Herb Of The Week - Vitex - Monograph

[Guest guest]

A Vitex Monograph by Ruth Trickey & Michael Thomsen

 

 

*Smile*

Chris (list mom)

 

 

http://www.alittleolfactory.com

 

 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 

 

http://www.phytotherapies.org/monograph_detail.cfm?id=240

 

 

Monograph : Vitex agnus-castus

 

 

Common name: chaste tree

 

Other names: monk's pepper, wild pepper, hemp tree, vitex, kyskhedstræ,

agneau chaste, agni casti fructus, keuschlammfrüchte, gatillier

 

Family: Verbenaceae

Parts used: fruit

 

Description

Small deciduous tree or large shrub of free spreading habitat. Leaves

are dark green above and whitish grey below. Leaves are opposite,

palmately compound, composed of radiating toothed leaflets borne on a

stalk. Twigs are covered in a fine grey down. In spring the plant bears

dark purple scented flowers, 1-2 cm long in whorls on slender racemes.

Berries similar to peppercorns are dark purple to reddish black and

half-covered by sage green calyces. Berries have an aromatic

peppermint-like odour.1 Taste is warm and peculiar.2 Natural habitat is

the Mediterranean and central Asia where it is normally found along

streams and rivers in dry soil.

_____________

1Weiss, RF, 1988, Herbal Medicine, Beaconsfield Arkana, Beaconsfield,

UK.

2Snow, JM, “Vitex agnus-castus L”, The Protocol Journal of Botanical

Medicine, Spring, pp 20-23, 1996.

 

Historical use

Hippocrates (450BC) suggested Vitex be used to treat injuries,

inflammation, splenomegaly and to help the uterus expel the placenta

after birth.1 Dioscorides (50AD) recommended Vitex for inflammation of

the uterus and promoting menstruation.2 In Persia it was used to treat

insanity, madness and epilepsy.

 

 

Pliny used the berries to promote menstruation, reduce fever and

headaches, to stimulate perspiration and to promote lactation in new

mothers. He also recommended it to ‘check violent sexual desires’ and to

act as an antidote to ‘the penis stimulating effects of the bites of

poisonous spiders’.3

 

 

The dried fruits have a peppery taste and were used in monasteries as a

condiment, supposedly to suppress the libido of the monks (monk's

pepper). In Rome, the vestal virgins carried twigs as a symbol of

chastity, possibly the origin of the common name chaste tree.

 

 

Athenian matrons in the sacred rites of Ceres used to string their

couches with the leaves.4 The eclectics in the 19th century used a

tincture of berries as an emmenagogue and galactogogue as well as for

impotence and 'sexual melancholia'5, but whether this was for men, women

or both sexes is unclear.

_____________

1Brown, DJ, “Vitex agnus-castus clinical monograph”, Quarterly Review of

Natural Medicine, Summer, pp 111-121, 1994.

2Hobbs, C, 1990, Vitex: The Woman’s Herb, Botanica Press, CA, pp 2-7.

3Healy, JF, 1991 (Translation and notes), Pliny the Elder, Natural

History: A Selection, Penguin Books, London England, p 236.

4Grieve, M, 1931, A Modern Herbal, Penguin, New York, p 188.

5Felter, HW, Lloyd, JU, 1983 (originally published 1898), King’s

American Dispensatory, Eclectic Medical Publications, Oregon, p 2056.

 

 

Cautions

Vitex agnus-castus may interact with hormonal preparations. Most

herbalists and writers only recommend the use of Vitex to treat symptoms

when women are not on any other hormonal therapy.1 However, some

herbalists do prescribe the herb to patients on hormone preparations and

report good results.

 

 

Caution should be exercised in women under 20 years when

hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is easily disrupted. For this

reason, it is recommended that treatment with Vitex is commenced in the

early part of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

 

 

Vitex should be used with care when women are undergoing IVF programs.

 

 

In a small percentage of women Vitex causes headaches that do not

respond to dosage changes. In such cases the herb should be

discontinued.

 

 

Some studies included below in 'Clinical Studies' reported that a small

proportion of women experienced mild side effects of Agnolyt (a German

herbal preparation containing Vitex) treatment such as nausea, gastric

disturbance or headaches. These seem to occur in low numbers of patients

and resolve with cessation of treatment.

