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In my recent call for articles, I was approached by the PR director of

a major acupuncture school. The school regularly promotes the

profession and itself by having its PR department produce articles for

various mass market publications, such as natural health or yoga

journal, not to mention those more mainstream like USA today and ladies

home journal. I was offered any articles that suited me to upload to

CHA. Well, none of them were focused on herbology, so it ended up

being a moot point. But I did notice something interesting. The

department writer use certain stock passages that appear verbatim in

all their articles. Now I don't blame the PR staff themselves. They

are merely carrying out the agenda of their bosses and the words they

write are echoed in every popular article on acupuncture I have ever

seen. But the stock passage on acupuncture is telling. Note the use

of the words " believe " , " meridians " , " spiritual " and " energy " .

 

" Acupuncture is a 3,000-year-old practice that consists of the gentle

insertion and stimulation of thin, disposable sterile needles at

strategic points near the surface of the body. Over 2,000 acupuncture

points on the human body connect with 14 major pathways, called

meridians. Chinese medicine practitioners believe that these meridians

conduct qi, or energy, between the surface of the body and internal

organs. It is qi that regulates spiritual, emotional, mental and

physical balance. When the flow of qi is disrupted through poor health

habits or other circumstances, pain and/or disease can result.

Acupuncture helps to keep the normal flow of this energy unblocked. "

 

It is this type of writing that continues to be the basis for

attracting new students into the field. I think there is a real

disconnect between this type of recruiting and the concerns oft

expressed here. We should be recruiting students by presenting

acupuncture as a practice based upon observation and experimentation,

grounded in rigorous classical study and confirmed by modern science.

It was part of a system of thought that attempted to understand the

world as a place of natural laws that could be understood by human

reasoning. It was most decidedly NOT a world of mystical influences

that is conceived as the basis for understanding disease in the Nei

Jing. Now it remains an open question as to whether Acupuncture was

based upon anatomy or something more akin to information science or was

purely metaphorical in nature. But I hope we can all agree that qi is

not the holy spirit or at least the chinese never conceived of it in

such a way. When qi is put in the same passage with spiritual and

energy and belief, it is hard not to think of it as mystical in nature.

We need a new stock explanation for the media. AT should have a

contest with large cash prizes. :-)

 

I look forward to the day when there is no discussion of spiritual

metaphysics at TCM school anymore. To argue that chinese metaphysics

is an essential piece of TCM is no more valid than to argue that greek

metaphysics is necessary to practice western medicine. While a study

of chinese culture and language is essential to understand CM ideas in

their proper context, one certainly need not be involved in taoist qi

gong or buddhist meditation or martial arts. Certainly there is no

indication that such practices were major topics in any mainstream

medical texts of the past 800 years. While the health benefits of

certain nonmedical practices were widely known (or believed) in chinese

culture, these practices probably filled a similar role in ancient

society as going to the dojo or a yoga class does today. People did

these things, but more often as part of a peer group or family

tradition, than upon medical advice, per se. That there was health

benefit to these practice I do not doubt one bit. That the mystical

ideas promulgated by adherents of these practices ever gained favor in

mainstream medical circles, I strongly doubt. Even if a doctor advises

someone to go to church does not mean he believes in god. It is one of

the other peculiarities of american acupuncture practice that many have

been drawn not only to the medicine, but to aspects of chinese society

that were on the fringe even within that culture. A chinese colleague

summed it up the other day when asked if she had ever seen a miracle

performed by a qi gong master (like levitation or electrical

discharges). She said no, but added in all earnestness that she would

really like to. She was expressing the same childlike fantasy we all

have, that magic is real. But she knows it is not. I wish vampire

slayers came handspringing to my rescue as I walked down dark allies

beset by demons. Oh well. Acupuncture has nothing to do with magic or

god. the sooner we make that clear to the public, the better.

 

 

 

 

Chinese Herbs

 

 

FAX:

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Ok I'll take this on in a knee jerk response at the danger of bumping

knees. I

don't totally diagree that the emphasis on the " spiritual " drains students

energies (!)

away from the task at hand... i.e. learning . I always reminded

of

David Chan L.Ac. who said that " acupuncture is the hyphen between mind and

body " .

It is this very equation that makes many think what we are doing is spiritual

and the

link what is missing to most Westerners. So any connection is seen as a

spiritual

revelation. Here in California, this spiritual foregrounding is taken to

extremes where

we are playing catch-up with a " dead culture " that has a buit-in schizoiphrenia

about

what we see as a body-mind dichotomy.

 

Although " Acupuncture has nothing to do with magic or god. " the acupuncturist

does

have everything to do with both. We are able (or strive) to see the links

between the

patients " fate " as a body and spirit. If your interests are not in the

spirtitual, thats

fine. I thnk the gurus are found as much working the check-out counters as the

halls

of acupuncture clinics. Your patients will learn your limitations. I'm sorry I

have to put

it that way.

 

What disturbs me is that you cut off that possibility. To call Asian

spirituality " fringe "

is to deny how the same forces in Western culture drive the " scientific " medical

establishment. (Death to be feared... see the book, " About Face " ) I think your

own

practice is as much about healing yourself as others. (The Taoists say that.

:-)) There

are a number of patients who need to be " de-spiritualized " , that is to take the

" fetishization " out of the spiritual. To see we are all here connected. (there I

go again).

I don't talk about it with my patients but it is emplicit in everything I do and

say.

 

We are all frustrated that we aren't taken seriously as Medical Practitioners.

We can do

so much and yet we are still seen as the spiritual fringe. I just don't think

cutting that

aspect off is the way to do justice to our own practice or the medicine.

 

respectfully,

doug

 

 

 

, wrote:

> In my recent call for articles, I was approached by the PR director of

> a major acupuncture school. The school regularly promotes the

> profession and itself by having its PR department produce articles for

> various mass market publications, such as natural health or yoga

> journal, not to mention those more mainstream like USA today and ladies

> home journal. I was offered any articles that suited me to upload to

> CHA. Well, none of them were focused on herbology, so it ended up

> being a moot point. But I did notice something interesting. The

> department writer use certain stock passages that appear verbatim in

> all their articles. Now I don't blame the PR staff themselves. They

> are merely carrying out the agenda of their bosses and the words they

> write are echoed in every popular article on acupuncture I have ever

> seen. But the stock passage on acupuncture is telling. Note the use

> of the words " believe " , " meridians " , " spiritual " and " energy " .

