Sucralose

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Sucralose

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Splenda, the brand name for sugar-derivative sucralose, is converted from

cane sugar to a no-calorie sweetener. It isn’t recognized as sugar by the

body

and therefore is not metabolized. Splenda is marketed as a “healthful†and

“

natural†product since it is derived from sugar. However, its chemical

structure is very different from that of sugar and sucralose is actually a

chemical

substance. Sucralose was discovered in 1976 by researchers working under the

auspices of Tate & Lyle Ltd., a large British sugar refiner. Sucralose is

made from sucrose by substituting three chlorine atoms for three hydroxyl

groups

to yield

1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-BETA-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galacto\

pyranoside. This is accomplished in a five-step process.

Prolonged storage, particularly at high temperatures and low pH, causes the

sucralose to break down into 4-chloro-4-deoxy-galactose (4CG) and

1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose (1,6 DCF).

In 1980, Tate & Lyle arranged with Johnson & Johnson, the world’s largest

health care company, to develop sucralose. Johnson & Johnson formed McNeil

Speciality Products Company in 1980 to commercialize sucralose. In 1991, Canada

became the first nation to approve the use of sucralose. In April, 1998 the US

Food and Drug Administration granted approval for sucralose to be used in a

variety of food. Diet RC cola was the first US product with sucralose,

introduced in May 1998. Sucralose is not yet approved for use in most European

countries, where it is still under review.

In the United States, the FDA has granted approval for the use of sucralose

in 15 food and beverage categories:

· Baked goods and baking mixes

· Chewing gum

· Confections and frostings

· Fats and oils (salad dressings)

· Fruit and water ices

· Jams and jellies

· Processed fruits and fruit juices

· Sweet sauces, toppings and syrups

· Beverages and beverage bases

· Coffee and tea

· Dairy product analogs

· Frozen dairy desserts and mixes

· Gelatins, puddings and fillings

· Milk products

· Sugar substitutes

Despite the manufacturer’s claims to the contrary, sucralose is

significantly absorbed and metabolized by the body. According to the FDA’s

“Final Ruleâ€

report, 11% to 27% of sucralose is absorbed in humans, and the rest is

excreted unchanged in feces. According to the Japanese Food Sanitation Council,

as

much as 40% of ingested sucralose is absorbed. Plasma sucralose has been

reported to have a half-life of anywhere from 2 to 5 hours in most studies,

although the half-life in rabbits was found to be much longer at about 36

hours.

About 20% to 30% of absorbed sucralose is metabolized. Both the metabolites

and unchanged absorbed sucralose are excreted in urine. The absorbed sucralose

has been found to concentrate in the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal

tract. According to The Sucralose Toxicity Information Center, sucralose is

broken down “into small amounts of 1,6-dichlorofructose, a chemical which has

not

been adequately tested in humans.â€

Few human studies of safety have been published on sucralose. One small

study of diabetic patients using the sweetener showed a statistically

significant

increase in glycosylated hemoglobin (Hba1C), which is a marker of long-term

blood glucose levels and is used to assess glycemic control in diabetic

patients. According to the FDA, “increases in glycosolation in hemoglobin

imply

lessening of control of diabetes. With no established system for monitoring

and

tracking post-approval adverse effects, how can it ever be established

whether large-scale and long-term consumption of sucralose is safe?

Some chlorinated molecules serve as the basis for pesticides such as D.D.T.,

and accumulate in body fat. You would just as soon have a pesticide in your

food as sucralose because sucralose (Splenda) is a chlorocarbon. Sucralose is

made from sugar, but is derived from sucrose (sugar) through a process that

selectively substitutes three atoms of chlorine for three hydrogen-oxygen

groups on the sucrose molecule. The manufacturer claims that the chlorine

added

to sucralose is similar to the chloride atom in the salt (NaCl) molecule.

That is not the case. Sucralose may be more like ingesting tiny amounts of

chlorinated pesticides, but we will never know without long-term, independent

human research.

