Guest guest Posted August 9, 2006 Report Share Posted August 9, 2006 Today for you 41 news items about the Earth's trees. The number and subject of each items is listed below. The condensed article is listed further below.--British Columbia: 1) Clayoquot to be protected by ECOTRUST? 2) TIMO's on the rises via unnamed government racket--Oregon: 3) 100 Demo against Biscuit roadless logging, 4) Lone protestor blocks biscuit logging, 5) Mainstream enviros worthless in defense of Biscuit--California: 6) In memory of Tim Mckay, 7) Barred Owl takes over--Montana: 8) Motor vehicle users fight back--Colorado: 9) Tamerisk and other invasives makes the river dry and dead--Missouri: 10) Privately owned old-growth shortleaf pines--Wisconsin: 11) Leopold Trees made into products, --Massachusetts: 12) crown thinning similar to thinning Carrots?--Pennsylvania: 13) largest area of old-growth bottomland hardwood forest, 14) Wilds program documented in 2 books--West Virginia: 15) Surface mining destroys cemeteries--North Carolina: 16) Tree Pollen can travel 1,000 Kilometers--Florida: 17) Colt creek is a now a new State Park--Canada: 18) History that led to current Grassy Narrows campaign, 19) Timber theft goes unpunished,--Finland: 20) Drought exposed trees get ready for winter--Israel: 21) Forest Restoration plans are part of war propaganda machine--Russia: 22) High Tech Satelite to catch illegal logging, 23) Manna river parks--Congo: 24) Bonobo hunting in the woods--Cameroon: 25) IMF skilled at making forest destruction cost-effective--Niger: 26) Efforts to protect greenbelts and Neeem trees--Panama: 27) Two-toed tree sloth forest caught in political referendum,--Chile: 28) Spanish-owned electricity company to develop pristine landscapes--South Pacific: 29) Climate Change will drown mangroves--Philippines: 30) Massive tree planting campiang laong highways--Malaysia: 31) New policies to monitor hill slopes and prevent landslides--Indonesia: 32) 2005 State of Environment Report, 33) Logging companies involved in widespread human rights abuses, 34) IMF skilled at making forest destruction cost-effective, 35) Village-based saw-milling fails, 36) Rebels of Aceh trade guns for chain saws, 37) Indonesian deforestation numbers--Australia: 38) Timber industry goes after enviro tax breaks--Tropical Forests: 39) Rural farmers protect forests better than wealthy landowners, 40) Tropical deforestation rates,--World wide: 41) Deforestation through export credit agencies, commonly known as ECAsBritish Columbia:1) The largest logging company in Clayoquot, first nations-owned Iisaak Forest Products, has confirmed it is ready to sign a deal with Ecotrust Canada to turn management over to Ecotrust, which has a record for merging capital with conservation. Iisaak Forest Products general manager Gary Johnsen said Iisaak has worked out a management contract with Ecotrust Canada to establish a conservation-based economy in the rainforests of the Sound. The deal, worked out over the last six months, would mark the first time one of B.C.'s struggling forest companies had been restructured not only for the bottom line but to make it ecologically sustainable as well. " Our interest is not to take the company over but to move it into a different space, " Ecotrust Canada executive director Ian Gill said Tuesday. The Iisaak restructuring should resolve concerns from the environmental movement that Clayoquot Sound's pristine valleys are in danger of being logged, he said. " I don't see any need for the company to be planning to log the pristine valleys just to increase its volume because the real issue for Iisaak at the moment is: Can the company operate profitably with the volume it has and with any other new volume that's available to it without even thinking about the pristines at this point. " He said Ecotrust will be injecting new capital as well but declined to say how much. The Ecotrust move is one of two changes underway in Clayoquot logging. At the same time Iisaak is being restructured, Clayoquot chiefs are also talking with the sound's other major forest licensee, Interfor, over acquiring Interfor's logging rights in the region. http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=3e81fb9c-b97a-4811-b2ea-6 b2f923e95a42) Brookfield Timberlands Investment Management Organization The Brookfield Timberlands Investment Management Organization ("TIMO") has been established by Brookfield Asset Management to sponsor and manage timber funds (the "Funds"). Our goal is to have approximately $2 billion in timber assets under management over the next 10 years. With a focus on strategic investments in fee simple timberlands in Canada and the US, investments may also include monetization or securitization of crown timberlands in Canada and, in the longer term, acquisition of timberlands in Latin America. http://www.brascanam.com/Specialty/timber.htm Oregon:3) About 100 people gathered in downtown Medford to protest the salvage logging operations going on in a roadless area of the Kalmiopsis Wilderness area. Monday's protest coincided with the start of logging operations on the Mike's Gulch timber sale. That salvage harvest is taking place in what's known as a roadless area of wilderness and that is what has environmentalists so upset. Lesley Adams is from the Klamath Siskiyou Wildlands Center. " This isn't about salvage logging anymore. This is about encroachments into roadless areas and roadless areas are increasingly rare in America and it's our obligation to protect the remaining wildlands that we have for habitat, recreation. " ony Silvaggio says, " This isn't just an ordinary logging plan, this is going into roadless areas, this is precedent setting and once they get into these roadless areas, they're no longer considered wilderness, so it's something that's real critical that we do this today to make a statement and say we've had enough. " The initial effort by protestors to block a Forestry Office entrance failed to land arrest, so they decided to move their protest into the middle of a city street and block the flow of traffic. That's when police made their move arresting 10 adults and one juvenile for disorderly conduct. http://www.localnewscomesfirst.com/content/view/983/2/ 4) A protestor was able to delay loggers for a few hours this morning near the site of the Mike's Gulch Timber sale in southern Oregon. Laurel Sutherlin attached himself to a large log that was blocking a bridge over the Illinois River. Laurel Sutherlin: " I feel pretty strongly that I am acting on behalf of the will of the majority of the American people in the time-honored tradition of civil disobedience in this country. " The Forest Service brought in a professional tree climber to bring Sutherlin down. He was then arrested and loggers with the Silver Creek Timber Company are back at work. Logging started yesterday on the Mike's Gulch project. It is the first timber cutting in a roadless federal forest since the Clinton administration. The Siskiyou National Forest is considering closing the area to the public. A spokeswoman says because the protest interfered with campers in the area, it's a public safety issue. http://publicbroadcasting.net/opb/news.newsmain?action=article & ARTICLE_ID=952027 & sectionID=1 5) The first roadless area to be entered in many years, Mikes Gulch, is being logged right now. The Big Greens who two years ago wrote off the LSR and Matrix areas of the Biscuit burn, but said that " they would be there for roadless, " now say that they " will be there " to prevent logging of GREEN trees in roadless areas. I wonder how many of them actually went to Mikes Gulch to see all those green trees? Worthless fuckers. The only groups that fought to the end for Biscuit