 

 

Vitex can be used in pregnancy however some authors2 cite the herb as an

emmenagogue. Vitex agnus castus does not possess oxytocic or

abortifacient effects and the use of the word emmenagogue is misleading

since some authors use the term to define all plants that alter the

menstrual cycle. For example Farnsworth refers to an emmenagogue as

follows “ … we considered all plants mentioned to alter the menstrual

cycle, unless specifically stated to be abortifacients, ecbolics, or

oxytocics; to be emmenagogues.”3

 

 

Some authors1 also recommend against using Vitex agnus castus during

lactation because of a lack of toxicity data. However, it is considered

an official galactagogue according to German monographs4 and Weiss

reports that it can be given over weeks or months to maintain good

levels of milk production without having fear of harmful side effects.5

Eclectic medical practitioners also used a tincture of the fresh fruit

as a galactogogue.6

 

 

Vitex can be beneficial for menopausal symptoms such as mood changes,

insomnia, migraines, menorrhagia and polymenorrhoea during the

peri-menopause. However Vitex is usually stopped once menstruation has

ceased and is not indicated for the classical oestrogen deficiency

symptoms of menopause.

_____________

1Newall, C, Anderson, L, Phillipson, JD, 1996, Herbal Medicines: A Guide

for Health-Care Professionals, Pharmaceutical Press, London, p 19.

2Brinker, F, 1997, Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions,

Eclectic Institute Inc, Oregon, p 109.

3Farnsworth, NR, Bingel, A, Cordell, GA, et al, “Potential value of

plants as sources of new antiinfertility agents (I)”, J Pharm Sci,

64(4), pp 535-598, 1975.

4Monograph, 1992, “Agnis casti fructus”, Bundesanzeiger, No. 90,

reported in Leung, AY, Foster, S, 1996, Encyclopedia of Common Natural

Ingredients used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley

and Sons, Inc, New York, p 151.

5Weiss, RF, 1988, Herbal Medicine, Beaconsfield Arkana, Beaconsfield,

UK.

6Amann, W, “[Amenorrhea. Favourable effect of Agnus castus (Agnolyt) on

amenorrhea]”, Z Allg Med, 58(4): pp 228-31, 1982.

 

 

Toxicology

Not known - longer-term administration is necessary in some cases and

there are reports of women taking Vitex agnus-castus for up to sixteen

years without ill effect.1

_____________

1Dittmar, FW, et al, in Snow, JM, “Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae)”,

Protocol J Bot Med, Spring, pp 20-3, 1996.

 

 

DoseDryHerb

3 to 6 g per day.

 

 

DoseExtract

5 to 20 mL per week (1:2).

Often given 2 to 3 mL on rising, starting on day one of cycle.

 

 

Indications

 

 

acne, amenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, secondary, benign breast disease, cystic

hyperplasia, depression, post natal, dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis,

fibroids, follicular cyst, hormonal dysfunction, infertility, lactation,

poor, latent hyperprolactinaemia, luteal phase complaints, menopause,

depression, menopause, menorrhagia, menopause, symptoms, menorrhagia,

menstrual irregularity, miscarriage, threatened, oedema, premenstrual,

oligomenorrhoea, ovarian cyst, ovulation, eratic, ovulation, painful,

polymenorrhoea, premenstrual syndrome, uterine bleeding, dysfunctional

 

 

Qualities

 

cooling potential, dry, neutral, warming potential

 

Actions

 

anaphrodesiac (male), carminative, dopaminergic, galactagogue,

hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) regulator, ovulation stimulant,

progesterogenic

 

Constituents

Prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary is under the dual

control of a yet unknown hypothalamic factor which stimulates prolactin

release and the catecholamine dopamine which acts as a prolactin

inhibitor.

 

Several intrinsic factors, such as sleep, and extrinsic, such as stress,

stimulate prolactin release. The prolactin-releasing cells of the

pituitary, the lactoropes, respond to the D2 subtype of the

dopamine-receptor which is coupled to the adenylate cyclase unit.

 

Activation of the D2 receptor by either dopamine, or compounds

molecularly related to dopamine, reduces the synthesis of cAMP resulting

in a inhibition of prolactin secretion.