>

> " Acupuncture is a 3,000-year-old practice that consists of the gentle

> insertion and stimulation of thin, disposable sterile needles at

> strategic points near the surface of the body. Over 2,000 acupuncture

> points on the human body connect with 14 major pathways, called

> meridians. Chinese medicine practitioners believe that these meridians

> conduct qi, or energy, between the surface of the body and internal

> organs. It is qi that regulates spiritual, emotional, mental and

> physical balance. When the flow of qi is disrupted through poor health

> habits or other circumstances, pain and/or disease can result.

> Acupuncture helps to keep the normal flow of this energy unblocked. "

>

> It is this type of writing that continues to be the basis for

> attracting new students into the field. I think there is a real

> disconnect between this type of recruiting and the concerns oft

> expressed here. We should be recruiting students by presenting

> acupuncture as a practice based upon observation and experimentation,

> grounded in rigorous classical study and confirmed by modern science.

> It was part of a system of thought that attempted to understand the

> world as a place of natural laws that could be understood by human

> reasoning. It was most decidedly NOT a world of mystical influences

> that is conceived as the basis for understanding disease in the Nei

> Jing. Now it remains an open question as to whether Acupuncture was

> based upon anatomy or something more akin to information science or was

> purely metaphorical in nature. But I hope we can all agree that qi is

> not the holy spirit or at least the chinese never conceived of it in

> such a way. When qi is put in the same passage with spiritual and

> energy and belief, it is hard not to think of it as mystical in nature.

> We need a new stock explanation for the media. AT should have a

> contest with large cash prizes. :-)

>

> I look forward to the day when there is no discussion of spiritual

> metaphysics at TCM school anymore. To argue that chinese metaphysics

> is an essential piece of TCM is no more valid than to argue that greek

> metaphysics is necessary to practice western medicine. While a study

> of chinese culture and language is essential to understand CM ideas in

> their proper context, one certainly need not be involved in taoist qi

> gong or buddhist meditation or martial arts. Certainly there is no

> indication that such practices were major topics in any mainstream

> medical texts of the past 800 years. While the health benefits of

> certain nonmedical practices were widely known (or believed) in chinese

> culture, these practices probably filled a similar role in ancient

> society as going to the dojo or a yoga class does today. People did

> these things, but more often as part of a peer group or family

> tradition, than upon medical advice, per se. That there was health

> benefit to these practice I do not doubt one bit. That the mystical

> ideas promulgated by adherents of these practices ever gained favor in

> mainstream medical circles, I strongly doubt. Even if a doctor advises

> someone to go to church does not mean he believes in god. It is one of

> the other peculiarities of american acupuncture practice that many have

> been drawn not only to the medicine, but to aspects of chinese society

> that were on the fringe even within that culture. A chinese colleague

> summed it up the other day when asked if she had ever seen a miracle

> performed by a qi gong master (like levitation or electrical

> discharges). She said no, but added in all earnestness that she would

> really like to. She was expressing the same childlike fantasy we all

> have, that magic is real. But she knows it is not. I wish vampire

> slayers came handspringing to my rescue as I walked down dark allies

> beset by demons. Oh well. Acupuncture has nothing to do with magic or

> god. the sooner we make that clear to the public, the better.

>

>

>

>

> Chinese Herbs

>

>

> FAX:

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Share on other sites

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I think there is a lot of benefit to both arguments (Doug and Todd). I

think semantics is an issue that clouds what is trying to be expressed,

and that quotes from articles like the ones Todd dredged up suffer from

a lack of familiarity with Chinese medicine and culture on the author's

part. Assumptions in such articles tend to either espouse a 'new age

spirituality' rut, or sublimate Chinese medicine into inadequate

biomedical explanations, cut and dried like so much beef jerky.

 

I have also seen acupuncture as a bridge between the mind and body, and

a tool of education to put people back in touch with themselves,

specifically experience time in a different, more 'organic' way. It

helps people return to their natural rhythms, and step out of the rat

race for a short while, to return more able to maintain their own

poise.

 

I think Phillipe Riviere's article on yang sheng/Nourishment of Life is

the best article to be posted on the CHA site for some time. It is

clear and concise, but is uncompromising in its premise that Chinese

medicine is not just about needles and herbs, but about cultivation of

a healthy lifestyle, and living more in touch with nature, family,

community, and yes, the 'spiritual' aspect of life.

 

In our culture, we have disembodied spirituality into something more

ghostlike and removed from reality, leading to either immersion in

fantasy by one faction (New Age), or aversion to anything beyond

physicality in the other (Darwinism). But what if we see spirituality

as an aspect of life that encompasses the hopes, dreams, and desires of

human beings, the feelings, thoughts and aspirations that mark human

life?

 

I think we need to see the humanity in our patients, and practice a

human medicine that doesn't reduce them to mere statistics.

 

 

 

On Apr 19, 2004, at 2:37 PM, wrote:

 

> Ok I'll take this on in a knee jerk response at the danger of

> bumping knees. I

> don't totally diagree that the emphasis on the " spiritual " drains

> students energies (!)

> away from the task at hand... i.e. learning . I always

> reminded of

> David Chan L.Ac. who said that " acupuncture is the hyphen between mind

> and body " .

> It is this very equation that makes many think what we are doing is

> spiritual and the

> link what is missing to most Westerners. So any connection is seen as

> a spiritual

> revelation. Here in California, this spiritual foregrounding is taken

> to extremes where

> we are playing catch-up with a " dead culture " that has a buit-in

> schizoiphrenia about

> what we see as a body-mind dichotomy.

>

> Although " Acupuncture has nothing to do with magic or god. " the

> acupuncturist does

> have everything to do with both. We are able (or strive) to see the

> links between the

> patients " fate " as a body and spirit. If your interests are not in

> the spirtitual, thats

> fine. I thnk the gurus are found as much working the check-out

> counters as the halls

> of acupuncture clinics. Your patients will learn your limitations. I'm

> sorry I have to put

> it that way.

>

> What disturbs me is that you cut off that possibility. To call Asian

> spirituality " fringe "

> is to deny how the same forces in Western culture drive the

> " scientific " medical

> establishment. (Death to be feared... see the book, " About Face " ) I

> think your own

> practice is as much about healing yourself as others. (The Taoists say

> that. :-)) There

> are a number of patients who need to be " de-spiritualized " , that is to

> take the

> " fetishization " out of the spiritual. To see we are all here

> connected. (there I go again).