roadless areas were the Cascadia Wildlands Project, the Native Forest Network (now WildWest), the Klamath Forest Alliance, and the National Forest Protection Alliance. Cancel your memberships to ALL OTHER ENVIRO GROUPS. Okay, I guess KS Wild and the Siskiyou Project are still in the fight too, but all the big groups, including ONRC, suck ass. jimflynnCalifornia:6) Pioneering environmental activist Tim McKay, Executive Director of the Northcoast Environmental Center (NEC) for 35 years, passed away on Sunday, July 30, 2006. He was 59 years old. Tim was birding at Stone Lagoon when he was struck down by a massive heart attack. He is survived by his 25-year-old daughter, Laurel; his 21-year-old son, Forrest; his brother, Gerry and his partner Michelle Marta; along with many relatives and friends. Tim was a major advocate for a healthy environment on the North Coast since the inception of the modern environmental movement in the 1970's. His longevity on the front lines is astounding in light of the the mental and spiritual fortitude required to stave off the constant threat of ecological disaster resulting from industrial development. In addition to the monthly ECONEWS paper and the weekly ECONEWS Report radio show he produced, Tim and the NEC helped lead the campaign to expand Redwood National Park by 48,000 acres, battled the fish-killing Klamath River dams, and stood up for the plants and critters of our region—both great and small—that keep the entire miraculous community of life humming along. Tim inspired, motivated and empowered countless activists, including me, to defend our home on the planet. 7) In many respects, the barred owl is an evolutionarily superior species. It's bigger than a spotted owl, it has more chicks when it breeds, it breeds earlier, it's more aggressive and it can adapt to a wide range of conditions. In fact, to get to California, it had to cross from the East across the northern plains -- through a wide variety of habitats -- before spreading north into upper British Columbia and south into California. The migration took about 100 years, with the first barred owls being documented in California in 1981. Redwood National and State Parks, once a refuge for spotted owls, is witnessing how adaptable the barred owl can be. Biologist Kristen Schmidt said barred owls have taken over virtually all spotted owl nesting sites, and they've also moved into areas where spotted owls haven't nested. "If they're displacing and filling in other gaps, it's hard to imagine where the spotted owls will go," Schmidt said. For a while, researchers thought that some Northern California forests would serve as a sanctuary. Drier forests in the Sierra Nevada, and cut-over redwood forests in coastal redwood country might not be taken over by barred owls, they thought. But it appears that the barred owls just hadn't gotten around to some of those areas, where they have now been found. The situation seems to be following the trend it did in Washington. Barred owls were first seen there in 1965. They are now superseding every other problem the spotted owl faces, said Bob Pearson, a researcher and volunteer for the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. http://times-standard.com/local/ci_4150369 Montana:8) Motor vehicle enthusiasts across Montana are revving up efforts to retain the roads and trails on public lands that they've used for years. Those who ride motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles and other machines worry that new National Forest travel plans could shut them out of large chunks of the state's forests. They're drawing a line in the sand. And, for now, that line is in the Little Belt Mountains, putting the Lewis and Clark National Forest in the hot seat. " There is no question we are being closed out. If we don't stand up and say 'whoa,' they will shut us out of everything, " said Bruce Butler, state representative for the National Off-Highway Vehicle Conservation Council. " I feel personally that there is room enough for all of us in the forest, " he said. " The Little Belt Mountains are vital to us. " Last year the U.S. Forest Service ordered all 155 national forests to identify and designate those roads, trails and areas that are open to motor vehicle use. http://www.greatfallstribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060806/NEWS01/608060302/1002 Colorado:9) CAMERON - Water hadn't flowed through this stretch of the Little Colorado River in weeks, months maybe. The dry winter produced little runoff, and almost none made it this far downstream, barely 40 miles from the river's end. Invasion is not too strong of a word to describe what is happening to the Little Colorado and other Arizona rivers, whose riparian areas are choking on invasive plants that take advantage of weakened ecosystems. Once established, the strongest plants - and tamarisk heads the list - reshape habitats and force out wildlife that can't adapt. Thick stands of tamarisk, or salt cedar, reroute a river's flow, destroying its ability to control floods and move sediment. The dense growth leaves rivers without the natural backwaters needed by many wildlife species. A river's riparian system, the plants and habitat closest to the channel, is an often unappreciated value, one that cleans air and water, provides home for birds and wildlife and creates the cool, green places people seem to crave. Arizona's riparian environment is vanishing at an alarming rate, leaving behind a harsher landscape that takes more than it gives. http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special06/articles/0808rivers-littlecolorado.html Missouri:10) Why people go: The forest, owned by private conservation group the L-A-D Foundation, is home to some of the oldest and largest pines in the state as well as stands of other trees. The foundation uses sustainable forest management practices to ensure the survival of the trees in their care. If visitors choose to take the Virgin Pine Walk, a loop trail that forest staff says takes about 20 minutes to complete, they will see one of Missouri's few remaining stands of native, uncut shortleaf pine. The trees here are old-growth pines; a brochure available at the forest calls this the " Hall of Giants " because they're so large — the distance from the ground to the treetops is estimated to be 75 to 100 feet. Many of the trees on this walk are hundreds of years old. http://www.news-leader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060803/LIFE06/608030306/1037 Wisconsin:11) Roughly 75 years ago, they were pine saplings planted by Aldo Leopold, father of the modern conservation movement. On Thursday, the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison was in the process of turning them into paper. The logs are being used to create 1,500 copies of the next edition of Leopold's " A Sand County Almanac, " the book that brought him much acclaim. Workers at the lab had turned the logs into chips and on Thursday turned the chips into a wet fiber. Over the next two months, workers at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point will use the fiber to create paper. Leopold planted the trees on his land near Baraboo in the 1930s and 1940s. The forest needed thinning for its long-term health, said Buddy Huffaker, executive director of the Aldo Leopold Foundation. Thinning the forest will relieve overcrowding and stress on the remaining trees, he said. The thinning was done in late December and February. " We thought the value of that material was too high to send to a paper mill, " Huffaker said. Huffaker said the other parts of the 500 pines were used for posts and beams, and the smaller material was used for ceiling, wall paneling and interior finish