taking MAO's: high tyramine foods (smoked or pickled), alcoholic beverages; amphetamines, cold and hay fever remedies, narcotics, tryptophan, tyrosine. Do not take during pregnancy or intense sun exposure. Foster (1996) is moderate. St. John's-wort should not be mixed with synthetic antidepressants. Because it may inhibit MAO, taking it with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as Prozac could cause serious health damage... Although side effects have not been reported in clinical studies, range animals eating the plant and then standing in bright sunlight have experienced sunburn or blindness from photosensitization. . .This treatment option should be discussed with your health-care provider. TEATREE OIL (Melaleuca spp.) ++ OTC ACT: Antiseptic; Fungicide IND: Candidiasis; Fungi; Infections; Onychiosis POS: Topical as directed STX (>30% terpinen-4-ol; <15% cineole); 0.05-0.2 ml Cajuput Oil SEC: Topical and vaginal irritation have been reported, but the " topical use of the oil has not generally been associated with toxicity. " Still, " the topical use...cannot be recommended at this time " (LRNP-Jan 91) As with most essential oils, this one may induce dermatitis in sensitive individuals. TURMERIC (Curcuma longa) +++ OTC ACT: Antiinflammatory; Antilymphomic; Antitumor IND: Arthritis, Lymph Gland Dysfunction; Rheumatism POS: 1,200 mg curcumin; one 445 mg STX capsule 2-3 x/day SEC: While in moderate doses, turmeric is said to inhibit cancers, lymphomas and ulcers, overdoses of curcuminoids may possibly be cytotoxic and ulcerogenic and may lead to dimunition of red and white corpuscles. Still Comm. E approves 1.5-3 g/day, not nearly enough to provide 1,200 mg curcumin. Commission E also reports counterindications: biliary obstruction, adverse effects: GI-irritation from continued use. VALERIAN (Valeriana officinalis) +++ ACT: Antispasmodic; Carminative; Nervine; Sedative; Stomachic; Tranquilizer IND: Anxiety; Insomnia; Menstrual Cramps; Nervous Tension; Stress POS: 2-3 g/day; 300-400 mg STX (0.5% essential oil)/day; three 475 mg capsules 3 x/day; 3-6 475 mg/capsules ½ hr before bed SEC: No counter indications, adverse effects, or interactions except for the effect of the tincture on driving ability. WHITE WILLOW (Salix alba) ++OTC ACT: Analgesic; Antitinflammatory; Antipyretic; Astringent IND: Arthritis; Fever; Gout; Headache; Pain; Rheumatism; Toothache POS: 1-2 g bark (20-40 mg salicin), 1-3x/day; 2-3 380 mg/capsules every 3 hrs SEC: Commission E reports for oral use of bark, counter indications, adverse effects, and interactions: on theoretical grounds similar to those of the salicylates. WILD YAM (Dioscorea villosa) +++ ACT: Antiinflammatory; Starter material for progesterone, testosterone and other steroids IND: Steroids used for arthritis, dysmenorrhea, menopause, PMS POS: 2-4 ml Liquid Extract; two 505 mg capsules/day; one 505 mg STX capsule/day SEC: While the medicinal yams are so rich in saponins as to be distasteful, over consumption is not to be recommended. Reichert (1996) reports GI distress in volunteers taking high doses of wild yam, after saying that the investigators (Araghiniknam et al, 1996) he was reviewing " noted no adverse effects " . WITCH HAZEL (Hamamelis virginiana) ++ OTC ACT: Astringent IND: Bruises; Dermatitis; Diarrhea; Gingivitis; Hemorrhoids; Varicose Veins POS: Topical SEC: " It is not recommended that these extracts be taken internally because the toxicity of the tannins has not been well defined ... Doses of 1 g of witch hazel will cause nausea, vomiting or constipation. " (LRNP, Sep, 1990) YUCCA (Yucca elata) +++ ACT: Antiinflammatory; Starter Material for Steroids IND: Steroids used for arthritis, dysmenorrhea, menopause, PMS POS: Three 490 mg capsules 3x/day SEC: Though large doses of saponins can be hemolytic and problematic, " little is known about the toxicity of yucca saponins. " (LRNP, Mar, 1994) SOURCES Anon. 1986. Feverfew: A Folk Migraine Remedy for Migraine? Harvard Med. School Health Letter 2(6): 6-7. Araghiniknam, M., Chung, S., Nelson-White, T., et al. Antioxidant activity of Dioscorea and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in older humans. Life Sci 1996; 59:147-57. Rev. by Reichert R., QRNM (Winter 1996) p. 257-58. Barney, D.P. 1996. The Cranberry Cure. Herbs for Health (Nov-Dec) 45-47. Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. (English translation of Wichtl, 1984, 1989). CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp. Cantelli-Forti, G.F., et al. 1994. Interaction of licorice on glycyrrhizin pharmacokinetics. Envir. Health Pers. 102 (Suppl. 9): 65-8. Castleman, M. 1996. Spice-Rack Remedies - Turn to your kitchen for health care. Herbs for Health (Nov-Dec) 22-29. De Smet, et al., eds. 1992. Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs. Foster, S. 1996. Fighting depression the herbal way. Herbs for Health (Nov-Dec) 51-52. Foster, S. 1996. Herbs for your health - a handy guide for knowing and using 50 common herbs. Interweave Press, Loveland CO 80537-5655. Lamberg, L. 1996. Melatonin potentially useful but safety, efficacy remain uncertain. J. American Medical Association 276(13):1011-14 (reviewed by JAD). LRNP=Lawrence Review of Natural Products QRNM=Quarterly Review of Natural Medicine. Reichert, R. Treatment of anxiety with kava-kava. Quarterly Review of Natural Medicine; Winter: 249-50. 1996. (Review of Lehmann paper.) Reichet, R. Yam and DHEA. Quarterly Review of Natural Medicine Winter:257-58. 1996. (Review of Araghiniknam et al. paper.) Time-Life, editors. 1996. The Medical Advisor. The Complete Guide to Alternative & Conventional Treatments. Time Life, Inc., Alexandria Va. 1152 pp. Tyler, V.E. 1994. Herbs of Choice - The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. Pharmaceutical Products Press, New York. 209 pp. 1994. Williamson, E.M. and Evans, F.J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989. Yarnell, E. and Meserole, L. 1996. Topical applications of botanical medicine. Alt. & Comp. Ther. 2(4):241-4. Herbal Alternative Indication Physician's " Farmaceutical " Pharmaceutical Aloe Burns Silvadene cream Aloe Ulcers Abx (Antibiotics) Bearberry Cystitis Bactrim; Pyridium Bilberry Diarrhea Imodium, Lomotil; Kaopectate Bilberry Nyctalopia Vitamin A derivatives (NH) Bilberry Retinopathy Bilberry Varicosities ASA, Motrin; Dcleral Therapy Bugleweed Graves Disease Iodine, PTU, Beta-Blocker Calendula Acne Retin-A; Tetracycline Calendula Sprain NSAIDS Camomile Allergy Corticosteroids; Antihistamines Camomile Dyspepsia Pepcid; Antacids; Reglan Camomile Eczema Hydrocortisone cream Camomile IBS Librax, Donnogel-PG; Donnatal Capsicum Arthritic Pain Tylenol, NSAIDS Capsicum Myalgia NSAIDS, Cyclobenzabrene Capsicum Shingles Acyclovir; Famcyclovir Celery Seed Arthritis NSAIDs Celery Seed Hyperiuricemia Allopurinol Chaste Tree Mastodynia NSAIDS Chaste Tree PMS NSAIDS: SSRI; diuretics; analgesics Clove Toothache Ibuprofen; Aspirin Clover Cancer Taxol; Chemotherapy Coca Leaves Altitude Sickness O2; Diamox Comfrey Decubitis Proshield Comfrey Diabetic Ulcers Antibiotics, if infected Cranberry Cystitis Bactrim; Antibiotics Echinacea Adenoids See Allergy Treatment Echinacea Bronchitis Abx; Atropine,Codeine; Dextromethorphan Echinacea Cold Decongestants; OTCs; Tylenol Echinacea Earache Abx, Decongestants Echinacea Flu Tylenol, OTCs Echinacea HIV Indinavir: Ritonavir; Lamuvidine Echinacea Rhinitis Cromalyn; Varcenase; Phenylpropolamine Eggplant/Willow B-Cell Carcinoma Chemotx Ephedra Narcolepsy Modafinil; Tricyclics Evening Primrose Alcoholism Antabuse, Prozac Evening Primrose Atopic eczema Steroids Evening Primrose Att. Def. Disorder Ritalin; Some antidepressants Evening Primrose Insomnia Halcion; Valium Evening Primrose Mastodynia Ambien; NSAIDS; Progesterone Evening Primrose Obesity Fen/Phen; Prozac; Redux Evening Primrose PMS NSAIDS, Diuretics ; Analgesics Faba Bean Parkinsonianism