> I don't talk about it with my patients but it is emplicit in

> everything I do and say.

>

> We are all frustrated that we aren't taken seriously as Medical

> Practitioners. We can do

> so much and yet we are still seen as the spiritual fringe. I just

> don't think cutting that

> aspect off is the way to do justice to our own practice or the

> medicine.

>

> respectfully,

> doug

>

>

>

> ,

> wrote:

>> In my recent call for articles, I was approached by the PR director of

>> a major acupuncture school. The school regularly promotes the

>> profession and itself by having its PR department produce articles for

>> various mass market publications, such as natural health or yoga

>> journal, not to mention those more mainstream like USA today and

>> ladies

>> home journal. I was offered any articles that suited me to upload to

>> CHA. Well, none of them were focused on herbology, so it ended up

>> being a moot point. But I did notice something interesting. The

>> department writer use certain stock passages that appear verbatim in

>> all their articles. Now I don't blame the PR staff themselves. They

>> are merely carrying out the agenda of their bosses and the words they

>> write are echoed in every popular article on acupuncture I have ever

>> seen. But the stock passage on acupuncture is telling. Note the use

>> of the words " believe " , " meridians " , " spiritual " and " energy " .

>>

>> " Acupuncture is a 3,000-year-old practice that consists of the gentle

>> insertion and stimulation of thin, disposable sterile needles at

>> strategic points near the surface of the body. Over 2,000 acupuncture

>> points on the human body connect with 14 major pathways, called

>> meridians. Chinese medicine practitioners believe that these meridians

>> conduct qi, or energy, between the surface of the body and internal

>> organs. It is qi that regulates spiritual, emotional, mental and

>> physical balance. When the flow of qi is disrupted through poor health

>> habits or other circumstances, pain and/or disease can result.

>> Acupuncture helps to keep the normal flow of this energy unblocked. "

>>

>> It is this type of writing that continues to be the basis for

>> attracting new students into the field. I think there is a real

>> disconnect between this type of recruiting and the concerns oft

>> expressed here. We should be recruiting students by presenting

>> acupuncture as a practice based upon observation and experimentation,

>> grounded in rigorous classical study and confirmed by modern science.

>> It was part of a system of thought that attempted to understand the

>> world as a place of natural laws that could be understood by human

>> reasoning. It was most decidedly NOT a world of mystical influences

>> that is conceived as the basis for understanding disease in the Nei

>> Jing. Now it remains an open question as to whether Acupuncture was

>> based upon anatomy or something more akin to information science or

>> was

>> purely metaphorical in nature. But I hope we can all agree that qi is

>> not the holy spirit or at least the chinese never conceived of it in

>> such a way. When qi is put in the same passage with spiritual and

>> energy and belief, it is hard not to think of it as mystical in

>> nature.

>> We need a new stock explanation for the media. AT should have a

>> contest with large cash prizes. :-)

>>

>> I look forward to the day when there is no discussion of spiritual

>> metaphysics at TCM school anymore. To argue that chinese metaphysics

>> is an essential piece of TCM is no more valid than to argue that greek

>> metaphysics is necessary to practice western medicine. While a study

>> of chinese culture and language is essential to understand CM ideas in

>> their proper context, one certainly need not be involved in taoist qi

>> gong or buddhist meditation or martial arts. Certainly there is no

>> indication that such practices were major topics in any mainstream

>> medical texts of the past 800 years. While the health benefits of

>> certain nonmedical practices were widely known (or believed) in

>> chinese

>> culture, these practices probably filled a similar role in ancient

>> society as going to the dojo or a yoga class does today. People did

>> these things, but more often as part of a peer group or family

>> tradition, than upon medical advice, per se. That there was health

>> benefit to these practice I do not doubt one bit. That the mystical

>> ideas promulgated by adherents of these practices ever gained favor in

>> mainstream medical circles, I strongly doubt. Even if a doctor

>> advises

>> someone to go to church does not mean he believes in god. It is one

>> of

>> the other peculiarities of american acupuncture practice that many

>> have

>> been drawn not only to the medicine, but to aspects of chinese society

>> that were on the fringe even within that culture. A chinese colleague

>> summed it up the other day when asked if she had ever seen a miracle

>> performed by a qi gong master (like levitation or electrical

>> discharges). She said no, but added in all earnestness that she would

>> really like to. She was expressing the same childlike fantasy we all

>> have, that magic is real. But she knows it is not. I wish vampire

>> slayers came handspringing to my rescue as I walked down dark allies

>> beset by demons. Oh well. Acupuncture has nothing to do with magic

>> or

>> god. the sooner we make that clear to the public, the better.

>>

>>

>>

>>

>> Chinese Herbs

>>

>>

>> FAX:

>

>

>

>

Link to comment
Share on other sites

Guest guest

In deference to my former professors (Todd and Zev) I hesitated in

joining this thread, however I felt I could add a line to the

perspective.

 

I agree that the " magic and mystery " of is not the

appropriate or realistic way to promote a very real medicine.

However, western medicine treats the physical body, psychologists

treat or try to treat the emotional one but there is an element of

the human equation - that of the spirit, which is also an integral

part of health and balance. I use the word spirit - rather than

spirituality as I belive it is here as Zev points out that semantics

get in the way.

 

From my perspective it is with the spirit where acupuncture and

chinese medicine sets itself apart from western medicine. CM

recognizes the integration of mind, body and spirit and sees no

limits as to the root cause of " dis " ease and subsequent suffering.

 

Acupuncture treatments are not limited to treating physical ailments.

Who has not experienced, or been a bystander, as a patient

experiences an emotional shift during a treatment, or indeed after a

series of treatments is moved to make " life-changing " decisions to

address deeper issues that have suddenly become apparent.

 

This kind of result challenges rational and logical experience

(particularly for westerners) and so we tend to explain it away with

a mystical or etherical reasoning. So the question is how to use

these observations and treatment results and still keep Chinese

Medicine on solid ground.

 

I think we have a lot of work to do - if we are going to " recruit

(ing) students by presenting acupuncture as a practice based upon

observation and experimentation, grounded in rigorous classical study

and " confirmed by modern science. "

 

I would argue that it is important in the interim to continue to

recruit, and expand the awareness about the medicine. It is just a

question of how to present the medicine and its results - to a

culture that has moved so far away from recognizing its own spirit

and essence.

