My hypothesis on PIE Phonemes & its develop.

[xxvvii]

(Edited)

 

Mono.s:

[a] ranging from a to `e;

{i} ranging from i to e;

ranging from u to u.

 

a/e/o is stronger forms & `e/i/u is weaker forms.

 

Diph.s: ai, au

 

Semi-v.s: y, w(v)

 

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Plosives:

 

(early:

surd - p, t, k, K

sonant - b, d, g, G

more sonant - b!, d!, g!, G!

 

K/G/G! is a set of uvelars, where K is arabic q. '!' denotes "more sonant".

 

K+y/w -> ky/kw, G+y/w -> gy/kw, G!+y/w -> g!y/kw)

 

surd - p, t, k, ky, kw

sonant - b, d, g, gy, gw

more sonant - b!, d!, g!, g!y, g!w

 

Misc. cons.s:

s(z), n(~g), m, r, l (ng, M ?)

 

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Asp.s: surd `H & sonant H

 

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As the no. of vo.s is too few, the freedom in pronoun. these vo.s is very large. a can be weaken into `e & i/u can be streng.ed into e/o.

 

Primeval labial b has weakened into semi-labial v in pre-PIE. Similar change can be found in arabic. So the plosives in sonant set is probably more original at least. Because of asp.s, other plosives are harder to change, so they are less frequently occuring in roots without the support of asp.s.

 

v, as the variant of b, was confused with w. Besides, unlike semiv. w, v can be prior to u & vowelized r & l. So w head roots are far more than that of y head. The variants of s & n, z & ~g, share the same grammatical positions with their prototypes. It's unknown whether there are full & half nas.izings, ng & M. Surd asp. is easier to be ignored & vanish than sonant one.

 

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Vo. strengthening:

[a] + {i} -> ai, [a] + -> au

 

Syll. aspirating:

 

Exam.s: (with & without prior cons.)

 

[a] -> `Ha / (`H)`e

{i} -> `He / (`H)i

-> `Ho / (`H)u

 

`Ho is stronger than `Ha & `Ha than `He. (`H)`e is easy to vanish & (`H)i/(`H)u is easier to turn into y/w instead of combine with other vo.s.

 

ky[a] -> ky(`e)`Ha / ky(`e)`H`e;

t -> t`Ho / tu;

gw{i} -> gw(`e)He / gw(`e)Hi

b! -> b!(`e)Ho / b!(`e)Hu

 

(g{i} -> ge / gi; (unable to aspirated))

 

Vowelization of weak cons.s:

 

Exam.s by n & r:

 

n -> @n, r -> @r@ / @r / r@

 

@ denotes `e, i, u, & any other unstressed & weak mono.s, depending on the dif. contexts & pronun. habits.

 

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In early time, mono.s' length might change with intact words' meaning. But i/u in ai/au could not be lengthened at least.

 

As the exist. of `e/e/o in practice, the exist. of diph.s `ei/ei/oi & `eu/eu/ou is possible in practice as the variants of ai, long i, or long u.

 

Afterwards, mono.s' length become more impo. & the asp.s & prior plosives combined into aspirated plosives. [a]/{i}/ divided into a/e/o & `e/i/u. & a further weakens so that it was confused with e.

[xxvvii]

- "one", oi(- no/ko/vo):

"oi/i" means one or this; "no" is a n. suff. & the other 2 are adj. suff.s., cf. skt. ena/etad/idam (this), eka (one), evam/iva (thus), ayus (life). Maybe the last 3 were derived from aiva meaning once & eternal.

 

- "two", dui?:

"duou" is its dual form, so I suppose its formation to be "d - (very old dual pref.?) ui (one)", cf. d-agh (both day & night), d-akru (2 streams of tear). That's to say, it means doubled one.

 

- "three", t-R?: (-R: long syll.ized 'r')

In skt., its strong & weak stem are "traya" & "tr-i", & the fem. stem are redup.ive "tisRi (titRi)".

 

- "four", kwet-R?:

In skt., its strong & weak stem are "catv-ar" & "catur", & the fem. stem are "catasRi" like 3's. So I suppose its meaning to be (1) + 3.

 

- "five", penkwe:

In skt., "panca" means spreading out. I suppose that because 4 fingers in one hand is used up, the counter has to stick out a finger in the other hand, i.e. spreading the counting to the other hand.

 

- "six", swekse:

In skt., "sva" & "akSa" mean self & dice. So I suppose its meaning to be "my dice with 6 planes & num.s".

 

- "seven", sept`en:

In skt., "sa(m)" & "pat" mean one/whole/together & falling. So I suppose its meaning to be all 8 fingers but 1.

 

- "eight", okte?:

"oktou" is its dual form. In Persian, "asta" means the length unit of 4-finger width. So I suppose its meaning to be all 8 fingers.

 

- "nine", new`en (nu):

It means "a new turn of counting".

 

- "ten", dek`en (dik):

It means "crossed fingers", cf. Roman 'X'.

 

- "thousand", gheslo:

In skt., "hasta" means hand, cf "pustaka" (pus - mud plate for writing). So I suppose its meaning to be "crossed hands, folded fist, or the num. too large to count or express".

 

- "father", p`eter: (cattles) protector.

 

- "daughter", dhugh`eter:

In skt., "duh" means milking. So it means "milker".

 

- "nephew", nep-ot(i): Not a householder.

 

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nas -- nara ?, vas -- vira ?

 

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dh-a "set" -- (s + surdized dh-a) -- sth-a "make ... set"

ud "water" -- (s + uid) -- svid "make ... wet"

 

Is 's-' a very old cuasative pref.?

[xxvvii]

Meridian length = 40kkm

1 day = 24 h. = 24*3600 s.

Length/ms. in meridian = 46.2963cm = 1 elbow

 

1 elbow (cubit) = 46.2963cm = 6 palms

1 palm (okte?) = 7.7160cm = 4 fingers

1 finger = 1.9290cm

 

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t-R: (tR-i "cross over") "one more"? cf. second "following".