sanskrit II (1)

[xxvvii]

look at the attachment. I think skt2 should be called as sansgreek according to its pronun..

41411-skt2-a.zip

[xxvvii]

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Gram. Categories:

 

- of noun:

a. Classes (2): animate (m./n./f. with prefix), inanimate

b. Numbers (3): uncountable, singular, plural

c. Cases (11): nom., voc., acc., predicative, translative, ins., comitative, dat., abl., gen., loc

 

- of adj.: Cases

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Purpose of noun's gram. cate.s:

 

. Classes have potential agreement with predicates, e.g., men - say & animal - jump; and genders, in my view, are optional for nouns such as 'mother' containing the gender info. & 'professor' needless of the gender info.

 

. Uncountable is significant for some words like 'ratna'with both concrete & abstract meanings.

 

. pred., tran., & comi. cases were added to lessen the divergence in gram. at first. The latter one can diffluent the gram. burden of ins., & the others can avoid dual acc., e.g. "think sth. sth." & "make sth. sth.". With 8 cases, dual acc. is unnecessary.

 

. With vowel mark 'u', adj.s are able to be distinct from the nouns in same form.

 

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Revision:

"predicative h hi ha haa aha (u)h" ==>

"predicative f fi fa faa afa (u)f"

(an exam: "I'm brahma (neut.)" -- "brahmafaham")

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(Revised)

 

- of verb:

a. tenses (5): present, past, future, pa.-fu., fu.-pa.

b. aspects (3): default, progressive, perfective

c. voices (4): act., pas., reflexive, reciprocal reflexive

d. moods (4): optative, imperative, benedictive, subjunctive

 

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Verb conjugations (without moods):

 

. <R> -- i -- m/d/S/dm/Sm -- a/aa/ya -- t/na/su/so

grabhimat - grab

grabhidaat - was grabbing

grabhiSyat - will have grabbed

grabhimana - be grabbed

grabhimasu - grab oneself

grabhimaso - grab each other

grabhidmat - would grab

grabhiSmat - will have begun to grab (future-past)

 

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Verb conjugations (with moods):

 

a. optative: <R> -- i -- pa/pya -- m/./s + ./su/so

wadipam - let/allow sb. say

wadipa - hope/expect sb. to say

wadipas - wish/aspire sb. to say

grabhipya - hope/expect sb. to be grabbed

 

b. imperative: <R> -- i -- ka -- m/./s + ./su/so

gamikam - beg/entreat sb. go

gamika - demand/request sb. to go

gamikas - order/command sb. to go

 

c. benedictive: <R> -- i -- bha/bhya + ./su/so

bhuuwibha - may sb. be

rakSibhya - may sb. be protected

 

d. subjunctive:

. without mood: <R> -- i -- m/d/S/dm/Sm -- a/aa/ya -- ti/nti/tisu/tiso

. of optative: <R> -- i -- pa/pya -- Mti/ti/sdi + ./su/so

gamipasdi - if only sb. go!

 

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- of non-finite verb:

1) adjectival verb (participle): tenses, aspects, voices, cases of adj.

2) adverbial verb (gerund): aspects, voices, (comitative) case

3) nounal verb (infinitive): voices, (acc./dat./gen.) cases

4) nounalized verb (fully nounalized infinitive): voices, cases

 

 

 

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Verb conjugations:

 

1) adjectival verb (participle): tenses, aspects, voices, cases of adj.

 

a. of tense: <R> -- i -- m/d/S -- u/o -- <cases> + ./su/so

grabhimu... - grabing

grabhidu... - grabbed

grabhiSu... - grabing in future (future)

grabhimo... - being grabbed

grabhimu...su - grabing oneself

grabhimu...so - grabing each other

 

b. of aspect: <R> -- in/iy -- u/o -- <cases> + ./su/so

grabhinu... - grabbing (prog.)

grabhiyo... - having been grabbed (perf.-pass.)

grabhinu...su - grabbing oneself (prog.)

grabhinu...so - grabbing each other (prog.)