trim for windows and door frames. The wood will be used as part of the construction of the foundation's Leopold Legacy Center. The wood being used for the books is from the smallest material on the treetops, he said. " A Sand County Almanac " was an important early book about the environment, making the point that in order for people to prosper, people have to take care of the land. http://www.madison.com/tct/news/index.php?ntid=93547 & ntpid=0 Massachusetts:12) " We try to do a pre-harvest timber walk before each timber harvest, " said Balch. " The walks provide a communication opportunity between the foundation and the community. " During the walk, Balch described the two types of harvesting that will be done. The first is called crown thinning. It is " similar to thinning carrots. You take some trees so the other plants grow larger, " said Balch This will occur on about 12 acres near where the trail from Edsel Road enters the property. Trees that are diseased, weak, malformed, or damaged are candidates for removal. The very large Eastern White Pine that stands at the spot where the path from Edsel connects will not be removed. Balch was clear that the trees were carefully selected for removal. Each tree is being marked on the trunk and the stump to make sure that only the selected trees are harvested. The second harvest type is called Patch Shelterwood harvesting. This technique creates half-acre (about 80 feet in diameter) clearings of forest to spur new growth. About 30 locations have been selected for this cutting. Patch Shelterwood harvesting results in all the trees and bushes being cut to the forest floor. " Part of the goal is to get sunlight to the forest floor so new trees can grow, " said Henshaw. After the cutting is done, the soil will be churned and new growth will be allowed to take hold. No planting or seeding will occur. Growth will be natural. " Forests and people work on completely different time tables, " said Balch. " Humans think in terms of seasons and years. Forests and trees are on a much longer time frame. " http://www2.townonline.com/littleton/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=548135 Pennsylvania:13) You don't have to hike all 22,200 acres to experience the largest contiguous area of old-growth bottomland hardwood forest remaining in the United States. And you don't have to know what being the largest contiguous area of old-growth bottomland hardwood forest means to appreciate it. Suffice to say, Congaree is home to some impressive trees. The park has one of the largest concentrations of big trees in North America, many more than 140 feet tall with 3- to 4-foot trunk diameters. There are four national champion trees, which hold the record for size within their species. Those would be the water hickory (143 feet tall), deciduous holly (38 feet tall), overcup oak (136 feet tall) and loblolly pine (167 feet tall). The visitor's center at the park has a brochure listing the circumference, height and spread of those trees, as well as 17 trees that are state champions. http://www.centredaily.com/mld/centredaily/news/nation/15194405.htm 14) In 2004, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources inaugurated the Pennsylvania Wilds program to draw recreation to the region and to promote conservation and protection. The portion of North-Central Pennsylvania covered by the PA Wilds program is traversed by the increasingly popular Elk Scenic Drive, and contains several state forest wild areas and many natural areas. The controversial landfill proposal in western Centre County would seriously infringe on pristine PA Wilds lands as well. You can learn more about Marion Brooks Natural Area, and Quehanna Wild Area, in the books Natural Pennsylvania by Chuck Fergus and Great Buffaloe Swamp by Ralph Seeley. The Pennsylvania Wilds program is described at www.dcnr.state.pa.us. All of the areas and trails discussed here can be easily seen on the DCNR map for the Quehanna Trail, or the public use maps for Elk and Moshannon State Forests. http://www.centredaily.com/mld/centredaily/sports/15209272.htm West Virginia:15) James Bowe, a lifelong resident of Whitesville, W.Va., knows the mountains around his home better than he knows himself. He's seen friends and family buried there, and has devoted countless hours to protecting his loved ones' resting places and the Indian burial grounds that stand alongside them. So when Bowe pulled up on his four-wheeler in early April and spotted a coal company drilling in the middle of what he says was a known, if unnamed, cemetery on White Oak Mountain, he was livid -- and determined to stop them. Knowing how quickly surface-mining operations can scrape away any trace of a mountain's natural landscape, Bowe immediately filed a formal complaint with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection. For the next three days, he waited anxiously for intervention. On the fourth day, a DEP officer arrived, but it was too late: There was nothing left of the headstones that had been there, and only a small section of border fence remained. " King Coal has a long arm in this area, so it's up to the citizens to find out about a permit and then try to figure out how to protect the area, " Bonds says. It's also important, she adds, to let coal companies know that residents won't tolerate the destruction of their communities any longer. " When I became active in this, nobody even knew about these permits; no one knew what these things in the paper were. Well now we know, and they know that we know. And now we're saying, 'Stop it.' " Though she believes her group's efforts have been successful, she says it's " only because we are and have been fighting this so hard here and they know we're fighting it. I shudder to think what they're doing in other communities, in Virginia, in Kentucky, over in Mingo County. I'm really afraid to hear their stories. " http://www.grist.org/news/maindish/2006/08/03/tzerman/index.html North Carolina:16) Scientists at Duke University in North Carolina have created pollen models that show tree pollen traveling from a forest in North Carolina for over 1,000 kilometers northward into eastern Canada. A study published in the New Physiologist found pine pollen 600 kilometers from the nearest pines. Scientists researching sterility in trees have admitted that 100 percent guaranteed sterility in GE trees is impossible. This evidence implies that if GE trees are released into the environment, widespread and irreversible contamination of native forests cannot be prevented. In Chile research is being carried out on radiata pine to engineer it for insect resistance by inserting the gene for Bt toxin production. Pine plantations currently comprise 80 percent of Chile's plantations. Monsanto Corporation predicted that Chile would be the first country to commercialize GE trees, although China has won that race. In Brazil Aracruz Cellulose, Suzano, and International Paper are all involved in research into genetically engineered trees. Suzano, which manages over 3,000 square kilometers of timberland in Brazil, is partnered with Israel-based CBD Technologies on a project to increase the growth rate of eucalyptus trees. " Regular eucalyptus trees are usually cut down after seven years, during which they grow to a height of 20 meters. Trees treated with CBD can reach that height in 3 years or less, " stated Dr. Seymour Hirsch, CEO of CBD Technologies. CBD also insists its fast-growing trees will help stop global warming. In a bizarre statement, Hirsch said, " A one hectare forest consumes 10 tons of carbon annually from the CO2 that the trees breathe. Clearly a forest that grows twice as fast consumes twice as much and contributes to the