Amantadine; L-Dopa; Sinemet Faba Beans Tardive dyskinesia Sinemet, Amantadine; Cosentrin Fennel Gas Mylanta/Gaviscon; Simethicone Fennel Oligolactea Prolactin Fenugreek Hypercholesterolemia Mevacor, Niacin; Zocar Fenugreek Micromastia Silicon Feverfew Migraine Cafergot; Sumatriptan, Verapamil Garlic Arteriosclerosis (Vasodilators) Hydralazine Garlic/beans Diabetes II Diabeta, Metformin; Sulfuryurea Garlic Encephalitis Interferon; Vidarabine Garlic/beans Hypertension HCTE, Beta blockers, ACE-inhibitor Garlic Yeast Lotrimin, Nystatin Ginger Arthritis Tylenol, NSAIDS; Steroids Ginger Dyspepsia Pepsid, antacids (NH) Ginger Morning Sickness Vit. B6, Ginger, OTCs Ginger Motion Sickness Scopolamine, Dramamine Ginger Vertigo Miclizine, Antihistam.; Antiemetics Ginkgo Alzheimer's Tacrine (Cognex) Ginkgo Cerebral Circ. None Ginkgo Interm. Claudication Trental Ginkgo Tinnitus Steroids (rarely work) Ginkgo Vertigo Meclizine, Antihist;Benzquidamide Gobo/Tumeric Lymphoma Cortisone; Prednisone Goldenseal Cankers Ambesol Goldenseal Giardia Flagyl, Chloraquine Goldenseal Gingivitis Abx; Peridex Goldenseal Tonsilitis Abx Goldenseal Vaginitis Clindamycin; Flagyl Goldenseal Yeast Clotrimazole; Femstat; Monostat Hawthorn Angina Beta-blocker; Nitroglycerin Hawthorn Cardiomyopathy (Prev.) ACE-Inhib.; Vasodilators Honeysuckle/Forsythia Incipient Flu No equivalent treatment Hops Anxiety Ativan, Xanax, Klonopin, Paxil Hops Insomnia Ativan, Halcion, Klonopin, Paxil Horsebalm Alzheimer's Cognex (Tacrine) Horse Chestnut Varicosities Heat/ASA Horse Chestnut Ulcus cruris (Decubitus) Hypericum Depression Prozac, Elavil, Trazadone, Zoloft Jewelweed Poison Ivy Hydrocortisone cream Jewelweed Urticaria Benadryl/Atarax; Antihist. Kava/kava Anxiety Ativan, Klonopin; Paxil; Xanax Kava/kava Dysmenorrhea Naprosyn Kava/kava Stress Diazepam Kudzu Alcoholism Antabuse Lemonbalm Herpes Acyclovir, Zovirax Lemonbalm Insomnia Ativan; Halcion;Klonopin; Paxil; Licorice Ulcers Abx; Antacids; Beta-Block;Zantac Marijuana Glaucoma Pilocarpine, Betophic, Timoptic Milk Thistle Hepatitis (Prev.) Interferon Milk Thistle Cirrhosis No Effective Treatment Milk Thistle Mushroom Intoxication No Effective Treatment Mountain Mint Tick Repellant Deet Passionflower Anxiety Adapin; Librium; Valium Pectin Hypercholsterolemia Mevacor, Niacin; Zocar; Peppermint Colitis Sulfalasalazine Peppermint Diverticulitis Abx Peppermint IBS Librax, Donnogel-PG; Donnatal Prickly Ash Toothache NSAIDS; Analgesics Quinidine Arrhythmia Beta-Block; Digoxin; Procainamide; Raspberry Diarrhea Imodium Raspberry Dysmenorrhea NSAIDS Rosemary Alzheimer's Cognex (Tacrine) Rutin Telangectasia Laser Saw Palmetto BPH Hytrin, Proscar Saw Palmetto Male Pattern Baldness Rogaine Senna Irregularity Metamucil Stinging Nettle Hayfever Antihist.; Decong.; Pseudoephedrine Stinging Nettle Osteoporosis Caleiferrin, ERT, Fosomax Stinging Nettle Prostatic Dysuria Abx; Hytrin; Proscar Sweet Annie Malaria Chloroquine; Daraprim; Lariam; Sweet Annie Virus Acyclovir, Zovirax Sweet Annie Yeast Clotrimazole; Femstat; Monostat Teatree Athlete's Foot Griseofulvin Teatree Boils Erythromycin; Other Abx Teatree Infection Erythromycin; Other Abx Teatree Onychyosis Sporonox; Ketoconazole Thymol/Carvacrol Low Back Pain NSAIDS, Analgesics; Myorelax Turmeric Arthritis Amalgesics; NSAIDS; Tylenol Turmeric Lymphoma Chemotherapy Valerian Anxiety Xanax, Valium Adapin ; Librium Valerian Insomnia Xanax, Seconal Willow Angina Nitroglycerin Willow Arthritis NSAIDS, Tylenol, Analgesics Willow Toothache Ibuprofen; Aspirin Wintergreen Myalgia NSAIDS, Cyclobenzabrene Yohimbe Impotence Yohimbine; Testosterone Yohimbe Narcolepsy Modafinil; Tricyclics _________________ JoAnn Guest mrsjo- DietaryTi- www.geocities.com/mrsjoguest/Genes AIM Barleygreen " Wisdom of the Past, Food of the Future " http://www.geocities.com/mrsjoguest/Diets.html Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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