 

2) adverbial verb (gerund): aspects, voices, (comitative) case

. <R> -- i/ii/iya -- le/lay + ./su/so

gamile - with going

gamiile - with going (prog.)

gamiyale - with having gone

grabhilay - with being grabbed

grabhilesu - with grabbing oneself

grabhileso - with grabbing each other

 

3) nounal verb (infinitive): voices, (acc./dat./gen.) cases

. <R> -- i -- t/n -- (3 cases: am/e/i) + ./su/so

wadit... - to say

wadin... - to be said

grabhit...su - to grab oneself

grabhin...so - to grab each other

 

4) nounalized verb (fully nounalized infinitive): voices, cases

a. act.: tan - tana, daa - daana, ji - je, plu - plo, bruu - bruuwa

b. pas.: tan - tan~a, daa - daaya, ji - jiya, plu - pluya, bruu - bruuya

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Nounal verb is restricted to remain a part of verb's attr.. Nounalized verb, as is noun, can redeem this shortage.

[xxvvii]

Skt numbers - attachment.

42214-num.zip

[xxvvii]

Revisions & Comments:

 

. Verb conjugations --

 

"Progressive" is an aspect to describe the state of current moment; "perfective" is that to describe the past influence to current moment instead of events' completion, e.g.,

 

a. Up to now we've planted over 24 trees. (not complete)

b. I haven't seen him for many days. (not begin)

 

"Causative" (-aya-) isn't included in the voices in order to simplify syntax forms down to 2: Sub.-Pre. & Sub.-Pre.-Ob.. However, it may be utilized as the word building of causative.

 

The pre. conju. of pres./def./act. - "mat" may be omitted, e.g. "grabhimat" --> "grabhi". If this conju. is applied to a link verb with a predicative, whole pre. may be omitted, e.g. "to driSadaf asimat" (It's a rock) --> "to driSadaf asi" or "to driSadaf".

 

Reflexive & reciprocal reflexive may be regard as the voices either indep. or subj. to active. Rec. ref. can not be used with singular sub..

 

Both nounal verb & nounalized verb may take acc., dat., & gen. cases. But the former puts more weight on the act.

 

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. Numbers --

 

". Prefixes:

 

0 -- s:u(n), 1 -- e(n), 2 -- du, 3 -- tri, 4 -- catu, 5 -- pak, 6 -- haX(a), 7 -- sap,

 

8 -- aSdu, 9 -- nawa, 10 -- dash/s, 100 -- shat

 

exam.s: (+ dhaa)

 

1 -- edhaa, 2 -- dudhaa, 3 -- tridhaa, 4 -- catudhaa, 5 -- pagdhaa,

 

6 -- haXadhaa, 7 -- sabdhaa, 8 -- aSdudhaa, 9 -- nawadhaa, 10 -- dardhaa

 

. Times:

 

1 -- sakris, 2 -- duwis, 3 -- tris, 4 -- catis, 5 -- panis, 6 -- hakis, 7 -- safis,

 

8 -- aSwis, 9 -- nawis, 10 -- dashis, 11 -- dashenis, 12 -- darduwis, ...

 

19 -- dasnawis, 20 -- duutikris, 30 -- tretikris, ..., 100 -- shatakris"

42688-casepron.zip

[xxvvii]

See attachm..

 

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"to driSadaf". --> "tar driSdafa"

43452-revision.zip

[Guest guest]

Where is sanskrit1 ??

[xxvvii]

I'm considering skt. 0 & skt. -1. Sorry!

[xxvvii]

Attachments.

 

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Expl. of Char.s

 

There are 6 pairs of monophthongs: a/aa, i/ii, u/uu, e/ee, o/oo, :u/:u:u. a/aa are strong vo.s; i/ii, u/uu, & :u/:u:u are weak vo.s; the others are strengthened vo.s. The former 3 pairs are basic vo.s & the others are intergrading ones, in which i/ii are palatal, u/uu are labial, & :u/:u:u are pal.-lab.. 'i' is discrepant from Eng. short 'i' as the latter is half shorter than it.