shrinking of the hole in the ozone. " Arborgen, headquartered in Summerville, North Carolina, is focusing much of its attention on eucalyptus in Brazil, which Arborgen considers to be its " most important geography. " Arborgen has established a Brazilian office and previously projected that they would have full field-testing in place in Brazil by 2005 on customer land. http://www.globaljusticeecology.org Florida:17) Gator Creek's dark, tannin-colored water rushes around moss-covered rocks between stands of sweet gum, sabal palm, cypress and elm. Goldenrod and other colorful wildflowers dot pinelands kept open by regular burning. A family of Eastern bluebirds flies from its perch on a fence line. These sights and more await visitors at Colt Creek State Park, a new state park in the Green Swamp scheduled to open sometime this fall. The park is a 5,067-acre mosaic of fields, forests and swamps east of County Road 471 and south of the Withlacoochee River northwest of Lakeland. The deal came together May 31 when longtime Lakeland rancher Charlie Mack Overstreet and other family members sold the ranch to the state for $53.2 million. During a tour of the property it was clear that although the ranch had been well managed, it was hardly pristine. There had been logging, forests had been cleared for pastures and there are patches of invasive exotic plants -- cogon grass, climbing fern, skunk vine -- that will have to be dealt with. http://www.theledger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060804/NEWS/608040389/1039 Canada:18) This is the second of three articles about Indigenous struggle in what is now known as Northwestern Ontario. The first article, in the Feb/March/April 2005 issue of NS, briefly examined the relationship between the Anishinaabe of the lake of the woods region and the Canadian state during the years leading up to and following the signing of Treaty 3 in 1873. The article described how the Canadian state violated the agreement and initiated a campaign to destroy the indigenous economy that had historically allowed the Anishinaabe to be a prosperous people. This article will examine how the Canadian state continues to undermine the livelihoods of the Anishinaabe and the political factors that are shaping Grassy Narrows' present fight for their lands. A reasonable starting point for sketching the historical background to the present struggle of Grassy Narrows is the hydro development on Anishinaabe lands in the 1950s. Ontario Hydro built two major dams at Ear Falls and Whitedog, causing significant and unpredictable fluctuations in water levels which affected wild rice beds, the habitat of fur-bearing animals and the local fishery. In the 1960s Grassy Narrows was relocated by Indian Affairs so that it was more affordable to provide services to the community. In 1970 the community was faced with another major upheaval, when the government publicly acknowledged that the English-Wabigoon river system had been contaminated by several tons of inorganic mercury, which was being dumped into the water upstream at the Dryden Pulp and Paper Company's mill. Bearing in mind the Dryden Pulp and Paper Company's responsibility for the mercury contamination, we can see that clear cutting of the Whiskey Jack Forest by Abitibi-Consolidated, the most immediate reason for the current logging road blockade at Grassy Narrows, is only the latest instance of a forestry companies' destruction of Anishinaabe lands in the Treaty 3 area. This should be no surprise. After all, the stakes are high. Across Northwestern Ontario an estimated 15,000 jobs are related to the forestry industry, which also generates about $600 million in tax revenue for governments. http://newsocialist.org/newsite/index.php?id=239 19) The matter was in territorial court two weeks ago with the federal Department of Justice seeking an order to release the logs that were seized along the Atlin Road from the Lubbock Valley sawmill site owned by Jeffery Gilbert. The logs were seized as part of an investigation to determine if the wood was taken from Crown land without the proper authority. A recommendation contained in a sworn statement on July 19 by RCMP Cpl. Eric Hendriks of the Carcross detachment says no charges have been initiated to date, and that the wood is no longer needed. A decision has been made, says his statement, not to conduct any further investigation into the accusations. Gilbert has maintained he did nothing wrong, and simply purchased the wood from a local logger, just as he's done over the years. Hendriks recommends the logs be released from the court to the Yukon government – but not back to Gilbert. There is also on file with the court, however, a sworn statement from a former Yukon government negotiator that says the maps and specific areas he was asked to review did not involve any land that was ever under interim protection. But Grand Chief Andy Carvill of the Council of Yukon First Nations, and the former chief of Carcross-Tagish, told Hendriks the land was part of the first nation's settlement negotiations and was under interim protection. Meanwhile, Jean-Francois Nantel has filed a small claim in territorial court against RCMP Chief Supt. Dave Shewchuk and Energy, Mines and Resources Minister Archie Lang. Nantel asserts that the RCMP and the Yukon's forestry branch wrongfully seized a pile of his pine logs from Gilbert's yard, when their warrants allowed for the seizure of white spruce only.http://www.whitehorsestar.com/auth.php?r=43819 Finland:20) Tuula Vanhatalo, a forest owner from Hyvinkää, says that the dry conditions do not seem to affect large trees very much. She adds that the conditions are actually good for saplings, because there was sufficient rain in the early summer. However, forest undergrowth has suffered. " This year there are very few berries, and hardly any mushrooms at all. Last summer people were carrying away boletus mushrooms in large plastic shopping bags. " The true survival test for forests will be the winter, which they will have to struggle through after being weakened by the dry summer. Normally, trees in Finland begin biological preparations for the winter soon after midsummer, when the days start getting shorter. The worst possible scenario for the health of Finnish trees would be if the hot and dry summer were followed by a long, rainy, and warm autumn. If this were to occur, trees would continue to grow, even though they should be dropping their leaves. Ideally, there would be just enough rain for the needs of the roots, but not so much that the tree would keep growing. The full impact of the drought will not be seen in Finnish trees until next June when the growth period has begun. In addition to the death of trees, growth and leaf production can be affected. http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Trees+in+forests+withstand+dry+summer+better+than+those+in+ci ties/1135220973290Israel:21) " Our main job will be after the war ends, to rehabilitate the entire system, " said Amikam Riglin, chief of law enforcement at the Jewish National Fund. " This is just the beginning. " In all, the rocket fire has destroyed 16,500 acres of forests and grazing fields, according to Michael Weinberger, the forest supervisor for the Jewish National Fund, the top administrator of Israel's forests. About 1 million trees were destroyed. The agency's chief ecologist, Yoram Goldring, said it would take many years to restore balance to the forest's ecosystem _ if they're lucky. While some of the larger animals may have managed to escape, he said, the reptiles and insects were all lost. The destruction of Mount Naftali is all the more painful since it is not a natural forest, but one meticulously planted by man. These mountains were bare when Israel was established back in 1948. Yossi Biton, 53, a Jewish National Fund representative in northern Israel has been with the service for 20 years, following in the footsteps of his father. " My father planted this forest for 40 years, and now I have to do it all over again, " he said. " An entire history has been erased in a single hour. It's like turning heaven into hell. " http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/world/4089782.html Russia: 22) Forestry officials have gone high-tech in an effort to stop illegal logging, deploying satellites to catch loggers red-handed, the Federal Forestry Agency said Wednesday Illegal loggers chop down enough trees every year to fill a forest the size of Moscow, making off with 187.5 billion rubles ($7 billion) in timber, Albert Kasparov, head of the agency's forest protection department, told reporters. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2006/08/03/013.html 23) Deputy governor had met with the district heads where the Mana River flows. He discussed an opportunity for roads and camping sites along the river bank. The authorities were charged with organizing the bank area cleaning, supplying with firewood, arranging information shields in 10 days. Krasnoyarsk Russian Scientific Research Institute of Forest Fires Prevention and Forestry Mechanization is already engaged with an accompanying project of 7 ha. According to Narzyev, the project will be ready by the end of August. Roads for parking, raft unloading will be built, as well as refuse bins and public conveniences will be established at the meadow, according to the plan. It is also planned to build some houses where tourists will be able to stay overnight. However, tourist operators stress that they do not have enough opportunities to look after the camping sites on their own, they need the authorities' aid. http://english.newslab.ru/news/197844Congo:24) KINSHASA, Congo -- Crispin Mahamba yells a greeting into the dark green wall of forest and is instantly rewarded with yelps and screams of delight. The trees begin shaking, and soon hairy black bonobos swing into view, peer through the foliage and begin noisily dropping to the ground. One, with a tiny infant clinging to her belly, grabs a fallen palm nut, props it on a rock and promptly begins bashing it open with a smaller stone. Another spins in circles, just for fun. When two young males launch into a fight, the females of the group scream in protest and race over to stop it. " They don't like war. They want to make peace, " said Mahamba, a veterinarian and biologist at Lola ya Bonobo, a forest sanctuary for orphan bonobos outside Kinshasa. Bonobos, the least-known of the world's great apes, face the same problems that confront Africa's better-known gorillas and chimpanzees. Hunters shoot them for meat. Loggers destroy their forest habitat. Disease epidemics threaten whole groups. But bonobos--smaller, more peaceful cousins of chimpanzees--have added problems. Their range lies entirely within Congo, one of the most conflict-ravaged countries in Africa. Years of war have repeatedly interrupted efforts to study them. Today, nearly 80 years after they were recognized as a species and 30 years after a Japanese biologist first tried to census them by foot and bicycle in Congo's remote central rain forest, no one knows how many there are, where they live or how they are being affected by Congo's troubles. " What's their population? I have no clue, " said Gottfried Hohmann, a leading bonobo researcher with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, one of the few institutions to support long-term study of the animals. " With the end of the war [in 2002], there were a lot of guns that had no other use. So the war has more or less turned on wildlife, " said Reinartz, who has tried, unsuccessfully, to dissuade poachers from shooting in her research area in Salonga National Park. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0608060393aug06,1,1261231.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hedCameroon:25) In Cameroon, one of the countries with the greatest biological diversity in Africa, the IMF managed to get it to devalue its currency and reduce taxes on exports of forest products. "This made forest exploitation more profitable, and increased the number of commercially viable species, thus increasing the volume logged per hectare." As a result, the number of logging companies operating in Cameroon increased from 177 to 479 between 1990 and 1998, compared to the scant 106 operating in 1980, with the result that over 75 per cent of the country's forests have been logged or will have been logged in the near future. http://www.planetaportoalegre.net/publique/cgi/public/cgilua.exe/web/templates/htm/1P4OP/vie w.htm?infoid=11411 & user=reader & editionsectionid=252Niger:26) As fears of its destruction mount, city authorities have taken steps to protect the forest, or the greenbelt, around Niamey and evict squatters living within its confines. The forest protects the city from encroaching desertification and the extremes of Niger's climate. Although an ultimatum to vacate the greenbelt was issued Apr. 30, IPS has verified that the forest is still being occupied by the squatters. Maman Ibrahim, the regional environment director for the Greater Authority of Niamey, estimates the size of the greenbelt, set up in 1965, to be 2,500 hectares. The most prominent tree in the forest is Neem, which has an ability to grow in hostile environment like desert. For more than a decade, the people living in these sprawling hamlets, which have sprung up in the greenbelt over the years, have cut and burnt down the neems. " These people chop down trees illegally to build their huts and for firewood. There are also fires which cause considerable damage, " said Illia Yahaya, the head of the reforestation service at the Regional Department for Environment for the Greater Authority of Niamey. Captain Mohamed Sidi, of the Niamey Fire Department, told IPS: " We experience at least five fires a week in populated areas of the greenbelt in the dry season. According to our estimates, about 13 hectares of plants have been disappearing each year since the greenbelt was completed in 1993. " But the residents are not going without a fight. They are demanding that the authorities relocate them to a new site with basic amenities. " Some of us have been living here for more than 20 years. Our children were born here and go to neighbouring schools, " Harouna Seydou, a 60-year-old head of a hamlet, told IPS. " We won't move as long as we don't have a new place for settlement, " added Tahirou Adamou, a resident of one of the larger settlements. But the authorities are committed to evict them. " The reason their removal was deferred was to allow their children to finish out the school year, " explained the regional environment director, as he announced a plan to fence the greenbelt. http://allafrica.com/stories/200608020938.html Panama:27) This unfortunate two-toed tree sloth is about to see its forest habitat at the former Fort Clayton destroyed. A stubborn band of urban environmentalists that has been fighting a series of battles to defend Panama City's remaining wooded areas isn't at all happy about it. Their battlegrounds are various --- construction sites, the courts, the media, and soon, the October 22 Panama Canal expansion referendum. But why the referendum? First because they are environmentalists and as such have some specific objections to the Torrijos - Alemán Zubieta Plan, the most important of which is the tendency of the water saving basins that would be used in the new locks to introduce substantial quantities of