 

 

Kayte

 

 

 

 

, " "

<zrosenbe@s...> wrote:

> I think there is a lot of benefit to both arguments (Doug and). I

> think semantics is an issue that clouds what is trying to be

expressed,

> and that quotes from articles like the ones Todd dredged up suffer

from

> a lack of familiarity with Chinese medicine and culture on the

author's

> part. Assumptions in such articles tend to either espouse a 'new

age

> spirituality' rut, or sublimate Chinese medicine into inadequate

> biomedical explanations, cut and dried like so much beef jerky.

>

> I have also seen acupuncture as a bridge between the mind and body,

and

> a tool of education to put people back in touch with themselves,

> specifically experience time in a different, more 'organic' way.

It

> helps people return to their natural rhythms, and step out of the

rat

> race for a short while, to return more able to maintain their own

> poise.

>

> I think Phillipe Riviere's article on yang sheng/Nourishment of

Life is

> the best article to be posted on the CHA site for some time. It

is

> clear and concise, but is uncompromising in its premise that

Chinese

> medicine is not just about needles and herbs, but about cultivation

of

> a healthy lifestyle, and living more in touch with nature, family,

> community, and yes, the 'spiritual' aspect of life.

>

> In our culture, we have disembodied spirituality into something

more

> ghostlike and removed from reality, leading to either immersion in

> fantasy by one faction (New Age), or aversion to anything beyond

> physicality in the other (Darwinism). But what if we see

spirituality

> as an aspect of life that encompasses the hopes, dreams, and

desires of

> human beings, the feelings, thoughts and aspirations that mark

human

> life?

>

> I think we need to see the humanity in our patients, and practice

a

> human medicine that doesn't reduce them to mere statistics.

>

>

>

> On Apr 19, 2004, at 2:37 PM, wrote:

>

> > Ok I'll take this on in a knee jerk response at the danger

of

> > bumping knees. I

> > don't totally diagree that the emphasis on the " spiritual "

drains

> > students energies (!)

> > away from the task at hand... i.e. learning . I

always

> > reminded of

> > David Chan L.Ac. who said that " acupuncture is the hyphen between

mind

> > and body " .

> > It is this very equation that makes many think what we are doing

is

> > spiritual and the

> > link what is missing to most Westerners. So any connection is

seen as

> > a spiritual

> > revelation. Here in California, this spiritual foregrounding is

taken

> > to extremes where

> > we are playing catch-up with a " dead culture " that has a buit-in

> > schizoiphrenia about

> > what we see as a body-mind dichotomy.

> >

> > Although " Acupuncture has nothing to do with magic or god. " the

> > acupuncturist does

> > have everything to do with both. We are able (or strive) to see

the

> > links between the

> > patients " fate " as a body and spirit. If your interests are not

in

> > the spirtitual, thats

> > fine. I thnk the gurus are found as much working the check-out

> > counters as the halls

> > of acupuncture clinics. Your patients will learn your

limitations. I'm

> > sorry I have to put

> > it that way.

> >

> > What disturbs me is that you cut off that possibility. To call

Asian

> > spirituality " fringe "

> > is to deny how the same forces in Western culture drive the

> > " scientific " medical

> > establishment. (Death to be feared... see the book, " About

Face " ) I

> > think your own

> > practice is as much about healing yourself as others. (The

Taoists say

> > that. :-)) There

> > are a number of patients who need to be " de-spiritualized " , that

is to

> > take the

> > " fetishization " out of the spiritual. To see we are all here

> > connected. (there I go again).

> > I don't talk about it with my patients but it is emplicit in

> > everything I do and say.

> >

> > We are all frustrated that we aren't taken seriously as Medical

> > Practitioners. We can do

> > so much and yet we are still seen as the spiritual fringe. I

just

> > don't think cutting that

> > aspect off is the way to do justice to our own practice or the

> > medicine.

> >

> > respectfully,

> > doug

> >

> >

> >

> > ,

 

> > wrote:

> >> In my recent call for articles, I was approached by the PR

director of

> >> a major acupuncture school. The school regularly promotes the

> >> profession and itself by having its PR department produce

articles for

> >> various mass market publications, such as natural health or yoga

> >> journal, not to mention those more mainstream like USA today

and

> >> ladies

> >> home journal. I was offered any articles that suited me to

upload to

> >> CHA. Well, none of them were focused on herbology, so it ended

up

> >> being a moot point. But I did notice something interesting. The

> >> department writer use certain stock passages that appear

verbatim in

> >> all their articles. Now I don't blame the PR staff themselves.

They

> >> are merely carrying out the agenda of their bosses and the words

they

> >> write are echoed in every popular article on acupuncture I have

ever

> >> seen. But the stock passage on acupuncture is telling. Note

the use

> >> of the words " believe " , " meridians " , " spiritual " and " energy " .

> >>

> >> " Acupuncture is a 3,000-year-old practice that consists of the

gentle

> >> insertion and stimulation of thin, disposable sterile needles at

> >> strategic points near the surface of the body. Over 2,000

acupuncture

> >> points on the human body connect with 14 major pathways, called

> >> meridians. Chinese medicine practitioners believe that these

meridians

> >> conduct qi, or energy, between the surface of the body and

internal

> >> organs. It is qi that regulates spiritual, emotional, mental and

> >> physical balance. When the flow of qi is disrupted through poor

health

> >> habits or other circumstances, pain and/or disease can result.

> >> Acupuncture helps to keep the normal flow of this energy

unblocked. "

> >>

> >> It is this type of writing that continues to be the basis for

> >> attracting new students into the field. I think there is a real

> >> disconnect between this type of recruiting and the concerns oft

> >> expressed here. We should be recruiting students by presenting

> >> acupuncture as a practice based upon observation and

experimentation,

> >> grounded in rigorous classical study and confirmed by modern

science.

> >> It was part of a system of thought that attempted to understand

the

> >> world as a place of natural laws that could be understood by

human

> >> reasoning. It was most decidedly NOT a world of mystical

influences

> >> that is conceived as the basis for understanding disease in the

Nei

> >> Jing. Now it remains an open question as to whether Acupuncture

was

> >> based upon anatomy or something more akin to information science

or

> >> was

> >> purely metaphorical in nature. But I hope we can all agree that

qi is

> >> not the holy spirit or at least the chinese never conceived of

it in

> >> such a way. When qi is put in the same passage with spiritual

and

> >> energy and belief, it is hard not to think of it as mystical in

> >> nature.