 

There are 4 pairs of diphthongs: ay/aay, aw/aaw, ey/eey, ow/oow. They are all the glides from strong or stren.ed vo.s to weak vo.s. I discarded the candidates fluent or distinct not enough, such as ew/eew, oy/ooy, a:u/a:u:u. The glides in reverse direction are not diph.s but syllables as ya/yaa, ye/yee. The ingredients of 'y' & 'w' in diph.s have semivowel's trait, however, it's hard to desc. diph.s accurately. You may think them resemble reversed yaa/ya3, waa/wa3, yee/ye3, woo/wo3. In other words, they may be expand into a-a-y (in double unit length)/a-a-a-y (in treble u.l.) & so on.

 

There are 2 semivowels: y & w, associating to weak vowel i & u. And the choice of :u was discarded.

 

There are 4 stop groups of k, c, t, p. The stops in the 2nd group are discrepant from Eng. 'ch', 'ch-h', 'j', 'j-h' as they are more palatalized than the latter. As I see, they are not proper, or standard, stops: they can be prolonged like 'sh' so they have sibi.'s trait. The group of 'T' was discarded because it's distinct not enough from that of 't' for the people other than S.Asians.

 

There are 4 nasals: ng, ~n, n, m. In practice, they stand for more voices:

 

ng:

1) before vo.s - scarcely used

2) after vo.s - acting as semivo.

3) id. - intergrading voice between n & ng (alternative voice of '2)')

 

~n:

1) before vo.s - scarcely used

2) after vo.s - acting as semivo.

 

n:

1) before vo.s

2) after vo.s - acting as semivo.

3) id. - intergrading voice between n & l, e.g. "tanlokan" (The sandhi's cause is that their voices is too close. In my personal view, it could be pronounced as "ta nlokan" as well, like "ta nrokan".)

 

m:

1) before vo.s

2) after vo.s - acts as semivo.

3) id. - i.e. 'M' (I don't think it to be an formal char, so the total num. of char.s should be 49.)

 

Evidently, ng & ~n came from n by sandhi so they scarcely be used prior to vo.s.

 

There are 4 sibilants: sh, S, s, f. 'sh' is discrepant from Eng. 'sh' as it's more palatalized than the latter. 'S' might come from age-old sandhi of 'k' or 's', but it has been a little fixed, e.g. "aSTau" - k, "bhaaS" - ?, eSa - (ai)s. 'f' is a semi-labial that I chose to replace sonant 'v' or stop 'p' in some cases, e.g. "safdan" - saptan, "fl:uka" - vRika, "frit" - vRit.

 

The remainder: r, l, h, M. 'h' may be used to avoid the duplication of sibi.s, e.g. "shsh" -> "hsh", "ss" -> "hs".

 

In all conso.s, the weakest are nasals & sibi.s, the strongest are stops, & the others are moderate. Palatal stops are relatively weak, but dental stops are easier for pronun.. In sibi.s 'f' is relatively harder for pronun..

 

Let's compare some char.s to the opposite in Russian:

 

c - chy, ~n - nb (softened n), sh - shchy, S - sh

 

I suspect the vowel ingredient in Ri & Li to be 'bI' in Rus.. If true, then "kRiSNa" should be spelt as "kpbIWHa".

44704-more.zip

[xxvvii]

Attachment

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BTW, I tell you a good news that classes have been discarded the No. of cases has increased to 13: voc., nom., acc., predicative, translative, dat., ins., causative, allative, comitative, abl., gen., loc..

 

predicative: "to be"

translative: "to become", into

causative: because

allative: toward

comitative: together with

49442-cs.zip

[xxvvii]

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Attachment

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53135-rev4.zip

[xxvvii]

Please visit - http://xvi000.0catch.com for it in html (txt) format.