salt water into Gatun Lake. But it also must be observed that a lot of groups with a lot of unrelated specific gripes with the Torrijos administration are set to take out their displeasure in that referendum. People in the " yes " campaign deplore the historic tendency of people who are mad at a particular president for unrelated reasons to use any national referendum as a means to cast a vote of no confidence in the president. Both the Endara and Pérez Balladares presidencies were left crippled after being defeated in referenda in which many complaints led to the " no " victories. http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_12/issue_15/frontpage.html Chile:28) COYHAIQUE - The plan, proposed by a Spanish-owned electricity company, would harness the rushing rivers of the sparsely populated region known as Aisén, which is dotted with national parks and nature reserves. But environmental groups have condemned the proposal, which they say will damage ranching and tourism. They have mounted an international campaign to block construction. "This is not the kind of development we want here at the end of the world," said Patricio Segura, a leader of the Citizens¹ Coalition for Aisén here in the region¹s capital. There is no need to transform Patagonia into another Santiago,¹¹ he said. ³We want our resources to be used, but in a responsible manner.² Endesa, the Spanish company that wants to build the dams, declined interview requests. But its Web site describes the project as consisting of six dams, four on the Baker River and two on the Pascua River, that would generate 2,430 megawatts, come into operation between 2012 and 2018, and require a total investment of $4 billion, including $1.5 billion to build power lines. Project opponents agree that Chile needs a reliable supply of energy. But they argue that other renewable sources are available that are cheaper, less intrusive, more efficient and not subject to foreign control, in forms as diverse as geothermal energy and ethanol made from wood chips generated by tree plantations. The project has also created an unusual alliance between the salmon industry and environmentalists, including the Americans Douglas Tompkins and his wife, Kristine McDivitt, owner of a 171,000-acre parcel of land she wants to donate as a national park. The two groups are normally bitter enemies, with the environmentalists accusing salmon farmers of polluting Patagonia¹s waters, but they have united in their opposition to the dam project. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/world/americas/06chile.html?hp & ex=1154836800 & en=994e5606551 2490f & ei=5094 & partner=homepageSouth Pacific:29) Action is needed to conserve mangroves in the Pacific amid concern that rising sea levels, linked with climate change, are set to drown large areas of these precious and economically important ecosystems. Studies, announced today by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), indicate that some islands in the region could see over half of the mangroves steadily lost by the end of the century, with the worst hit being American Samoa, Fiji, Tuvalu, and the Federated States of Micronesia. The study, which has assessed the vulnerability of the 16 Pacific Island countries and territories that have native mangroves, finds that overall as much as 13 per cent of the mangrove area may be lost. It makes a series of recommendations to coastal planners. These include reducing pollution from land-based sources in order to make existing mangroves more healthy and resilient, alongside restoring lost or degraded mangroves wetlands. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=19226 & Cr=UNEP & Cr1 Philippines:30) The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) will launch "Green Philippine Highways," a massive tree planting on August 25 which will simultaneously take place along the country's three major highways, covering a total length of 3, 439 kilometers. DENR Secretary Angelo T. Reyes said that the "Green Philippine Highways" project is meant to promote the image of every Filipino as planter of trees. "At the national level, this activity is to promote an advocacy on living a way of life where a citizen not only plants but also nurtures," Reyes explained, that the goal is to make communities that link these highways become custodians of their environment. "When we plant trees, we plant the seeds of peace and seeds of hope. We also secure the future of our children and our children's children." he said. Included in the synchronized planting are the entire lengths of the Pan-Philippine Highway (Laoag City to Davao City; 2,176.40 kms.), Manila North Road (Laoag to Manila; 439.20 kms.), and the West Nautical Highway (Batangas City to Zamboanga Sibugay; 823.90 kms.). Around 500,000 seedlings will be needed for the activity to be able to plant both sides of the highways at an interval of 10 meters per seedling. http://www.samarnews.com/news2006/aug/f753.htm Malaysia:Malaysia will plan new policies to monitor hill slopes and prevent landslides that have killed dozens of people in recent years, officials said Monday. Works Minister Samy Vellu said a National Slope Master Plan would be completed by 2008 to regulate how hillsides near highways and residential areas should be developed and maintained, the national news agency Bernama reported. " The government is aware of the need to provide safe slopes to save lives, " Samy said. Authorities believe there are more than 1,000 hillsides nationwide that could pose a danger because of soil erosion and other problems, Samy said. Landslides in Malaysia are typically triggered by heavy rain, but officials often say the root cause is deforestation sparked by widespread logging and roadway or infrastructure projects. The most recent major incident was in May, when a mudslide killed four Indonesians and left more than 200 homeless in a migrant settlement near a hillside on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/i_latestdetail.asp?id=40189 Indonesia:32) The recently published 2005 State of Environment Report highlights the rapid degradation of the nation's forests, seas, air and fresh water resources and notes that these, combined with a general lack of spatial planning, greatly affect public health. The 295-page report notes that the country's more than 120 million hectares of forest, the world's third-largest tropical rain forest, are rapidly vanishing, with a deforestation rate rising from more than 2 million hectares in previous years to 3.5 million ha last year. The usual causes -- unchecked illegal logging, forest fires and land conversion -- are blamed for forest destruction. However, the report also notes that deforestation is likely to accelerate because more protected forests are set to be cleared as the cash-strapped government allows 13 mining companies to convert areas into producing zones. Of the 13, six filed requests to turn more than 300,000 ha into mining sites last year, the report said. Some experts, meanwhile, have challenged the idea that deforestation is the major cause of natural disasters that affect populations. They say population growth and inappropriate spatial planning are the main reason for the large number of human fatalities. Nevertheless, all experts agree that deforestation often increases the size and intensity of disasters. The grim picture extends beyond the forests to marine areas, which make up two-thirds of the country's territory. http://www.thejakartapost.com/misc/PrinterFriendly.asp 33) Multinational logging companies in Papua New Guinea are involved in widespread human rights abuses, political corruption and the brutal suppression of opponents, environmentalists said in a report published