Understanding Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

[Guest guest]

Good Morning!

 

Understanding Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

 

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of

sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in the world. More than 100

different types of HPV exist, most of which are harmless. About 30

types are spread through sexual contact. Some types of HPV cause

genital warts—single or multiple bumps that appear in the genital

areas of men and women including the vagina, cervix, vulva (area

outside of the vagina), penis, and rectum. Many people infected with

HPV have no symptoms. (25).

 

There are high-risk and low-risk types of HPV. High-risk HPV may

cause abnormal Pap smear results, and could lead to cancers of the

cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, or penis. Low-risk HPV also may cause

abnormal Pap results or genital warts. (26).

 

Health experts estimate there are more cases of genital HPV infection

than any other STI in the United States. According to the American

Social Health Association, approximately 5.5 million new cases of

sexually transmitted HPV infections are reported every year. At least

20 million people in this country are already infected. (25, 26).

 

All types of HPV can cause mild Pap test abnormalities which do not

have serious consequences. Approximately 10 of the 30 identified

genital HPV types can lead, in rare cases, to development of cervical

cancer. Specifically, HPV 16 and HPV 18 have been found in 90% of

cases of cervical cancer. Research has shown that for most women (90

percent), cervical HPV infection becomes undetectable within two

years. Although only a small proportion of women have persistent

infection, persistent infection with " high-risk " types of HPV is the

main risk factor for cervical cancer.

 

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is also called " CIN. " Sometimes it

may be called cervical dysplasia. CIN means that there is a change in

the cells on the surface of the cervix. The cervix is the bottom part

of the uterus. With CIN normal cells are replaced with cells that are

not normal (abnormal). Over time, it is possible for these abnormal

cells to turn into cancer. (3,4).

 

Any woman can have CIN. CIN itself is not cancer. But it can turn

into cancer of the cervix. Following are the 3 types of CIN:

 

 

CIN I (1). This is also called mild dysplasia.

CIN II (2). This is also called moderate dysplasia.

CIN III (3). This is also called severe dysplasia.

 

 

It is not known for sure what causes CIN but it may be caused by a

virus that is spread during sex. The virus that causes venereal warts

( " HPV " ) is thought to play a role in many cases of CIN and cervical

cancer. You may be more likely to get CIN if you have many sex

partners or if your partner has many sex partners.

 

The following may put you at a higher risk of having CIN.

 

 

*Less than 20 years of age at time of first sex.

*Having a sexually transmitted disease (STD), like HPV, herpes, or

cytomegalovirus (CMV).

*A Pap smear test that is not normal.

*Cigarette smoking.

 

 

A Pap test can detect pre-cancerous and cancerous cells on the

cervix. Regular Pap testing and careful medical follow-up, with

treatment if necessary, can help ensure that pre-cancerous changes in

the cervix caused by HPV infection do not develop into life

threatening cervical cancer. The Pap test used in U.S. cervical

cancer screening programs is responsible for greatly reducing deaths

from cervical cancer. For 2004, the American Cancer Society estimates

that about 10,520 women will develop invasive cervical cancer and

about 3,900 women will die from this disease. Most women who develop

invasive cervical cancer have not had regular cervical cancer

screening. (26-29)

 

Although there is currently no medical cure for papillomavirus

infection, the lesions and warts these viruses cause can be treated.

Methods commonly used to treat lesions include cryosurgery (freezing

that destroys tissue), LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure,

the removal of tissue using a hot wire loop), and conventional

surgery. Similar treatments may be used for external genital warts.

In addition, some drugs may be used to treat external genital warts.

More information about treatment for genital warts can be found in

the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Sexually

Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002. Copies of the

guidelines are available at http://www.cdc.gov/STD/treatment

 

 

Alternative Medicine

 

A study of the clinical efficacy of green tea extracts (polyphenon E;

poly E and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate [EGCG]) delivered in a form

of ointment or capsule in patients with human papilloma virus (HPV)

infected cervical lesions. Fifty-one patients with cervical lesions

(chronic cervicitis, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia and severe

dysplasia) were divided into four groups, as compared with 39

untreated patients as a control. Poly E ointment was applied locally

to 27 patients twice a week. For oral delivery, a 200 mg of poly E or

EGCG capsule was taken orally every day for eight to 12 weeks. In the

study, 20 out of 27 patients (74%) under poly E ointment therapy

showed a response. Six out of eight patients under poly E ointment

plus poly E capsule therapy (75%) showed a response, and three out of

six patients (50%) under poly E capsule therapy showed a response.