 

Prolactin has numerous target tissues in the body, including the mammary

gland and the corpus luteum. While a hyposecretion of prolactin appears

to be without pathophysiological consequences, an excessive release of

prolactin causes fertility disorders such as corpus luteum

insufficiency.

 

Premenstrual symptoms including mastalgia may be associated with the

so-called latent hypersecretion of prolactin, ie in response to a

stimulus, the lactoropes release excessive amounts of prolactin.

Consequently the mammary gland tissue is sub-chronically stimulated

causing mastalgia.

 

Although dopamine inhibits the hyper-release of prolactin, it is very

rapidly inactivated. Ergot alkaloids were the first isolated naturally

occurring dopamine agonists, however, the side-effects are too great.

Synthetic derivatives, e.g. bromocriptine, exert a more specific

dopaminergic activity and are used clinically. Determination of binding

to the D2 receptor offers the unique possibility to prove the biological

action of Vitex and to ensure the quality of the preparations by

biological standardization. When Vitex extracts on the German market

were tested, only 2 out of 9 liquid extracts showed significant

dopaminergic activity. There was a 100-fold difference in the

dopaminergic activity between the extract tested. Although all of these

extract were supposedly manufactured to the standard of the German

pharmacopoeia, it is clear that not all extraction methods produces

equally active preparations.

Ref: Jarry H, Metten M, Wuttke W Comparison of the dopaminergic potency

of various commercially available Agnus castus preparations: The Need

for biolgical standardization Phytomedicine 2000 Suppl. 2, 7: 10

 

Active constituents in Chaste berry

 

Fractionization of a Vitex extract has found two different types of

dopaminergic compounds: hydrophilic, thermolabile but also lipophilic,

and more thermostable, dopamine agonists. The latter types were

identified as bi-cyclic diterpenes with the molecular structures of

labdadienes and clerodadienes.

Ref: Jarry H, Spengler B, Wuttke W Phytotherapy in gynecology:

Pharmacological Rationale for the use fo dopaminergic principles

Phytomedicine 2000 Suppl. 2, 7: 10

 

Swiss researchers measured the level of various diterpenes

(diterpenoids) in the dry fruit as follows:

 

 

* 0.04-0.30% rotundifuran

 

* 0.016-0.167% vitexilactone

 

* 0.02-0.10% labdadiene

 

Ref: Hoberg E, Meier B, Sticher O Quantitative high performance liquid

chromatographic analysis of diterpenoids in agni-casti fructus Planta

Med 2000 66(4): 352-355

 

Key active constituents (fruit):

 

* Diterpenes: labdadienes, vitexilactone and rotundifuran

* Essential oil (0.5%, containing monoterpenoids including

alpha-pinene, 1,8 cineole; and sesquiterpenoids including

beta-caryophyllene, beta-farnesene, gamma-cadinene, alpha-phellandrene,

sabinene, 4-terpineol)1,2,3

* Flavonoids (including casticin, vitexin, isovitexin, penduletin,

chrysophanol D, hydroxykaempferol4)

* Iridoid glycosides (0.3% including agnuside (0.6%),aucubin

(0.3%)5

* Casticin and agnuside serve as a quality control markers in the

manufacturing of standardised extracts.

__________

 

 

1. Snow, JM, “Vitex agnus-castus L.”, The Protocol Journal of

Botanical Medicine, Spring, pp.20-23, 1996.

 

2. Kuttrak, D, “The composition of the essential oil of Vitex

agnus-castus”, Planta Medica, 1:A681 Supplement, 1992.

 

3. Zwaving, JH, Bos, R, “Composition of the essential fruit oil of

Vitex agnus-castus”, Planta Med, 62, p. 83, 1996.

 

4. Wollenweber, E, Mann, K, “Flavonols from fruits of Vitex agnus

castus”, Planta Medica, 48, pp 126-7, 1983.