The chlorocarbons have long been known for causing organ, genetic, and

reproductive damage. It should be no surprise, therefore, that the testing of

sucralose reveals that it can cause up to 40 percent shrinkage of the thymus: a

gland that is the very foundation of our immune system. Sucralose also causes

swelling of the liver and kidneys, and calcification of the kidney.

The corporate researchers claim that the chlorine atoms are so tightly

bound; they create a molecular structure that is exceptionally stable under

extreme pH and temperature conditions. They are testing these conditions in lab

rats, and these types of corporate studies have forced and ‘selective’

results.

Aspartame research is the proof of this! We value independent research above

that which is funded by corporations. The corporations say sucralose is

safe. They said the same thing about aspartame, and look at the rampant disease

and obesity taking over America since aspartame was put into the food supply

over 20 years ago. The history of aspartame has unfortunately proven that

individuals within government agencies cannot and should not be trusted to make

such empowering public decisions behind closed doors.

Any animal that eats chlorine (especially on a regular basis) is at risk of

cancer. The Merck Manual and OSHA 40 SARA 120 Hazardous Waste Handbook states

that chlorine is a carcinogen and emergency procedures should be taken when

exposed via swallowing, inhaling, or through the skin. The U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) has found dioxin (a toxic byproduct of chlorine) to

be 300,000 times more potent as a carcinogen than DDT. Dioxins and other

toxic chemicals, when consumed, accumulate in the fatty tissues. These

contaminants are also hormone disrupters because they mimic estrogen. The EPA

has

observed and documented hormonal imbalance, suppressed immune systems,

reproductive infertility and alterations in fetal development of animals. In

viewing the

big picture, these factors are perhaps the most frightening results from the

widespread use of chlorine.

A compound chemically related to sucrose, 6-chloro-deoxyglucose, is known to

have anti-fertility and neurotoxic effects, although animal studies of

sucralose have not shown these effects. According to the FDA’s “Final

Ruleâ€

report, “Sucralose was weakly mutagenic in a mouse lymphoma mutation

assay.†The

FDA also reported many other tests as having “inconclusive†results. The

FDA

acknowledges that sucralose “is produced at an approximate purity of 98%.â€

While that may sound pretty pure, just what is in that other 2%? It turns out

that the final sucralose product contains small amounts of potentially

dangerous substances such as:

· Heavy Metals (e.g., Lead)

· Arsenic

· Triphenilphosphine Oxide

· Methanol

· Chlorinated Disaccharides

· Chlorinated Monosaccharide

Although manufacturing guidelines do specify limits on these substances

there is no guarantee that such limits will always be met. Despite the fact

that

a portion of sucralose is metabolized into some chemicals of questionable

safety, a majory of the consumed sucralose is excreted unchanged in the feces

and urine. While that may be good for the person using the product, it may not

be so great for the environment.

Although sucralose is being flushed down toilets wherever sucralose is

approved for sale, what happens to it next is simply a matter for speculation.

There are no known studies showing what happens to the chemical when the raw

sewage is treated and then released back into the environment. Of course, we

will

likely not know the answers to these questions for many years, if at all.

One of the main reasons for this is that the FDA did not require an

Environmental Impact Statement for sucralose, because in their words, “the

action will

not have a significant impact on the human environment.†One study did find

that sucralose is metabolized by microrganisms in both the water and soil.

However, the ecological impact of this new chemical being introduced into the

environment is unknown.

Research in animals has shown that sucralose can cause many problems such

as:

· Shrunken thymus glands (up to 40 percent shrinkage)

· Enlarged liver and kidneys

· Atrophy of lymph follicles in the spleen and thymus

· Increased fecal weight

· Reduced growth rate

· Decreased red blood cell count

· Hyperplasia of the pelvis

· Extension of the pregnancy period

· Aborted pregnancy

· Decreased fetal body weights and placental weights

· Diarrhea

The manufacturer claims sucralose doesn’t react with other substances in the

body and is not broken down in the body. They claimed the same thing about

saccharin. If the body is digesting properly, anything you put into the body

will be assimilated. If it happens to be rancid, the stomach will throw it out

immediately by vomiting or diarrhea. It is totally out of the realm of

biological science to think the body will not immediately attack a toxic

chemical.