Six out of 10 patients (60%) under EGCG capsule therapy showed a

response. (34).

 

Overall, a 69% response rate (35/ 51) was noted for treatment with

green tea extracts, as compared with a 10% response rate (4/39) in

untreated controls (P<0.05). Thus, the data collected here

demonstrated that green tea extracts in a form of ointment and

capsule are effective for treating cervical lesions, suggesting that

green tea extracts can be a potential therapy regimen for patients

with HPV infected cervical lesions. (34).

 

Women who consume low amounts of foods rich in vitamin C, beta

carotene and folic acid have a higher incidence of CIN and HPV (14).

A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes (beans)

will provide generous amounts of these nutrients.

 

Antioxidants seem to reduce the risk of CIN (8) and cancer (21). Low

levels of vitamin A (16), vitamin C (15,16) and vitamin E (2,13) are

associated with a greater risk of CIN and possibly cervical cancer.

The amount of antioxidants in a daily multivitamin are reasonable and

safe.

 

Copper levels tend to be higher in women with CIN (9) or gynecologic

tumors (3). It may be wise to avoid taking copper supplements if

dealing with CIN.

 

Folic acid levels tend to be lower in women with dysplasia (7,10) and

HPV (4). Folic acid may help prevent CIN but does not appear to

eradicate existing CIN (24). Very high doses of folic acid have been

used in treatment but the amounts present in a B-complex supplement

or a daily multivitamin are reasonable for preventive purposes.

 

Pyridoxine (B6) levels tend to be low in cervical cancer (20). It is

interesting that birth control pills can lower B6 levels (1,17) and

birth control pills also seem to be a risk factor for CIN (4,5) which

can progress to cervical cancer if left untreated. Taking vitamin B6

in a daily multivitamin or B-complex supplement may be beneficial,

particularly if using birth control pills.

 

Riboflavin (B2) levels tend to be low in women with CIN (16).

Riboflavin vaginal suppositories have actually been shown to cause

regression of CIN (6).

 

Selenium levels tend to be lower in women with cervical cancer (2).

Selenium has been shown to reduce the incidence of experimentally

induced cervical cancer in laboratory animals (12). A dose of 200

micrograms daily of selenium is reasonable and safe (18). This amount

of selenium is often available in a daily multivitamin.

 

Zinc levels tend to be lower in women with CIN (9) or gynecologic

tumors (3). Taking 15 - 30 milligrams of zinc daily in a multivitamin

is reasonable.

 

 

STD information and referrals to STD Clinics

CDC-INFO

1-800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636)

TTY: 1-888-232-6348

 

 

References

 

1. Bermond P: Therapy of side effects of oral contraceptive agents

with vitamin B6. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 1982;4(1-2):45-54.

 

2. Bhuvarahamurthy V, Balasubramanian N & Govindasamy S: Effect of

radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy on circulating antioxidant system

of human uterine cervical carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 1996 May 10;158

(1):17-23.

 

3. Brandes JM, Lightman A, Drugan A et al: The diagnostic value of

serum copper/zinc ratio in gynecological tumors. Acta Obstet Gynecol

Scand 1983;62(3):225-9.

 

4. Butterworth CE: Folate deficiency and cervical dysplasia. JAMA

1992;267:528-533.

 

5. Castaneda-Iniguez MS, Toledo-Cisneros R & Aguilera-Delgadillo M:

[Risk factors for cervico-uterine cancer in women in Zacatecas] Salud

Publica Mex 1998 Jul-Aug;40(4):330-8.

 

6. Chen RD: [Chemoprevention of cervical cancer--intervention study

of cervical precancerous lesions by retinamide II and riboflavin]

Chung Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih 1993 Jul;15(4):272-4.

 

7. Fowler BM, Giuliano AR, Piyathilake C et al: Hypomethylation in

cervical tissue: is there a correlation with folate status? Cancer

Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998 Oct;7(10):901-6.

 

8. Goodman MT, Kiviat N, McDuffie K et al:,,The association of plasma

micronutrients with the risk of cervical dysplasia in Hawaii. Cancer

Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998 Jun;7(6):537-44.

 

9. Grail A & Norval M: Copper and zinc levels in serum from patients

with abnormalities of the uterine cervix. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

1986;65(5):443-7.

 

10. Grio R, Piacentino R, Marchino GL et al: Antineoblastic activity

of antioxidant vitamins: the role of folic acid in the prevention of

cervical dysplasia. Panminerva Med 1993 Dec;35(4):193-6.