> >> We need a new stock explanation for the media. AT should have

a

> >> contest with large cash prizes. :-)

> >>

> >> I look forward to the day when there is no discussion of

spiritual

> >> metaphysics at TCM school anymore. To argue that chinese

metaphysics

> >> is an essential piece of TCM is no more valid than to argue that

greek

> >> metaphysics is necessary to practice western medicine. While a

study

> >> of chinese culture and language is essential to understand CM

ideas in

> >> their proper context, one certainly need not be involved in

taoist qi

> >> gong or buddhist meditation or martial arts. Certainly there is

no

> >> indication that such practices were major topics in any

mainstream

> >> medical texts of the past 800 years. While the health benefits

of

> >> certain nonmedical practices were widely known (or believed) in

> >> chinese

> >> culture, these practices probably filled a similar role in

ancient

> >> society as going to the dojo or a yoga class does today. People

did

> >> these things, but more often as part of a peer group or family

> >> tradition, than upon medical advice, per se. That there was

health

> >> benefit to these practice I do not doubt one bit. That the

mystical

> >> ideas promulgated by adherents of these practices ever gained

favor in

> >> mainstream medical circles, I strongly doubt. Even if a doctor

> >> advises

> >> someone to go to church does not mean he believes in god. It is

one

> >> of

> >> the other peculiarities of american acupuncture practice that

many

> >> have

> >> been drawn not only to the medicine, but to aspects of chinese

society

> >> that were on the fringe even within that culture. A chinese

colleague

> >> summed it up the other day when asked if she had ever seen a

miracle

> >> performed by a qi gong master (like levitation or electrical

> >> discharges). She said no, but added in all earnestness that she

would

> >> really like to. She was expressing the same childlike fantasy

we all

> >> have, that magic is real. But she knows it is not. I wish

vampire

> >> slayers came handspringing to my rescue as I walked down dark

allies

> >> beset by demons. Oh well. Acupuncture has nothing to do with

magic

> >> or

> >> god. the sooner we make that clear to the public, the better.

> >>

> >>

> >>

> >>

> >> Chinese Herbs

> >>

> >>

> >> FAX:

> >

> >

> >

> >

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Gentlemen and Kayte,

 

, " " <zrosenbe@s...>

wrote:

 

> I have also seen acupuncture as a bridge between the mind and body,

>

> On Apr 19, 2004, at 2:37 PM, wrote:

>

" acupuncture is the hyphen between mind

> > and body " . It is this very equation that makes many think what we are doing

is > > spiritual and the

> > link what is missing to most Westerners.

 

I notice you both referred to body and mind. I do not deny that acupuncture

affects both body and mind because I do not think there is any dividing line

between the two. Every medical phenomena has both experiential (higher level

perceptual) and true sensory (raw physiological) aspects, as does any

perceived event, IMO. It is when you get into the spiritual that you lose me.

I

posted Philippe's article (and it is one of the best I've seen on the topic)

because it does not get lost in new age drivel. I don't believe it would be

semantics to quibble over whether he means spirit in the western sense. And

Kayte, chime in all you want. Never would take anything as disrespectful from

you.

 

I think it is clear that he is translating shen and that he portrays it in its

chinese context when he writes, " Spirit (Shen) which includes all the

elements of the psyche (perception, knowledge and feeling) and which governs

and regulates all the body organs and vital functions. " Sounds like the CNS,

not anything more transcendent. I posted this article because Philippe always

sticks close to the chinese tradition as he understands it from his deep

studies. And I do not think this article contradicts anything I have written so

far. But rather supports a view of the body that is biological in nature.

 

article at:

 

http://.org/articles/nourishlife.shtml

 

Ithink it is us who interject a transcendent spirituality into chinese medicine

that was never there. And by that I mean connecting the practice of medicine

to the patient's spiritual development or even, god forbid, the spiritual

advancement of society as a whole. The goal of spiritual development is

transcendence, getting into heaven, personal experience of deity, whatever.

But this goal can be anathema to health. Meditation gives you hemorrhoids and

prostate swelling if you don't get up and move around. In other words,

advancing spiritually does not necessarily yield health benefits. And mental

repose is not the ultimate goal of meditation. Mental repose is a bodymind

level phenomena. Transcendence in buddhist practice does not necessarily

lead to mental repose but a state beyond duality. Such a mind can still be

tormented and the body wracked with disease.

 

If people want to be priests of qi, that's OK, but the tradition being emulated

is perhaps more akin to practices within taoist temples than in mainstream

chinese medical circles. According to needham, the more fringe groups

advocating various magico-religious health practices were often also

politically and socially motivated as well. They wanted to see mainstream

anti-metaphysical confucian culture overthrown. And don't mistake my use of

the word fringe. there were probably more of these folks than there were

confucian scholars by a long shot. but then a lot more people watch jerry

springer than watch nova. so as Joseph campbell once said, in the realm of

ideas, the majority (the masses) are usually wrong. In other words, they were

outside the intellectual mainstream, just like those who watch jerry springer.

some may have had something of value to offer. most were probbaly

crackpots.

 

Most americans don't seem to believe in science; they believe in alternate

explanations of reality (religion, UFOs, new age, etc.). So its hardly

surprising

that acupuncture in america has played out as a cult in the eyes of the media ,

with the word spirit popping up in every popular article on the subject. We

should all indeed heed Philippe's words so that we can present a secular

medicine to america, yet one that still rings true to chinese tradition and

forms a solid foundation for any type of spiritual pursuit a patient might want

to undertake. but to make cultivation of spirit in the metaphysically

transcendent sense a central guiding principle of our medicine is the most

harrowing path we can choose to take.

 

 

I don't see why people can't see that this would be no different than making

worship of the christian god a guiding premise in western healthcare. It

sounds ludicrous, but as Brian Carter will tell you, the quasi-spiritual ideas

espoused by some as part and parcel of TCM are considered blasphemous by a

large number of christians. It does not matter how we couch them.

Acupuncture is only truly nondenominational if it leaves the subject of

transcendence to priests. It might seem to the more unitarian folks that

nothing about taoist metaphysics is problematic, but many sectarian folks

feel differently. I once cut my long hair so I wouldn't have to waste time

getting past my appearance to promote chinese medicine. I don't want to

waste time on selling chinese spiritual concepts to the public. I am drawn

to these ideas. many are not. many consider them satanic. A good doctor does

not need his patients to adopt spiritual beliefs to heal them and it disturbs

me that the appearance we give to the public is sometimes the opposite.

