Cows milk maybe but human?

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Molecular Virology: Tables of Antimicrobial Factors and Microbial

Contaminants in Human Milk

Table 1: Antibacterial factors found in human milk

 

 

Factor Shown in vitro to be active against

Secretory IgA E. coli (also pili, capsular antigens, CFA1) including

enteropathogenic strains, C. tetani, C. diphtheriae, K. pneumoniae, S.

pyogenes, S. mutans, S. sanguins, S. mitis, S. agalactiae (group B

streptococci), S. salvarius, S. pneumoniae (also capsular

polysaccharides), C. burnetti, H. influenzae. H. pylori, S. flexneri, S.

boydii, S. sonnei, C. jejuni, N. meningitidis, B. pertussis, S.

dysenteriae, C. trachomatis, Salmonella (6 groups), S. minnesota, P.

aeruginosa, L. innocua, Campylobacter flagelin, Y. enterocolitica, S.

flexneri virulence plasmid antigen, C. diphtheriae toxin, E. coli

enterotoxin, V. cholerae enterotoxin, C. difficile toxins, H. influenzae

capsule, S. aureus enterotoxin F, Candida albicans*

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>,

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

IgG E. coli, B. pertussis, H. influenzae type b, S. pneumoniae, S.

agalactiae, N. meningitidis, 14 pneumoccoccal capsular polysaccharides,

V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide, S. flexneri invasion plasmid-coded

antigens, major opsonin for S. aureus

IgM V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide, E. coli, S. flexneri

IgD E. coli

Analogues of epithelial cell

receptors (oligosaccharides and sialylated oligosaccharides***

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote3>) S.

pneumoniae, H. influenzae

Bifidobacterium bifidum

growth factors (oligosaccharides,

glycopeptides)

Other Bifidobacteria growth

factors (alpha-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, sialyllactose) Enteric

bacteria. Two infant Bifidobacteria species provide a lipophilic

molecule which kills S. typhimurium. B. bifidum produces Bifidocin B

which kills Listeria. B. longum produces protein BIF, which stops E. coli.

Carbohydrate E. coli enterotoxin, E. coli, C. difficile toxin A

Cathelicidin (LL-37 peptide) S. aureus, group A streptococcus, E. coli

Casein H. influenzae

kappa-Casein**

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote2> H.

pylori, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae

Complement C1-C9

(mainly C3 and C4) Killing of S. aureus in macrophages, E. coli

(serum-sensitive)

ß-defensin-1 or -2 or

neutrophil-?-defensin-1

or ?-defensin-5 or -6 E. coli, P. aeruginosa, (some Candida albicans *

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>)

Factor binding proteins (zinc,

vitamin B12, folate) Dependent E. coli

Free secretory component**

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote2> E. coli

colonization factor antigen 1 (CFA I) and CFA II, C. difficile toxin A,

H. pylori, E. coli

Fucosylated oligosaccharides E. coli heat stable enterotoxin,

C. jejuni, E. coli

Ganglioside GM1 E. coli enterotoxin, V. cholerae toxin, C. jejuni

enterotoxin, E. coli

Ganglioside GM3 E. coli

Glycolipid Gb3 S. dysenterae toxin, shigatoxin of shigella and E. coli

Glycoproteins (mannosylated) E. coli, E. coli CFA11, fimbrae

Glycoproteins (receptor-

like)+ oligosaccharides V. cholerae

Glycoproteins (sialic acid

-containing or terminal galactose) E. coli (S-fimbrinated)

alpha-Lactalbumin (variant) S. pneumoniae

Lactoferrin**

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote2> E. coli,

E. coli/CFA1 or S-fimbriae, Candida albicans *

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>, Candida

krusei* <http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>,

Rhodotorula rubra*

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>, H.

influenzae, S. flexneri, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Lactoperoxidase Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, E. coli, S. typhimurium

Lewis antigens S. aureus, C. perfringens

Lipids S. aureus, E. coli, S. epidermis, H. influenzae, S. agalactiae,

L. monocytogenes, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, B. parapertusis

heat-labile toxin, binds Shigella-like toxin-1

Lysozyme E. coli, Salmonella, M. lysodeikticus, S. aureus, P. fragi,

growing Candida albicans*

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1> and

Aspergillus fumigatus*

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>

Milk cells (80% macrophages,

15% neutrophils,

0.3% B and 4% T lymphocytes) By phagocytosis and killing: E. coli, S.

aureus, S. enteritidis

By sensitised lymphocytes: E. coli

By phagocytosis: Candida albicans*

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>, E. coli

Lymphocyte stimulation: E. coli K antigen, tuberculin

Spontaneous monokines: simulated by lipopolysaccaride

Induced cytokines: PHA, PMA + ionomycin

Fibronectin helps in uptake by phagocytic cells.