 

11. Ho GY, Kadish AS, Burk RD, Basu J, Palan PR, Mikhail M, Romney

SL: HPV 16 and cigarette smoking as risk factors for high-grade

cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 1998 Oct 29;78

(3):281-5.

 

12. Hussain SP, Rao AR: Chemopreventive action of selenium on

methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of

mouse. Oncology 1992;49(3):237-40.

 

13. Kwasniewska A, Charzewska J, Tukendorf A, Semczuk M: Dietary

factors in women with dysplasia colli uteri associated with human

papillomavirus infection. Nutr Cancer 1998;30(1):39-45.

 

14. Kwasniewska A, Tukendorf A, Semczuk M: Content of alpha-

tocopherol in blood serum of human Papillomavirus-infected women with

cervical dysplasias. Nutr Cancer 1997;28(3):248-51.

 

15. Liu T, Soong SJ, Alvarez RD et al: A longitudinal analysis of

human papillomavirus 16 infection, nutritional status, and cervical

dysplasia progression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995 Jun;4

(4):373-80.

 

16. Liu T, Soong SJ, Wilson NP et al: A case control study of

nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol

Biomarkers Prev 1993 Nov-Dec;2(6):525-30.

 

17. Masse PG, van den Berg H, Duguay C et al: Early effect of a low

dose (30 micrograms) ethinyl estradiol-containing Triphasil on

vitamin B6 status. A follow-up study on six menstrual cycles. Int J

Vitam Nutr Res 1996;66(1):46-54

 

18. Patterson BH & Levander OA: Naturally occurring selenium

compounds in cancer chemoprevention trials: a workshop summary.

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Jan;6(1):63-9.

 

19. Potischman N: Nutritional epidemiology of cervical neoplasia. J

Nutr 1993 Feb;123(2 Suppl):424-9.

 

20. Ramaswamy PG & Natarajan R: Vitamin B6 status in patients with

cancer of the uterine cervix. Nutr Cancer 1984;6(3):176-80.

 

21. Reddy BS: Micronutrients as chemopreventive agents. IARC Sci Publ

1996;(139):221-35.

 

22. Roteli-Martins CM, Panetta K, Alves VA et al: Cigarette smoking

and high-risk HPV DNA as predisposing factors for high-grade cervical

intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in young Brazilian women. Acta Obstet

Gynecol Scand 1998 Jul;77(6):678-82.

 

23. Yoshikawa H, Nagata C, Noda K et al: Human papillomavirus

infection and other risk factors for cervical intraepithelial

neoplasia in Japan. Br J Cancer 1999 May;80(3-4):621-4.

 

24. Zarcone R, Bellini P, Carfora E, et al. Folic acid and cervix

dysplasia. Minerva Ginecol 1996;48:397-400. alteration of glucose

tolerance.

 

25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of STD

Prevention. Prevention of genital HPV infection and sequelae: Report

of an external consultants' meeting. December 1999.

 

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted

diseases treatment guidelines 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly

Report 2002; 51(RR–6).

 

27. Chu NR. Therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of mucosotropic

human papillomavirus-associated disease. Expert Opinion on Biological

Therapy 2003; 3(3):477–486.

 

28. Ho GYF, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang CJ, Burk RD. Natural

history of cervicovaginal papilloma virus infection in young women. N

Engl J Med 1998;338:423-8.

 

29. Koutsky LA, Kiviat NB. Genital human papillomavirus. In: K.

Holmes, P. Sparling, P. Mardh et al (eds). Sexually Transmitted

Diseases, 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999, p. 347-359.

 

30. Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA, Paavonen J. Cervical neoplasia and other

STD-related genital tract neoplasias. In: K. Holmes, P. Sparling, P.

Mardh et al (eds). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd edition. New

York: McGraw-Hill, 1999, p. 811-831.

 

31. Myers ER, McCrory DC, Nanda K, Bastian L, Matchar DB.

Mathematical model for the natural history of human papillomavirus

infection and cervical carcinogenesis. American Journal of

Epidemiology 2000; 151(12):1158-1171.

 

32. Watts DH, Brunham RC. Sexually transmitted diseases, including

HIV infection in pregnancy. In: K. Holmes, P. Sparling, P. Mardh et

al (eds). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd edition. New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1999, 1089-1132.

 

33. Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W. Sexually transmitted disease

among American youth: Incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000.

Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 2004; 36: 6-10..

 

34. WS Ahn, J Yoo, SW Huh -Protective effects of green tea extracts

on human cervical lesions - polyphenon E and EGCG - Brief Article,

Alternative Medicine Review, Nov, 2003

 

 

Andrew Pacholyk, MS. L.Ac

http://www.peacefulmind.com/ailments.htm

Therapies for healing

mind, body, spirit

[Guest guest]

Thank you so much Andrew for such an indepth explanation of HPV. i recently had

a pap smear, and the results came back as 'abnormal'- Low grade encompassing HPV

with lesions. first time ever. i was diagnosed last August as positive for HSV2

(without any symptoms. but my partner has HSV2). my colposcopy is next week.

 

, " yogiguruji " <yogiguruji wrote:

>

> Good Morning!

>

> Understanding Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

>

> Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of

> sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in the world. More than 100

> different types of HPV exist, most of which are harmless. About 30

> types are spread through sexual contact. Some types of HPV cause

> genital warts—single or multiple bumps that appear in the genital

> areas of men and women including the vagina, cervix, vulva (area

> outside of the vagina), penis, and rectum. Many people infected with

> HPV have no symptoms. (25).

>

> There are high-risk and low-risk types of HPV. High-risk HPV may

> cause abnormal Pap smear results, and could lead to cancers of the

> cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, or penis. Low-risk HPV also may cause

> abnormal Pap results or genital warts. (26).

>

> Health experts estimate there are more cases of genital HPV infection

> than any other STI in the United States. According to the American

> Social Health Association, approximately 5.5 million new cases of

> sexually transmitted HPV infections are reported every year. At least

> 20 million people in this country are already infected. (25, 26).

>

> All types of HPV can cause mild Pap test abnormalities which do not

> have serious consequences. Approximately 10 of the 30 identified

> genital HPV types can lead, in rare cases, to development of cervical

> cancer. Specifically, HPV 16 and HPV 18 have been found in 90% of

> cases of cervical cancer. Research has shown that for most women (90

> percent), cervical HPV infection becomes undetectable within two

> years. Although only a small proportion of women have persistent

> infection, persistent infection with " high-risk " types of HPV is the

> main risk factor for cervical cancer.

>

> Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is also called " CIN. " Sometimes it

> may be called cervical dysplasia. CIN means that there is a change in

> the cells on the surface of the cervix. The cervix is the bottom part

> of the uterus. With CIN normal cells are replaced with cells that are

> not normal (abnormal). Over time, it is possible for these abnormal

> cells to turn into cancer. (3,4).

>

> Any woman can have CIN. CIN itself is not cancer. But it can turn

> into cancer of the cervix. Following are the 3 types of CIN:

>

>

> CIN I (1). This is also called mild dysplasia.

> CIN II (2). This is also called moderate dysplasia.

> CIN III (3). This is also called severe dysplasia.

>

>

> It is not known for sure what causes CIN but it may be caused by a

> virus that is spread during sex. The virus that causes venereal warts

> ( " HPV " ) is thought to play a role in many cases of CIN and cervical

> cancer. You may be more likely to get CIN if you have many sex

> partners or if your partner has many sex partners.

>

> The following may put you at a higher risk of having CIN.

>

>

> *Less than 20 years of age at time of first sex.

> *Having a sexually transmitted disease (STD), like HPV, herpes, or

> cytomegalovirus (CMV).

> *A Pap smear test that is not normal.

> *Cigarette smoking.

>

>

> A Pap test can detect pre-cancerous and cancerous cells on the

> cervix. Regular Pap testing and careful medical follow-up, with

> treatment if necessary, can help ensure that pre-cancerous changes in

> the cervix caused by HPV infection do not develop into life

> threatening cervical cancer. The Pap test used in U.S. cervical

> cancer screening programs is responsible for greatly reducing deaths

> from cervical cancer. For 2004, the American Cancer Society estimates

> that about 10,520 women will develop invasive cervical cancer and

> about 3,900 women will die from this disease. Most women who develop

> invasive cervical cancer have not had regular cervical cancer

> screening. (26-29)

>

> Although there is currently no medical cure for papillomavirus

> infection, the lesions and warts these viruses cause can be treated.

> Methods commonly used to treat lesions include cryosurgery (freezing

> that destroys tissue), LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure,

> the removal of tissue using a hot wire loop), and conventional

> surgery. Similar treatments may be used for external genital warts.

