(MM) Burma Cyclone Impact Worsened by Animal-Based Agriculture

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Burma Cyclone Impact Worsened by Animal-Based Agriculture

 

Mangrove loss 'put Burma at risk'

By Mark Kinver

Science and nature reporter, BBC News

 

Destruction of mangrove forests in Burma left coastal areas exposed to the

devastating force of the weekend's cyclone, a top politician suggests.

 

ASEAN secretary-general Surin Pitsuwan said coastal developments had resulted in

mangroves, which act as a natural defence against storms, being lost.

 

At least 22,000 people have died in the disaster, say state officials.

 

A study of the 2004 Asian tsunami found that areas near healthy mangroves

suffered less damage and fewer deaths.

 

Mr Surin, speaking at a high-level meeting of the Association of South-East

Asian Nations (ASEAN) in Singapore, said the combination of more people living

in coastal areas and the loss of mangroves had exacerbated the tragedy.

 

MANGROVES - NATURAL DEFENCES

 

Mangroves are salt-tolerant evergreens that grow along coastlines, rivers and

deltas

 

" Encroachment into mangrove forests, which used to serve as a buffer between the

rising tide, between big waves and storms and residential areas; all those lands

have been destroyed, " the AFP news agency reported him as saying.

 

" Human beings are now direct victims of such natural forces. "

 

His comments follow a news conference by Burma's minister for relief and

resettlement, Maung Maung Swe, who said more deaths were caused by the cyclone's

storm surge rather than the winds which reached 190km/h (120mph).

 

" The wave was up to 12ft (3.5m) high and it swept away and inundated half the

houses in low-lying villages, " the minister said. " They did not have anywhere to

flee. "

 

Storm shelter

 

Mangroves have been long considered as " bio-guards " for coastal settlements.

 

A study published in December 2005 said healthy mangrove forests helped save Sri

Lankan villagers during the Asian tsunami disaster, which claimed the lives of

more than 200,000 people.

 

Researchers from IUCN, formerly known as the World Conservation Union, compared

the death toll from two villages in Sri Lanka that were hit by the devastating

giant waves.

 

Monk planting mangrove saplings outside a temple (Getty Images)

The 2004 tsunami prompted a series of mangrove replanting projects

 

While two people died in the settlement with dense mangrove and scrub forest, up

to 6,000 people lost their lives in a nearby village without similar vegetation.

 

" Mangroves are a very dense vegetation type that grows along the shore, "

explained Jeffrey McNeely, chief scientist for IUCN.

 

" Where the saltwater and freshwater meet, that is where the mangroves grow; they

often extend from several hundred metres to a few kilometers inland.

 

" Especially in river deltas, mangroves prevent waves from damaging the more

productive land that are further inland from the sea. "

 

Lowering defences

 

A recent global assessment found that 3.6 million hectares of mangrove forests

had disappeared since 1980.

 

The study carried out by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said

that Asia had suffered the greatest loss, with 1.9 million hectares being

destroyed, primarily as a result of land use change.

 

Map showing location of Irrawaddy region in Burma (Image: BBC)

 

It found that large-scale conversion of mangroves into shrimp and fish farms

were among the main destructive drivers.

 

Other pressures included new development to accommodate the growth in the

tourism sector and rising populations.

 

Mette Wilkie, a senior forestry officer for the FAO, said most of the mangroves

in Burma had suffered as a result of being overexploited.

 

" There are very limited areas that you would describe as pristine or densely

covered mangrove in the Irrawaddy area, " she said, referring to the region of

Burma where Cyclone Nagris first made landfall.

 

" There are some efforts in place to try to rehabilitate and replant mangroves,

but we do know that the loss rate is quite substantial still.

 

" During the 1990s, they lost something like 2,000 hectares each year, which is

about 0.3% being lost annually.

 

" But that does not give you the whole picture because the majority of these

tidal habitats are being degraded, even if they are not being completely

destroyed. "

 

Growing awareness

 

However, the global picture is not entirely bleak. The FAO assessment showed

that the annual rate of destruction had slowed from 187,000 hectares during the

1980s to 102,000 hectares during the early 2000s.

 

Bangladesh's natural defences: The Sundarbans mangrove forests

 

SNIP

 

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