Mucin (muc-1; milk fat

globulin membrane) E. coli (S-fimbrinated)

Nonimmunoglobulin

(milk fat, proteins) C. trachomatis, Y. enterocolitica

Phosphatidylethanolamine H. pylori

(Tri to penta) phosphorylated beta-casein H. influenzae

Sialyllactose V. cholerae toxin, H. pylori

Sialyloligosaccharides

on sIgA(Fc) E. coli (S-fimbrinated) adhesion

Soluble bacterial pattern recognition receptor CD14 Bacteria (or LPS)

activate this to induce immune response molecules from intestinal cells

Sulphatide (sulphogalactosylceramide) S. typhimurium

Unidentified factors S. aureus, B. pertussis, C. jejuni, E. coli, S.

typhimurium, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, V. cholerae, L. pomona, L. hyos, L.

icterohaemorrhagiae, C. difficile toxin B, H. pylori, C. trachomatis

Xanthine oxidase

(with added hypoxanthine) E. coli, S. enteritidis

Factors found at low level in human milk Shown in vitro to be active

against

CCL28 (CC-chemokine) Candida albicans*

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>, P.

aeruginosa, S. mutans, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, K. pneumonidae

Heparin Chlamydia pneumoniae

RANTES (CC-chemokine) E. coli, S. aureus, Candida albicans*

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>,

Cryptococcus neoformans*

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (antileukocyte protease; SLPI)

E. coli, S. aureus, growing C. albicans*

<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1> and A.

fumigatus* <http://www.latrobe.edu.au/microbiology/table1.html#footnote1>

 

 

 

 

Molecular Virology: Tables of Antimicrobial Factors and Microbial

Contaminants in Human Milk

Table 2: Antiviral factors found in human milk

 

" A variety of distinct antiviral factors were found in human

colostrum and milk' "

 

- Sabin and Fieldsteel (1962) Pediatrics 29: 105.

 

Factor Shown in vitro to be active against

Secretory IgA Polio types, 1,2,3*. Coxsackie types A9, B3, B5, echo

types 6,9, Semliki Forest virus, Ross River virus, rotavirus*,

cytomegalovirus, reovirus type 3, rubella varicella-zoster virus,

rhinovirus, herpes simplex virus, mumps virus, influenza, respiratory

syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus,

hepatitis B virus, hepatitis E, measles, sin nombre hantavirus, SARS virus.

IgG Rubella, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus. rotavirus,

human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, sin nombre hantavirus,

West Nile virus.

IgM Rubella, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human

immunodeficiency virus, sin nombre hantavirus, West Nile virus.

Bifidobacterium bifidum** Rotavirus (by increasing mucin)

Chondroitin sulphate (-like) Human immunodeficiency virus

ß-Defensin 1 Adenovirus

Haemagglutinin inhibitors Influenza, mumps.

Lactadherin (mucin-associated glycoprotein) Rotavirus*

Lactoferrin Cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus and reverse

transcriptase, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus type 1,

herpes simplex virus type 2, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, poliovirus type

1, adenovirus 2 and Friend retrovirus. Also binds to the virus

receptors, low density lipoprotein receptor, and heparin sulphate

proteoglycans. Hepatitis G***, rotavirus*** and Seoul hantavirus***

Lipid (unsaturated fatty acids and monoglycerides) Herpes simplex

virus, Semliki Forest virus, influenza, dengue, Ross River virus,

Japanese B encephalitis virus, sindbis, West Nile, Sendai, Newcastle

disease virus, human immunodeficiency virus, respiratory syncytial

virus, Junin virus, vesticular stomatitis virus, cytomegalovirus, mumps,

measles, rubella, parainfluenza viruses 1-4, coronavirus, bovine

enterovirus (C12), poliovirus (C18), African swine fever virus.

Lysozyme Human immunodeficiency virus, ectromelia

alpha2-macroglobulin (like) Influenza haemagglutinin, parainfluenza

haemagglutinin.

Milk cells Induced gamma-interferon: virus, PHA, or PMA and ionomycin

Induced cytokine: herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus.

Lymphocyte stimulation: rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, measles,

mumps, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus.

Non-immunoglobulin macromolecules Herpes simplex virus, vesicular

stomatitis virus, Coxsackie B4, Semliki Forest virus, reovirus 3,

poliotype 2, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus*.

Ribonuclease Murine leukaemia, human immunodeficiency virus

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor Human immunodeficiency virus,

sendai, influenza

Sialic acid-glycoproteins Adenovirus 37

slgA + trypsin inhibitor Rotavirus

Soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) Rhinoviruses

(major-group) 3, 14, 54; Coxsackie A13

Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)

Encephologmyocarditis virus

Sulphatide (sulphogalactosylceramide) Human immunodeficiency virus

Vitamin A Herpes simplex virus 2, simian virus 40, cytomegalovirus

Factors found at very low levels in human milk Shown in vitro to be

active against

Prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha Parainfluenza 3, measles

Prostaglandins E1 Poliovirus, encephalomyocarditis virus, measles

Gangliosides GM1-3 Rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus 37

Gangliosides GD1a, GT1b, GQ1b Sendai virus

Glycolipid Gb4 Human B19 parvovirus

Heparin Cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, dengue,

adenovirus 2 and 5, human herpesvirus 7 and 8, adeno-associated virus 2,

hepatitis C