> In addition, some drugs may be used to treat external genital warts.

> More information about treatment for genital warts can be found in

> the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Sexually

> Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002. Copies of the

> guidelines are available at http://www.cdc.gov/STD/treatment

>

>

> Alternative Medicine

>

> A study of the clinical efficacy of green tea extracts (polyphenon E;

> poly E and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate [EGCG]) delivered in a form

> of ointment or capsule in patients with human papilloma virus (HPV)

> infected cervical lesions. Fifty-one patients with cervical lesions

> (chronic cervicitis, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia and severe

> dysplasia) were divided into four groups, as compared with 39

> untreated patients as a control. Poly E ointment was applied locally

> to 27 patients twice a week. For oral delivery, a 200 mg of poly E or

> EGCG capsule was taken orally every day for eight to 12 weeks. In the

> study, 20 out of 27 patients (74%) under poly E ointment therapy

> showed a response. Six out of eight patients under poly E ointment

> plus poly E capsule therapy (75%) showed a response, and three out of

> six patients (50%) under poly E capsule therapy showed a response.

> Six out of 10 patients (60%) under EGCG capsule therapy showed a

> response. (34).

>

> Overall, a 69% response rate (35/ 51) was noted for treatment with

> green tea extracts, as compared with a 10% response rate (4/39) in

> untreated controls (P<0.05). Thus, the data collected here

> demonstrated that green tea extracts in a form of ointment and

> capsule are effective for treating cervical lesions, suggesting that

> green tea extracts can be a potential therapy regimen for patients

> with HPV infected cervical lesions. (34).

>

> Women who consume low amounts of foods rich in vitamin C, beta

> carotene and folic acid have a higher incidence of CIN and HPV (14).

> A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes (beans)

> will provide generous amounts of these nutrients.

>

> Antioxidants seem to reduce the risk of CIN (8) and cancer (21). Low

> levels of vitamin A (16), vitamin C (15,16) and vitamin E (2,13) are

> associated with a greater risk of CIN and possibly cervical cancer.

> The amount of antioxidants in a daily multivitamin are reasonable and

> safe.

>

> Copper levels tend to be higher in women with CIN (9) or gynecologic

> tumors (3). It may be wise to avoid taking copper supplements if

> dealing with CIN.

>

> Folic acid levels tend to be lower in women with dysplasia (7,10) and

> HPV (4). Folic acid may help prevent CIN but does not appear to

> eradicate existing CIN (24). Very high doses of folic acid have been

> used in treatment but the amounts present in a B-complex supplement

> or a daily multivitamin are reasonable for preventive purposes.

>

> Pyridoxine (B6) levels tend to be low in cervical cancer (20). It is

> interesting that birth control pills can lower B6 levels (1,17) and

> birth control pills also seem to be a risk factor for CIN (4,5) which

> can progress to cervical cancer if left untreated. Taking vitamin B6

> in a daily multivitamin or B-complex supplement may be beneficial,

> particularly if using birth control pills.

>

> Riboflavin (B2) levels tend to be low in women with CIN (16).

> Riboflavin vaginal suppositories have actually been shown to cause

> regression of CIN (6).

>

> Selenium levels tend to be lower in women with cervical cancer (2).

> Selenium has been shown to reduce the incidence of experimentally

> induced cervical cancer in laboratory animals (12). A dose of 200

> micrograms daily of selenium is reasonable and safe (18). This amount

> of selenium is often available in a daily multivitamin.

>

> Zinc levels tend to be lower in women with CIN (9) or gynecologic

> tumors (3). Taking 15 - 30 milligrams of zinc daily in a multivitamin

> is reasonable.

>

>

> STD information and referrals to STD Clinics

> CDC-INFO

> 1-800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636)

> TTY: 1-888-232-6348

>

>

> References

>

> 1. Bermond P: Therapy of side effects of oral contraceptive agents

> with vitamin B6. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 1982;4(1-2):45-54.

>

> 2. Bhuvarahamurthy V, Balasubramanian N & Govindasamy S: Effect of

> radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy on circulating antioxidant system

> of human uterine cervical carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 1996 May 10;158

> (1):17-23.

>

> 3. Brandes JM, Lightman A, Drugan A et al: The diagnostic value of

> serum copper/zinc ratio in gynecological tumors. Acta Obstet Gynecol

> Scand 1983;62(3):225-9.

>

> 4. Butterworth CE: Folate deficiency and cervical dysplasia. JAMA

> 1992;267:528-533.