Monday. The Australian Conservation Foundation and the Centre for Environmental Law and Community Rights, an advocacy group based in Port Moresby, said the process by which the PNG government bought timber rights from forest communities and issued licenses to loggers was " seriously flawed " .Villagers who resisted were subjected to physical brutality by police moonlighting for logging companies, arbitrary detention and intimidation, the report said. " The documented atrocities include the bashing of villagers taking legal action, incarceration without charge, the torching of homes and crops, the shooting of domestic animals with M16s and men forced at gunpoint to commit homosexual acts with each other, " it added. " Bulldozing progress: Human rights abuses and corruption in PNG's large scale logging industry, " was based in part on interviews with local landowners between 2003-2006. http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Papua_Logging_Industry_Riddled_With_Corruption_And_Rights_ Abuses_999.html34) In Papua New Guinea, which hosts 1,500 species of trees, 200 species of mammals and 750 species of birds, half of which are endemic, cuts in public expenditure resulted in the dismantling of the Environmental and Conservation Department. To encourage the timber industry, the IMF managed to have taxes on forest exports cut from 33 per cent to between zero and five per cent in 1998. The result did not take long to appear: various large Malaysian logging companies immediately established themselves in Papua New Guinea, seriously affecting the forests of that country. http://www.planetaportoalegre.net/publique/cgi/public/cgilua.exe/web/templates/htm/1P4OP/view ..htm?infoid=11411 & user=reader & editionsectionid=25235) Village-based saw-milling was an obvious choice, to provide an alternative to the feared industrial logging. Villagers harvesting their own timber are less likely to sell the logging rights to the Malaysians – or so the theory goes. The only difference is this: with one you get paid heaps just to sit around, while with the other you get paid a pittance to work your guts out for ever. You can see why the Malaysians were popular. All this ignored the original situation. The Wasis had unwittingly been excellent conservationists for a long time. The best thing the bingo could have done would have been to leave them alone, while doing what they could to deter the nastier industries from entering the region. In doing Conservation our bingo was creating the problem it hoped to solve. Several years later, and it has successfully burned through a few million dollars. Staff mostly sit in the office – it's too hot to go out. Frustrated by its ineptitude, the Provincial Government managed to pressure the project into dishing out water supplies and other 'cargo' – goodies that arrive out of the blue. The top-dog WWF bureaucrat – a cargo-thinker of the highest rank – in the capital city, Port Moresby, pushes the project to deliver even more cargo for the people, thereby keeping them idle and dependent. As long as the money keeps burning and hardwood timber prices stay low, the bingo can point to all that forest it's saved for the Wasi people. http://www.newint.org/issue383/green-imperialism.htm 36) The rebels of Aceh are trading their guns for chain saws and are cashing in on a logging binge that is jeopardizing the future of the world's third largest tropical forest reserves. It's a cruel conjunction of good news and bad news: The rebellion is over, but peace has opened previously inaccessible virgin forests to illegal logging. Meanwhile, 130,000 homes destroyed by the tsunami of December 2004 need replacing, and demand for timber is almost insatiable. " Everyone is getting into the logging business, " said Taydin, 25, who spent five years fighting a guerrilla war against the Indonesian army in Aceh's jungles on the island of Sumatra. When peace took hold last year, Taydin found himself unemployed and desperate for money. So he joined many other former rebels who are cutting down prized 100-year-old Meranti and Semantuk trees. He says he has no permit to cut wood and bribes police to let him transport it to the provincial capital, Banda Aceh. " People have no work, so selling the wood is a good way to make money, " said Taydin, who, like many Indonesians, goes by one name. Indonesia, whose tropical- forest reserves are the world's largest after the Amazon and the Congo basin, has lost around 40 percent of its canopy to loggers in the past 50 years. At this rate of deforestation, the lowland trees of Sumatra and the neighboring island of Borneo will disappear by 2010, according to Friends of the Earth and the World Wildlife Fund. http://www.journalnow.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=WSJ%2FMGArticle%2FWSJ_BasicArticle & c=MG Article & cid=1149189830180 & path=!nationworld & s=37) Indonesian deforestation has been so severe it would take 120 years to regain the 60 million hectares of lost forests, Forestry Minister M.S. Kaban says. Kaban said in Padang, West Sumatra, on Saturday that 60 million hectares of pristine forests had been lost over the past 20 years due to over-exploitation, land conversion, natural disasters and forest fires. The government's reforestation efforts could only recover about 600,000 hectares per year, he said, meaning that full regrowth would take between 100 and 120 years. " But if deforestation continues at the current rate, the recovery time will be even longer, " he said, adding that the reforestation program cost Rp 3 trillion (about US$330 million) annually. Indonesia is one of the world's most heavily forested countries with about 130 million hectares of forest land. However, the country also has the world's worst deforestation rate at 2.8 million hectares a year, causing state losses of some US$5 billion. The most common problems are rampant illegal logging, forest fires and land conversion for giant plantations and mining operations. http://www.thejakartapost.com/misc/PrinterFriendly.asp Australia:38) Last year, Forestry Minister Eric Abetz, in his former role as special minister of state, flagged limiting tax deductibility for trade unions, the Australian Conservation Foundation, the Wilderness Society and the RSPCA. He said the groups campaigned for Labor at the 2004 election and those who advertised against the Government should not be eligible for a higher level of deductibility. A spokesman for Senator Campbell yesterday confirmed that the Government was investigating whether the changes could be made in relation to the Wilderness Society, which is one of 700,000 non-government organisations across Australia that get tax-deductibility status. The spokesman said Senator Campbell was " determined to ensure that donations to environmental groups are used for on-the-ground environmental purposes " . Forest Industries Association of Tasmania director Terry Edwards recently wrote to federal ministers, including Senator Abetz, asking for the Wilderness Society's status to be stripped because it campaigned against the Coalition's forests policy at the 2004 election. But Wilderness Society acting campaigns director Virginia Young said the group had not breached tax laws. " We have been given a clean bill of health by the Tax Office, " she said. " We have a charitable purpose to protect the environment . . . and that may mean challenging Government policies. " The Wilderness Society and timber company Gunns Ltd have for years been engaged in a bitter dispute over the logging of Tasmania's forests. Gunns is a major Liberal Party donor - recently donating $70,000 - and the Howard Government, in turn, uses taxpayers' money to fund Gunns. At the 2004 election, the