 

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On Apr 19, 2004, at 8:46 PM, wrote:

 

>

> I notice you both referred to body and mind. I do not deny that

> acupuncture

> affects both body and mind because I do not think there is any

> dividing line

> between the two. Every medical phenomena has both experiential

> (higher level

> perceptual) and true sensory (raw physiological) aspects, as does any

> perceived event, IMO. It is when you get into the spiritual that you

> lose me. I

> posted Philippe's article (and it is one of the best I've seen on the

> topic)

> because it does not get lost in new age drivel. I don't believe it

> would be

> semantics to quibble over whether he means spirit in the western

> sense. And

> Kayte, chime in all you want. Never would take anything as

> disrespectful from

> you.

 

I have stated many times on CHA what I see as spiritual in medicine,

and that is simply compassion and caring for people, not taking

advantage of them in any manner, inspiring them to overcome disease,

showing confidence and strength in the ability to help them, and seeing

how health and disease are part and parcel of people's lives. These

aspects of medicine are expressed in all cultures and in all eras. . .

..I am not talking about rituals, banging gongs, chanting or wearing

funny outfits.

>

> I think it is clear that he is translating shen and that he portrays

> it in its

> chinese context when he writes, " Spirit (Shen) which includes all the

> elements of the psyche (perception, knowledge and feeling) and which

> governs

> and regulates all the body organs and vital functions. " Sounds like

> the CNS,

> not anything more transcendent. I posted this article because

> Philippe always

> sticks close to the chinese tradition as he understands it from his

> deep

> studies. And I do not think this article contradicts anything I have

> written so

> far. But rather supports a view of the body that is biological in

> nature.

 

I think this article is one of the best things I've read on Chinese

medicine in years. But I don't know if I'd agree that he is simply

describing CNS function.

>

>

> Ithink it is us who interject a transcendent spirituality into chinese

> medicine

> that was never there. And by that I mean connecting the practice of

> medicine

> to the patient's spiritual development or even, god forbid, the

> spiritual

> advancement of society as a whole. The goal of spiritual development

> is

> transcendence, getting into heaven, personal experience of deity,

> whatever.

> But this goal can be anathema to health. Meditation gives you

> hemorrhoids and

> prostate swelling if you don't get up and move around. In other words,

> advancing spiritually does not necessarily yield health benefits. And

> mental

> repose is not the ultimate goal of meditation. Mental repose is a

> bodymind

> level phenomena. Transcendence in buddhist practice does not

> necessarily

> lead to mental repose but a state beyond duality. Such a mind can

> still be

> tormented and the body wracked with disease.

>

Perhaps it has to do with the fact that I am steeped in a Jewish

perspective, but in my opinion the goal of 'spiritual development' is

not transcendence, but to transform this world into a better place to

live, and on the personal level, to transform oneself gradually into a

mensch, a better human being. The role of the healer in any tradition

is to relieve suffering, improve health, help people to live their

lives in the best fashion possible. This to me is 'the spiritual

dimension' of medicine, any medicine. From what I've read in

Confucianist texts, it is also part of the traditional Chinese world

view to have a harmonious society based on happy families in good

health. Confucianism is also largely concerned with the ethical

development of humanity, especially physicians. So while there is a

biological perspective in Chinese medicine, medicine is not just

biological. The scholar-physician was (and is) largely interested in

self-cultivation through study, philosophy, and service to humanity.

 

I don't see how such a credo can be a threat to any patient or any

American for that manner. People respect a person who works on

improving themselves and serving others.

 

> If people want to be priests of qi, that's OK, but the tradition being

> emulated

> is perhaps more akin to practices within taoist temples than in

> mainstream

> chinese medical circles. According to needham, the more fringe groups

> advocating various magico-religious health practices were often also

> politically and socially motivated as well. They wanted to see

> mainstream

> anti-metaphysical confucian culture overthrown. And don't mistake my

> use of

> the word fringe. there were probably more of these folks than there

> were

> confucian scholars by a long shot. but then a lot more people watch

> jerry

> springer than watch nova. so as Joseph campbell once said, in the

> realm of

> ideas, the majority (the masses) are usually wrong. In other words,

> they were

> outside the intellectual mainstream, just like those who watch jerry

> springer.

> some may have had something of value to offer. most were probbaly

> crackpots.

 

I am not interested in being 'a priest of qi'. I have no interest in

any agenda except people's health and well-being. However, again we

are having difficulties communicating about what is 'spiritual'. To

me, spirituality (and I've said this on CHA again and again) is largely

about compassion and caring for other human beings and sentient beings

that share the world with us. Medicine is a tool of compassion. This

shouldn't be hard to understand.

>

> Most americans don't seem to believe in science; they believe in

> alternate

> explanations of reality (religion, UFOs, new age, etc.). So its

> hardly surprising

> that acupuncture in america has played out as a cult in the eyes of

> the media ,

> with the word spirit popping up in every popular article on the

> subject. We

> should all indeed heed Philippe's words so that we can present a

> secular

> medicine to america, yet one that still rings true to chinese

> tradition and

> forms a solid foundation for any type of spiritual pursuit a patient

> might want

> to undertake. but to make cultivation of spirit in the metaphysically

> transcendent sense a central guiding principle of our medicine is the

> most

> harrowing path we can choose to take.

 

I think we simply need to present Chinese medicine in the clearest

manner, as Phillipe has done in his article. Its principles are not

culture-bound, there is a universal aspect to Chinese medicine that can

be applied anywhere. However, Phillipe does offer that patients do

have responsibility to cultivate a healthy lifestyle, harmonious with

nature.

>

>

> I don't see why people can't see that this would be no different than

> making

> worship of the christian god a guiding premise in western healthcare.

> It

> sounds ludicrous, but as Brian Carter will tell you, the

> quasi-spiritual ideas

> espoused by some as part and parcel of TCM are considered

> blasphemous by a

> large number of christians. It does not matter how we couch them.

 

What do you consider to be the quasi-spiritual ideas that upsets

Christians? I have had many Christians and Mormons as patients over

the years, and I've never met one who was offended or upset about

anything in Chinese medicine.