 

5. Gorler K, Oehlke D, Soicke H Planta Med 1985, 50: 530-531

 

Author: Ruth Trickey & Michael Thomsen

 

 

 

 

[Guest guest]

Thought this was an interesting statement -- so much for reducing hot flashes

during memopause

 

" However Vitex is usually stopped once menstruation has

ceased and is not indicated for the classical oestrogen deficiency symptoms of

menopause "

 

Rita

 

 

Christine Ziegler <chrisziggy wrote:

 

A Vitex Monograph by Ruth Trickey & Michael Thomsen

 

 

*Smile*

Chris (list mom)

 

 

http://www.alittleolfactory.com

 

 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 

 

http://www.phytotherapies.org/monograph_detail.cfm?id=240

 

 

Monograph : Vitex agnus-castus

 

 

Common name: chaste tree

 

Other names: monk's pepper, wild pepper, hemp tree, vitex, kyskhedstræ,

agneau chaste, agni casti fructus, keuschlammfrüchte, gatillier

 

Family: Verbenaceae

Parts used: fruit

 

Description

Small deciduous tree or large shrub of free spreading habitat. Leaves

are dark green above and whitish grey below. Leaves are opposite,

palmately compound, composed of radiating toothed leaflets borne on a

stalk. Twigs are covered in a fine grey down. In spring the plant bears

dark purple scented flowers, 1-2 cm long in whorls on slender racemes.

Berries similar to peppercorns are dark purple to reddish black and

half-covered by sage green calyces. Berries have an aromatic

peppermint-like odour.1 Taste is warm and peculiar.2 Natural habitat is

the Mediterranean and central Asia where it is normally found along

streams and rivers in dry soil.

_____________

1Weiss, RF, 1988, Herbal Medicine, Beaconsfield Arkana, Beaconsfield,

UK.

2Snow, JM, “Vitex agnus-castus L”, The Protocol Journal of Botanical

Medicine, Spring, pp 20-23, 1996.

 

Historical use

Hippocrates (450BC) suggested Vitex be used to treat injuries,

inflammation, splenomegaly and to help the uterus expel the placenta

after birth.1 Dioscorides (50AD) recommended Vitex for inflammation of

the uterus and promoting menstruation.2 In Persia it was used to treat

insanity, madness and epilepsy.

 

 

Pliny used the berries to promote menstruation, reduce fever and

headaches, to stimulate perspiration and to promote lactation in new

mothers. He also recommended it to ‘check violent sexual desires’ and to

act as an antidote to ‘the penis stimulating effects of the bites of

poisonous spiders’.3

 

 

The dried fruits have a peppery taste and were used in monasteries as a

condiment, supposedly to suppress the libido of the monks (monk's

pepper). In Rome, the vestal virgins carried twigs as a symbol of

chastity, possibly the origin of the common name chaste tree.

 

 

Athenian matrons in the sacred rites of Ceres used to string their

couches with the leaves.4 The eclectics in the 19th century used a

tincture of berries as an emmenagogue and galactogogue as well as for

impotence and 'sexual melancholia'5, but whether this was for men, women

or both sexes is unclear.

_____________

1Brown, DJ, “Vitex agnus-castus clinical monograph”, Quarterly Review of

Natural Medicine, Summer, pp 111-121, 1994.

2Hobbs, C, 1990, Vitex: The Woman’s Herb, Botanica Press, CA, pp 2-7.

3Healy, JF, 1991 (Translation and notes), Pliny the Elder, Natural

History: A Selection, Penguin Books, London England, p 236.

4Grieve, M, 1931, A Modern Herbal, Penguin, New York, p 188.

5Felter, HW, Lloyd, JU, 1983 (originally published 1898), King’s

American Dispensatory, Eclectic Medical Publications, Oregon, p 2056.

 

 

Cautions

Vitex agnus-castus may interact with hormonal preparations. Most

herbalists and writers only recommend the use of Vitex to treat symptoms

when women are not on any other hormonal therapy.1 However, some

herbalists do prescribe the herb to patients on hormone preparations and

report good results.

 

 

Caution should be exercised in women under 20 years when

hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is easily disrupted. For this

reason, it is recommended that treatment with Vitex is commenced in the

early part of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

 

 

Vitex should be used with care when women are undergoing IVF programs.

 

 

In a small percentage of women Vitex causes headaches that do not

respond to dosage changes. In such cases the herb should be

discontinued.