Hence, we find migraines from aspartame, and diarrhea from Splenda.

If the body is fed an indigestible product such as plastic (like in

margarine) that it is incapable of dissolving through normal digestion, it will

pass

through undigested (if it doesn’t get stuck in the gall bladder). So, if

sucralose is indigestible due to its laboratory compounding, then we have yet

another serious health problem to consider.

Just how few studies currently exist on sucralose is an issue. Endurance

News provides the following table illustrating this fact:

· Sweetener -- # of Studies

· Saccharin -- 2374

· Aspartame -- 598

· Cyclamates -- 459

· Acesulfame-K -- 28

· Sucralose -- 19

The regulatory agencies and scientific review bodies that have endorsed the

safety of sucralose have not required any warning information to be placed on

the labels of products sweetened with sucralose. While it is unlikely that

sucralose is as toxic as the poisoning people are experiencing from

Monsanato’s

aspartame, it is clear from the hazards seen in pre-approval research and

from its chemical structure that years or decades of use may contribute to

serious chronic immunological or neurological disorders. As Americans continue

to choose ever-increasing amounts of such foods and beverages, sweeteners may

soar to higher consumption levels.

McNeil Specialty Products Company (MSPC), a wholly owned subsidiary of

Johnson & Johnson, along with Tate & Lyle PLC, a world leader in sweeteners and

starches, all share responsibility for developing and manufacturing sucralose

for commercial use. Internationally, McNeil Specialty markets sucralose in the

United States, Canada, Latin America, the Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand,

and the Middle East; Tate & Lyle markets sucralose in Africa, Asia, Europe

and Canada. Internationally, McNeil Specialty markets sucralose under the name

Splendar brand Sweetener. Splendar is a registered trademark of McNeil

Specialty Products Company.

The maker of sucralose, the key ingredient behind Splenda, is having trouble

keeping up with demand. Tate & Lyle said interest has so outpaced

expectations the company won’t take on new U.S. customers until it has

doubled

production at it’s plant in McIntosh, Ala., sometime in early 2006. The

company also

plans to open a second plant in Singapore, according to a written statement.

Buoyed by a surge in anti-sugar diets such as Atkins and South Beach,

Splenda has enjoyed sweet success since its introduction in 2000, appearing in

everything from soda and ice cream to candy and jams. Splenda, which won fans

with its sugar-like sweetness and stability in baking, now dominates the $337

million U.S. retail market for sugar substitutes, beating out aspartame

sweetener Equal, made by Chicago-based Merisant Corp.

More Deceptive Splenda Propaganda

McNeil Nutritionals, a division of Johnson & Johnson and makers of the

no-calorie artificial sweetener Splenda, are astute marketers for they have now

joined forces with The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) to support

an AAFP fitness project: Americans in Motion (AIM).

AIM is a 10-year endeavor designed to improve the lives of individuals,

families and communities. The initiative was created in response to the growing

obesity epidemic in the United States and specifically focuses on physical

activity, nutrition and emotional well being. According to a member of the

AAFP,

AIM is a great opportunity to help eliminate the health problems associated

with a deficiency in fitness such as:

Diabetes

Depression

Hypertension

Heart disease

McNeil Weasels Their Way into the " Health Spotlight "

Support for AIM is made feasible due to an education grant given by McNeil

Nutritionals. The grant will fund the development and distribution of a tool

kit designed to help family physicians improve the health of their patients.

The kit not only holds valuable resources to help health care professionals

interact with patients, but also take-home materials for patients to

incorporate healthy eating and exercise habits into their daily lives.

Materials include:

A patient education guide that includes tips on healthy eating and active

living called " 1-2-3 Sensible Steps to Help You Manage Your Weight "

A food and activity tracker for patients to record their daily food intake

and physical activities

Health guides—which include advice to help patients remain motivated through

their weight management journeyFitness prescription pads for physicians to

prescribe fitness-related activities to their patients