 

> Acupuncture is only truly nondenominational if it leaves the subject

> of

> transcendence to priests. It might seem to the more unitarian folks

> that

> nothing about taoist metaphysics is problematic, but many sectarian

> folks

> feel differently. I once cut my long hair so I wouldn't have to

> waste time

> getting past my appearance to promote chinese medicine. I don't want

> to

> waste time on selling chinese spiritual concepts to the public. I

> am drawn

> to these ideas. many are not. many consider them satanic. A good

> doctor does

> not need his patients to adopt spiritual beliefs to heal them and it

> disturbs

> me that the appearance we give to the public is sometimes the opposite.

 

I agree that our job is not to sell metaphysics or religion to people.

 

 

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I agree with what Z'ev wrote in response to Todd (especially those I've

excerpted

below). it's not that I think that we should push TCM as more spiritual,

it is that

I object to you taking the spirit out of it.

 

 

You wrote:

The goal of spiritual development is

transcendence, getting into heaven, personal experience of deity, whatever.

But this goal can be anathema to health. Meditation gives you hemorrhoids and

prostate swelling if you don't get up and move around. In other words,

advancing spiritually does not necessarily yield health benefits.

 

There are a lot of people with really good bodies who are completely repungnant

jerks.

You're putting up the New Age practices as straw men and then saying, 'we're not

them " . To this extent you're right but to say that spirit has no place in the

medicine is

a hard, hard place.

 

doug

 

 

 

 

, " " <zrosenbe@s...>

wrote:

>

> I have stated many times on CHA what I see as spiritual in medicine,

> and that is simply compassion and caring for people, not taking

> advantage of them in any manner, inspiring them to overcome disease,

> showing confidence and strength in the ability to help them, and seeing

> how health and disease are part and parcel of people's lives. These

> aspects of medicine are expressed in all cultures and in all eras. . .

> .I am not talking about rituals, banging gongs, chanting or wearing

> funny outfits.

The role of the healer in any tradition

> is to relieve suffering, improve health, help people to live their

> lives in the best fashion possible. This to me is 'the spiritual

> dimension' of medicine, any medicine.

 

So while there is a

> biological perspective in Chinese medicine, medicine is not just

> biological. The scholar-physician was (and is) largely interested in

> self-cultivation through study, philosophy, and service to humanity.

>

> I don't see how such a credo can be a threat to any patient or any

> American for that manner. People respect a person who works on

> improving themselves and serving others.

>

>

> I am not interested in being 'a priest of qi'. I have no interest in

> any agenda except people's health and well-being. However, again we

> are having difficulties communicating about what is 'spiritual'. To

> me, spirituality (and I've said this on CHA again and again) is largely

> about compassion and caring for other human beings and sentient beings

> that share the world with us. Medicine is a tool of compassion. This

> shouldn't be hard to understand.

> >

> I agree that our job is not to sell metaphysics or religion to people.

>

>

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, " " wrote:

> I agree with what Z'ev wrote in response to Todd (especially those I've

excerpted

> below). it's not that I think that we should push TCM as more spiritual,

it is that

> I object to you taking the spirit out of it.

 

you keep saying I am removing something that was there and I say I am

rejecting something that never was. You object to me removing something,

yet I see no evidence that spirituality as you portray it was ever there. To

satisfy me, what mainstream authors of CM talked about spirit in the

spiritual rather than the psychological sense. I cannot read chinese, but I am

familiar with the writings of dozens of chinese scholars over the past 1,800

years. Except for sun si miao, whose work could be considered an abberation

in hindsight, transcendent spirituality is conspicuously absent from the core

texts. It does not come up in the wen bing texts, zhu dan xi, li dong yuan,

numerous SHL commentators, numerous nanjing commentators, li shi zhen, qin

bo wei, xu da chun, zhang jing yue, zhang xi chun , etc., etc.

 

I object to something being added that was never a core part of the medicine,

whatever other healing role it played in chinese culture. I do indeed say that

casting ourselves as the priests of qi is a bad face to present to the public.

I

would indeed see this stuff out of the curriculum and leave it to each to

decide how to pursue this matter upon graduation. anything else smacks of

institutionalized religion and cultism to me. If this stuff has never been

mainstream in china, how or why should we attempt to institutionalize it.

There is no basis for deciding what version of daoism or TCM spirituality

constitutes efficacious medicine. It thus can never be anything more than

part of a belief system. It would be hypocritical of me to espouse my desire

for an evidence base medical system, but then include a component that is

based upon faith. I don't think the chinese went downthis road and neither

should we (at least not any further than we already have)

 

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Respectfully - you are all right.

 

IMO - the spirit aspect of TCM has to resonate with the individual

treating and being treated. Maybe for Todd it has its importance in

the pursuit of evidence based medicine, for Zev perhaps more in

Jewish belief. For me in the ability to help reduce chronic pain and

suffering.

 

Spirit need not have religious overtones and I agree with Todd that

it should not be written in to what was not in the classics.

However, IMO, Spirit is meaning, direction, purpose - the pursuit of

answers to why am I here?, what can I leave as my legacy? Not a

religious belief but a meaning to life. In this sense it is part of

Zen, Daoism, Buddhism and as such is often part of the dis-ease state

and therefore part of the Diagnosis and treatment

 

Kayte

 

, " "

wrote:

> , " "

wrote:

> > I agree with what Z'ev wrote in response to Todd (especially

those I've

> excerpted

> > below). it's not that I think that we should push TCM as

more spiritual,

> it is that

> > I object to you taking the spirit out of it.

>

> you keep saying I am removing something that was there and I say I

am

> rejecting something that never was. You object to me removing

something,

> yet I see no evidence that spirituality as you portray it was ever

there. To

> satisfy me, what mainstream authors of CM talked about spirit in

the

> spiritual rather than the psychological sense. I cannot read

chinese, but I am

> familiar with the writings of dozens of chinese scholars over the

past 1,800

> years. Except for sun si miao, whose work could be considered an

abberation

> in hindsight, transcendent spirituality is conspicuously absent

from the core

> texts. It does not come up in the wen bing texts, zhu dan xi, li

dong yuan,

> numerous SHL commentators, numerous nanjing commentators, li shi

zhen, qin

> bo wei, xu da chun, zhang jing yue, zhang xi chun , etc., etc.

>

> I object to something being added that was never a core part of the

medicine,

> whatever other healing role it played in chinese culture. I do

indeed say that

> casting ourselves as the priests of qi is a bad face to present to

the public. I

> would indeed see this stuff out of the curriculum and leave it to

each to

> decide how to pursue this matter upon graduation. anything else

smacks of

> institutionalized religion and cultism to me. If this stuff has

never been

> mainstream in china, how or why should we attempt to

institutionalize it.