 

 

Some studies included below in 'Clinical Studies' reported that a small

proportion of women experienced mild side effects of Agnolyt (a German

herbal preparation containing Vitex) treatment such as nausea, gastric

disturbance or headaches. These seem to occur in low numbers of patients

and resolve with cessation of treatment.

 

 

Vitex can be used in pregnancy however some authors2 cite the herb as an

emmenagogue. Vitex agnus castus does not possess oxytocic or

abortifacient effects and the use of the word emmenagogue is misleading

since some authors use the term to define all plants that alter the

menstrual cycle. For example Farnsworth refers to an emmenagogue as

follows “ … we considered all plants mentioned to alter the menstrual

cycle, unless specifically stated to be abortifacients, ecbolics, or

oxytocics; to be emmenagogues.”3

 

 

Some authors1 also recommend against using Vitex agnus castus during

lactation because of a lack of toxicity data. However, it is considered

an official galactagogue according to German monographs4 and Weiss

reports that it can be given over weeks or months to maintain good

levels of milk production without having fear of harmful side effects.5

Eclectic medical practitioners also used a tincture of the fresh fruit

as a galactogogue.6

 

 

Vitex can be beneficial for menopausal symptoms such as mood changes,

insomnia, migraines, menorrhagia and polymenorrhoea during the

peri-menopause. However Vitex is usually stopped once menstruation has

ceased and is not indicated for the classical oestrogen deficiency

symptoms of menopause.

_____________

1Newall, C, Anderson, L, Phillipson, JD, 1996, Herbal Medicines: A Guide

for Health-Care Professionals, Pharmaceutical Press, London, p 19.

2Brinker, F, 1997, Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions,

Eclectic Institute Inc, Oregon, p 109.

3Farnsworth, NR, Bingel, A, Cordell, GA, et al, “Potential value of

plants as sources of new antiinfertility agents (I)”, J Pharm Sci,

64(4), pp 535-598, 1975.

4Monograph, 1992, “Agnis casti fructus”, Bundesanzeiger, No. 90,

reported in Leung, AY, Foster, S, 1996, Encyclopedia of Common Natural

Ingredients used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley

and Sons, Inc, New York, p 151.

5Weiss, RF, 1988, Herbal Medicine, Beaconsfield Arkana, Beaconsfield,

UK.

6Amann, W, “[Amenorrhea. Favourable effect of Agnus castus (Agnolyt) on

amenorrhea]”, Z Allg Med, 58(4): pp 228-31, 1982.

 

 

Toxicology

Not known - longer-term administration is necessary in some cases and

there are reports of women taking Vitex agnus-castus for up to sixteen

years without ill effect.1

_____________

1Dittmar, FW, et al, in Snow, JM, “Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae)”,

Protocol J Bot Med, Spring, pp 20-3, 1996.

 

 

DoseDryHerb

3 to 6 g per day.

 

 

DoseExtract

5 to 20 mL per week (1:2).

Often given 2 to 3 mL on rising, starting on day one of cycle.

 

 

Indications

 

 

acne, amenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, secondary, benign breast disease, cystic

hyperplasia, depression, post natal, dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis,

fibroids, follicular cyst, hormonal dysfunction, infertility, lactation,

poor, latent hyperprolactinaemia, luteal phase complaints, menopause,

depression, menopause, menorrhagia, menopause, symptoms, menorrhagia,

menstrual irregularity, miscarriage, threatened, oedema, premenstrual,

oligomenorrhoea, ovarian cyst, ovulation, eratic, ovulation, painful,

polymenorrhoea, premenstrual syndrome, uterine bleeding, dysfunctional

 

 

Qualities

 

cooling potential, dry, neutral, warming potential

 

Actions

 

anaphrodesiac (male), carminative, dopaminergic, galactagogue,

hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) regulator, ovulation stimulant,

progesterogenic

 

Constituents

Prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary is under the dual

control of a yet unknown hypothalamic factor which stimulates prolactin

release and the catecholamine dopamine which acts as a prolactin

inhibitor.

 

Several intrinsic factors, such as sleep, and extrinsic, such as stress,

stimulate prolactin release. The prolactin-releasing cells of the

pituitary, the lactoropes, respond to the D2 subtype of the

dopamine-receptor which is coupled to the adenylate cyclase unit.