>

> 5. Castaneda-Iniguez MS, Toledo-Cisneros R & Aguilera-Delgadillo M:

> [Risk factors for cervico-uterine cancer in women in Zacatecas] Salud

> Publica Mex 1998 Jul-Aug;40(4):330-8.

>

> 6. Chen RD: [Chemoprevention of cervical cancer--intervention study

> of cervical precancerous lesions by retinamide II and riboflavin]

> Chung Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih 1993 Jul;15(4):272-4.

>

> 7. Fowler BM, Giuliano AR, Piyathilake C et al: Hypomethylation in

> cervical tissue: is there a correlation with folate status? Cancer

> Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998 Oct;7(10):901-6.

>

> 8. Goodman MT, Kiviat N, McDuffie K et al:,,The association of plasma

> micronutrients with the risk of cervical dysplasia in Hawaii. Cancer

> Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998 Jun;7(6):537-44.

>

> 9. Grail A & Norval M: Copper and zinc levels in serum from patients

> with abnormalities of the uterine cervix. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

> 1986;65(5):443-7.

>

> 10. Grio R, Piacentino R, Marchino GL et al: Antineoblastic activity

> of antioxidant vitamins: the role of folic acid in the prevention of

> cervical dysplasia. Panminerva Med 1993 Dec;35(4):193-6.

>

> 11. Ho GY, Kadish AS, Burk RD, Basu J, Palan PR, Mikhail M, Romney

> SL: HPV 16 and cigarette smoking as risk factors for high-grade

> cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 1998 Oct 29;78

> (3):281-5.

>

> 12. Hussain SP, Rao AR: Chemopreventive action of selenium on

> methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of

> mouse. Oncology 1992;49(3):237-40.

>

> 13. Kwasniewska A, Charzewska J, Tukendorf A, Semczuk M: Dietary

> factors in women with dysplasia colli uteri associated with human

> papillomavirus infection. Nutr Cancer 1998;30(1):39-45.

>

> 14. Kwasniewska A, Tukendorf A, Semczuk M: Content of alpha-

> tocopherol in blood serum of human Papillomavirus-infected women with

> cervical dysplasias. Nutr Cancer 1997;28(3):248-51.

>

> 15. Liu T, Soong SJ, Alvarez RD et al: A longitudinal analysis of

> human papillomavirus 16 infection, nutritional status, and cervical

> dysplasia progression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995 Jun;4

> (4):373-80.

>

> 16. Liu T, Soong SJ, Wilson NP et al: A case control study of

> nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol

> Biomarkers Prev 1993 Nov-Dec;2(6):525-30.

>

> 17. Masse PG, van den Berg H, Duguay C et al: Early effect of a low

> dose (30 micrograms) ethinyl estradiol-containing Triphasil on

> vitamin B6 status. A follow-up study on six menstrual cycles. Int J

> Vitam Nutr Res 1996;66(1):46-54

>

> 18. Patterson BH & Levander OA: Naturally occurring selenium

> compounds in cancer chemoprevention trials: a workshop summary.

> Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Jan;6(1):63-9.

>

> 19. Potischman N: Nutritional epidemiology of cervical neoplasia. J

> Nutr 1993 Feb;123(2 Suppl):424-9.

>

> 20. Ramaswamy PG & Natarajan R: Vitamin B6 status in patients with

> cancer of the uterine cervix. Nutr Cancer 1984;6(3):176-80.

>

> 21. Reddy BS: Micronutrients as chemopreventive agents. IARC Sci Publ

> 1996;(139):221-35.

>

> 22. Roteli-Martins CM, Panetta K, Alves VA et al: Cigarette smoking

> and high-risk HPV DNA as predisposing factors for high-grade cervical

> intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in young Brazilian women. Acta Obstet

> Gynecol Scand 1998 Jul;77(6):678-82.

>

> 23. Yoshikawa H, Nagata C, Noda K et al: Human papillomavirus

> infection and other risk factors for cervical intraepithelial

> neoplasia in Japan. Br J Cancer 1999 May;80(3-4):621-4.

>

> 24. Zarcone R, Bellini P, Carfora E, et al. Folic acid and cervix

> dysplasia. Minerva Ginecol 1996;48:397-400. alteration of glucose

> tolerance.

>

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>

> Andrew Pacholyk, MS. L.Ac

> http://www.peacefulmind.com/ailments.htm

> Therapies for healing

> mind, body, spirit

>