Government promised $5 million to help Gunns develop a pulp mill plan for Tasmania. So far the company has been given $2.4 million. http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/bid-to-strip-green-groups-tax-status/2006/08/08/115480 2891527.htmlTropical forests:39) Researchers presenting today at two symposia at the Ecological Society of America meeting in Memphis, Tennessee argue that the rural farmers are not necessarily at odds with efforts to preserve biodiversity in developing countries. Citing case studies in Brazil, Mexico, and other tropical areas, University of Michigan researchers John Vandermeer and Ivette Perfecto suggest that peasant farming practices encouraged by grassroots movements may actually support conservation, while activities by wealthy landowners often undermine it. " When you talk to peasant producers in tropical areas, they're usually surprised when they hear that conservationists think that they're the enemies of conservation, " said Vandermeer, who is the Margaret Davis Collegiate Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. " They love their farms and all the plants and animals in the area, and they see that it's the big, rich landowners who come in and cut all the trees down and turn the land into cattle pastures. So the standard litany doesn't ring true to them. " To develop their theory, Vandermeer and Perfecto examined earlier studies of biodiversity in the Mata Atlantica, a region of the biologically-rich Atlantic coastal rainforest in Brazil that is adjacent to highly industrialized areas like Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. " The area has some of the highest biodiversity in the world, but it all occurs in fragments of forest, " Vandermeer said. " We know that a lot of organisms typically live in a fragmented state in nature, with subpopulations scattered around an area. " While disease, predators, or other causes may wipe out a particular subpopulation, migrants from nearby fragments come in and establish a new subpopulation. " We now think that most high diversity situations operate this way, with a continual process of local extinction and re-migration. When you couple that ecological theory with the observation of highly fragmented forests in the Atlantic coast rainforest, the real question is not how much forest is left, but what's between those patches that are left, and will it support the necessary migrations from patch to patch as local extinctions occur, which they inevitably do? " Vandermeer and Perfecto say that small farmers' use of agroforestry techniques -- whereby a variety of fruit and timber trees are planted with with other crops -- enable wildlife to more easily migrate between forest fragments than when forest patches are separated large fields of single crops, as is often the case with large-scale landowners. http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0808-farmers.html 40) Today tropical rainforests are disappearing from the face of the globe. Despite growing international concern, rainforests continue to be destroyed at a pace exceeding 80,000 acres (32,000 hectares) per day. World rainforest cover now stands at around 2.5 million square miles (6 million square kilometers), an area about the size of the contiguous 48 United States or Australia and representing around 5 percent of the world's land surface. Much of this remaining area has been impacted by human activities and no longer retains its full original biodiversity. So, what should be done? The solution must be based on what is feasible, not overly idealistic, and depends on developing a new conservation policy built on the principle of sustainable use and development of rainforests. Beyond the responsible development of rainforests, efforts to rehabilitate and restore degraded forest lands along with the establishment of protected areas are key to securing rainforests for the long-term benefits they can provide mankind. Historic approaches to rainforest conservation have failed, as demonstrated by the accelerated rate of deforestation. In many regions, closing off forests as untouchable parks and reserves has neither improved the quality of living or economic opportunities for rural poor nor deterred forest clearing by illegal loggers and developers. Corruption has only worsened the situation. The problem with this traditional park approach to preserving wildlands in developing countries is that it fails to generate sufficient economic incentives for respecting and maintaining the forest. Rainforests are being cut mostly for economic reasons, though there are political and social motivations as well. A significant portion of deforestation is caused by poor farmers simply trying to eke out a living on marginal lands. Beyond conversion for subsistence agriculture, activities like logging, clearing for cattle pasture and commercial agriculture are sizeable contributors to deforestation on a global scale. Agricultural fires typically used for land-clearing are increasingly spreading outside cultivated areas and into degraded rainforest regions. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/1001.htm World-wide:41) Though the huge commercial forces behind globalization have tried to make people think that it is some kind of an uncontrollable force of nature, and that the famous free market rules the world by its own right, there is increasing awareness that a large part of such devastation is financed and backed by tax-payers' money using national export credit agencies, commonly known as ECAs. ECAs are Northern-based public agencies that provide the largest source of government --i.e, taxpayer's-- financing to projects in the South and the East. Through the provision of loans, guarantees, credits and insurance, ECAs allow private corporations from their home country to do business abroad. During the 1990s, ECAs financing averaged US$80-$100 billion or more per annum, roughly twice the level of the world's total official development assistance. Worldwide, ECAs currently support an estimated US$ 432 billion in trade and investment – nearly 10 percent of world exports. Another characteristic of ECAs is a wholesale lack of public disclosure of the impacts of their projects. The Common Approaches do not require ECAs to consult with affected communities and civil society in the development of the projects they finance. One example of ECAs-backed harmful projects is the investment in the Indonesian Pulp and Paper Industry, which is ranked amongst the top ten in the world. This has been made possible by international investment of more than US$15 billion during the 1990s. Indonesia's two largest pulp producers --Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) and Asia Pacific Resources International, Ltd (APRIL)-- had a nine-fold increase in output between 1988 and 1999, which in turn entailed an increase in annual pulpwood consumption from 1.8 million m3 to 16.7 million m3. In order to meet the demand of fiber for the pulp industry, the Indonesian government promotes the establishment of tree plantations, despite the social and environmental problems these create. Another example of ECAs involvement in environmentally destructive projects is the Bolivia-Brazil natural gas pipeline, with a total cost of US$ 2 billion. The construction of the pipeline required the clearing of the forest, and stretches over approximately 3150 kilometers, from Santa Cruz, Bolivia to Brazil's Mato Grosso do Sul. http://www.planetaportoalegre.net/publique/cgi/public/cgilua.exe/web/templates/htm/1P4OP/view ..htm?infoid=11434 & user=reader & editionsectionid=252 Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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