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http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/53000.htm & word=glanders

Glanders is a contagious, acute or chronic,

usually fatal disease of Equidae caused by

Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei and

characterized by serial development of ulcerating

nodules that are most commonly found in the upper

respiratory tract, lungs, and skin. Humans,

Felidae, and other species are susceptible, and

infections are usually fatal. Glanders is one of

the oldest diseases known and once was prevalent

worldwide. It has now been eradicated or

effectively controlled in many countries,

including the USA. In recent years, the disease

has been reported in Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan,

India, Mongolia, China, Brazil, and the United

Arab Emirates.

Etiology:

Burkholderia mallei is present in nasal

exudates and ulcerated skin of infected animals,

and the disease is commonly contracted by

ingesting food or water contaminated by the nasal

discharge of carrier animals. The organism is

susceptible to heat, light, and disinfectants; it

may survive in a contaminated area for >1 yr.

Humid, wet conditions favor survival of the

organism. A polysaccharide capsule is an

important virulence factor and enhances survival

in the environment.

Clinical Findings:

After an incubation period of ~2 wk, affected

animals usually have septicemia and high fever

(up to 106°F [41°C]) and, subsequently, a thick,

mucopurulent nasal discharge and respiratory

signs. Death occurs within a few days. The

chronic disease is common in horses and is seen

as a debilitating condition with nodular or

ulcerative cutaneous and nasal lesions. Infected

animals may live for years and disseminate the

organism. The prognosis is unfavorable. Recovered

animals may not develop immunity.

Nasal, pulmonary, and cutaneous forms of glanders

are recognized, and an animal may be affected by

more than one form at a time. In the nasal form,

nodules develop in the mucosa of the nasal septum

and lower parts of the turbinates. The nodules

degenerate into deep ulcers with raised irregular

borders. Characteristic star-shaped cicatrices

remain after the ulcers heal. In the early stage,

the submaxillary lymph nodes are enlarged and

edematous, and later become adherent to the skin

or deeper tissues.

In the pulmonary form, small tubercle-like

nodules, which have caseous or calcified centers

surrounded by inflammatory zones, are found in

the lungs. If the disease process is extensive,

consolidation of the lung tissue and pneumonia

may be present. The nodules tend to break down

and may discharge their contents into the

bronchioles, resulting in extension of the

infection to the upper respiratory tract.

In the cutaneous form ( " farcy " ), nodules appear

along the course of the lymph vessels,

particularly of the extremities. These nodules

degenerate and form ulcers that discharge a

highly infectious, sticky pus. The liver and

spleen also may show typical nodular lesions.

Diagnosis:

The typical nodules, ulcers, scar formation, and

debilitated condition may provide sufficient

evidence for a clinical diagnosis. However,

because these signs usually do not develop until

the disease is well advanced, specific diagnostic

tests should be used as early as possible. The

mallein test is the procedure of choice.

Complement fixation is also accurate, although

occasionally a false-positive result occurs. An

ELISA has been shown to be more sensitive than

complement fixation but has not been widely

used. Culture of exudate from lesions reveals the

presence of the causative organism. PCR based on

16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences may be used for

specific identification.

Prevention and Treatment:

There is no vaccine. Prevention and control

depend on early detection and elimination of

affected animals, as well as complete quarantine

and rigorous disinfection of the area involved.

Treatment is given only in endemic areas.

Doxycycline, ceftrazidime, gentamicin,

streptomycin, and combinations of sulfazine or

sulfamonomethoxine with trimethoprim were found

to be efficient in the prevention and treatment

of experimental glanders.

 

 

>Dear friends,

>what can be the disease?glander.how the horses

>can be prevented.I am using my resources to know

>the details and will contact you in the

>meanwhile.yes it is glanders' disease.can the

>life of these saved?

>Sandeep

>

>Note: Forwarded message attached

>

>-- Original Message --

>

> " TAJINDER BHANOT "

><<T.bhanot%40thingfind.com>T.bhanot

><<jeevdaya%40rediffmail.com>jeevdaya

>letter

>

>respected DR. JAIN,

>IT HAS COME TO MY NOTICE THAT SOME HORSES ARE TO

>BE KILLED DUE TO THE REASON OF SOME DISEASE IN

>THE VICINITY OF GURDWARA DUKH

>NIWARAN,LUDHIANA.PLEASE VERIFY THE FACTS AND LET

>THESE ANIMALS DIE THEIR NATURAL DEATH BY

>ADVISING THE CONCERNED AND OTHERS TO KEEP THESE

>ANIMALS IN ISOLATION

>THANKS.

>TAJINDER BHANOT,

>LUDHIANA.

>

>Dr.Sandeep K.Jain

>

>

>Here’s a new way to find what you're looking for - Answers

>

>