> There is no basis for deciding what version of daoism or TCM

spirituality

> constitutes efficacious medicine. It thus can never be anything

more than

> part of a belief system. It would be hypocritical of me to espouse

my desire

> for an evidence base medical system, but then include a component

that is

> based upon faith. I don't think the chinese went downthis road and

neither

> should we (at least not any further than we already have)

>

 

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A few points.

 

I feel like we are running on parallel lines here that don't meet. You

seem to be defining spirituality as something that is 'added on' to CM

by westerners, I am saying that spirituality is inherent in the

practice of medicine. I agree that western ideas of spirit shouldn't

be read into the Chinese medical literature, but that like anyone else,

the Chinese were and are spiritual people, who ask questions about

life, nature, being and purpose. The modern concept of 'secular' is

just that, a modern concept. While the Nei Jing corpus clearly

expunged shamanic and ritualistic influences from the practice of

medicine, it was not written in the tone of a modern anatomical manual.

 

You give the example of Zhang Xi-chun. In his medical essays, he has

one chapter on meditation, one on qi gong. In the meditation chapter,

he says the following:

 

" students should use the practice of meditation which is the starting

point of philosophy. Not only does it promote health, it can actually

immerse one's character and spirit, and benefit one's intelligence and

wisdom. Medical professionals have been trusted with people's lives,

therefore they must exhibit intelligence and wisdom. They must observe

the intricacies of the human body, observing the qi transformations of

heaven and earth. They are required to distinguish the complexities of

medicinals, flexibly choosing prescriptions according to

pathomechanisms in order to save lives. If one studies medicine, it

is important to be careful with philosophy, immersing one's character

and spirit. "

 

Zhang Jingyue devoted a large portion of his Lei Jing/Classic of

Categories to the importance of studying the Yi Jing/Book of Changes in

order to practice medicine, and there is a section on

emotional-psychological disorders with a somewhat 'spiritual'

perspective.

 

So while Chinese medical literature may not speak in the language of

what we know today as religion in the West, or use new-agey metaphors,

there is plenty that can be considered to be spiritual in Chinese

medicine.

 

 

 

 

On Apr 20, 2004, at 1:00 AM, wrote:

 

> you keep saying I am removing something that was there and I say I am

> rejecting something that never was. You object to me removing

> something,

> yet I see no evidence that spirituality as you portray it was ever

> there. To

> satisfy me, what mainstream authors of CM talked about spirit in the

> spiritual rather than the psychological sense. I cannot read chinese,

> but I am

> familiar with the writings of dozens of chinese scholars over the past

> 1,800

> years. Except for sun si miao, whose work could be considered an

> abberation

> in hindsight, transcendent spirituality is conspicuously absent from

> the core

> texts. It does not come up in the wen bing texts, zhu dan xi, li dong

> yuan,

> numerous SHL commentators, numerous nanjing commentators, li shi zhen,

> qin

> bo wei, xu da chun, zhang jing yue, zhang xi chun , etc., etc.

>

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As some on this list may know, I started my studies in Chinese

medicine as part of a larger Hessian " journey to the East. " I was a

professional Tibetan Buddhist yogi, having held numerous ranks and

positions within the Nyingmapa hierarchy (i.e., chag-dzod, cho-pon,

om-dze, lopon) and having spent 20 years in the most extreme and

demanding spiritual exercises. Because, at the time, it wasn't really

possible to study Tibetan medicine to the point of practice, I decided

to study its kissing cousin, Chinese medicine. I preface my remarks

this way to make it clear that, when I started the study and practice

of Chinese medicine, I was predisposed to look for and priviledge

anything within it that smacked of spiritual. Twenty-five years later,

having read more than most Westerners within the Chinese medical

literature, I agree with Todd that there is nothing particularly

spiritual about the mainstream professional Chinese medical notion of

spirit, and I am not just talking about 20th-21st century, " Maoist,

revisionist " Chinese medicine.

 

As I explain in my psych book, the Tang dynasty interest in Buddhism

and religious Daoism with its consequent revival of spiritism in

Chinese medicine was a temporary aberration. The whole importance of

such seminal texts as the Nei Jing, Nan Jing, and Shang Han Lun/Jin

Gui Yao Lue is the establishment of the naturalist world view in

professional Chinese medicine, a world view that re-established its

dominance in the Jin-Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic, and current Chinese

dynasties. when Todd asserts that the mainstream Chinese medical

definition of spirit is a naturalist, epiphenomalist definition, as

far as all my reading and research during the last 25 years suggests,

he is correct.

 

That being said, there have always been individual Chinese doctors who

have conflated their personal spiritual beliefs and practices with

their practice of medicine. During the 19th century, this tendency was

particularly common among the martial artists/anti-Manchu

revolutionaries who took refuge in Buddhist monasteries and lived

within secret societies influenced by religious Daoism, viz. the Boxer

Rebellion. Many of these " Boxers " also studied and practiced Chinese

medicine due to the inherent liabilities of their profession. In the

70s and 80s, many of the first Western students and practitioners of

Chinese medicine (such as myself), studied with students of students

of these Boxers. So we were exposed to a certain amount of Chinese

spiritualism as part of our overall training. This dovetailed neatly

with our own goals and desires in our generation's journey to the

East. As Unschuld has pointed out, we found what we were looking for.

In other words, we saw what we wanted to see and privileged what we

were already primed to privilege. No big deal. Ren shi ren, people are

people.

 

However, those who still hold onto those spiritist beliefs and are

attached to the notion that those beliefs are part of mainstream

professional Chinese medicine need to at least know that their

approach has more to do with their own Baby-bommerish New-agism than

with mainline Chinese medicine. In saying this, I am not criticizing

spiritual-spiritist beliefs. That's completely a matter of personal

choice. Whatever floats your boat and gets you through the night. But,

when it comes to the history of Chinese medicine, Todd is right, you

cannot substantiate these beliefs in classics such as the Nei Jing,

Nan Jing, Jia Yi Jing, Shan Han Lun/Jin Gui Yao Lue, Mai Jing, Yuan

Hou Zhu Bing Lun, Pi Wei Lun, Ge Zhi Yu Lun, Dan Xi Xin Fa, etc., etc.

 

Bob

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