 

Activation of the D2 receptor by either dopamine, or compounds

molecularly related to dopamine, reduces the synthesis of cAMP resulting

in a inhibition of prolactin secretion.

 

Prolactin has numerous target tissues in the body, including the mammary

gland and the corpus luteum. While a hyposecretion of prolactin appears

to be without pathophysiological consequences, an excessive release of

prolactin causes fertility disorders such as corpus luteum

insufficiency.

 

Premenstrual symptoms including mastalgia may be associated with the

so-called latent hypersecretion of prolactin, ie in response to a

stimulus, the lactoropes release excessive amounts of prolactin.

Consequently the mammary gland tissue is sub-chronically stimulated

causing mastalgia.

 

Although dopamine inhibits the hyper-release of prolactin, it is very

rapidly inactivated. Ergot alkaloids were the first isolated naturally

occurring dopamine agonists, however, the side-effects are too great.

Synthetic derivatives, e.g. bromocriptine, exert a more specific

dopaminergic activity and are used clinically. Determination of binding

to the D2 receptor offers the unique possibility to prove the biological

action of Vitex and to ensure the quality of the preparations by

biological standardization. When Vitex extracts on the German market

were tested, only 2 out of 9 liquid extracts showed significant

dopaminergic activity. There was a 100-fold difference in the

dopaminergic activity between the extract tested. Although all of these

extract were supposedly manufactured to the standard of the German

pharmacopoeia, it is clear that not all extraction methods produces

equally active preparations.

Ref: Jarry H, Metten M, Wuttke W Comparison of the dopaminergic potency

of various commercially available Agnus castus preparations: The Need

for biolgical standardization Phytomedicine 2000 Suppl. 2, 7: 10

 

Active constituents in Chaste berry

 

Fractionization of a Vitex extract has found two different types of

dopaminergic compounds: hydrophilic, thermolabile but also lipophilic,

and more thermostable, dopamine agonists. The latter types were

identified as bi-cyclic diterpenes with the molecular structures of

labdadienes and clerodadienes.

Ref: Jarry H, Spengler B, Wuttke W Phytotherapy in gynecology:

Pharmacological Rationale for the use fo dopaminergic principles

Phytomedicine 2000 Suppl. 2, 7: 10

 

Swiss researchers measured the level of various diterpenes

(diterpenoids) in the dry fruit as follows:

 

 

* 0.04-0.30% rotundifuran

 

* 0.016-0.167% vitexilactone

 

* 0.02-0.10% labdadiene

 

Ref: Hoberg E, Meier B, Sticher O Quantitative high performance liquid

chromatographic analysis of diterpenoids in agni-casti fructus Planta

Med 2000 66(4): 352-355

 

Key active constituents (fruit):

 

* Diterpenes: labdadienes, vitexilactone and rotundifuran

* Essential oil (0.5%, containing monoterpenoids including

alpha-pinene, 1,8 cineole; and sesquiterpenoids including

beta-caryophyllene, beta-farnesene, gamma-cadinene, alpha-phellandrene,

sabinene, 4-terpineol)1,2,3

* Flavonoids (including casticin, vitexin, isovitexin, penduletin,

chrysophanol D, hydroxykaempferol4)

* Iridoid glycosides (0.3% including agnuside (0.6%),aucubin

(0.3%)5

* Casticin and agnuside serve as a quality control markers in the

manufacturing of standardised extracts.

__________

 

 

1. Snow, JM, “Vitex agnus-castus L.”, The Protocol Journal of

Botanical Medicine, Spring, pp.20-23, 1996.

 

2. Kuttrak, D, “The composition of the essential oil of Vitex

agnus-castus”, Planta Medica, 1:A681 Supplement, 1992.

 

3. Zwaving, JH, Bos, R, “Composition of the essential fruit oil of

Vitex agnus-castus”, Planta Med, 62, p. 83, 1996.

 

4. Wollenweber, E, Mann, K, “Flavonols from fruits of Vitex agnus

castus”, Planta Medica, 48, pp 126-7, 1983.

 

5. Gorler K, Oehlke D, Soicke H Planta Med 1985, 50: 530-531

 

Author: Ruth Trickey & Michael Thomsen